1. Chapter 14Part 3 of 3 Pushing Back the Axis

2. Strategic Bombing of Germany Begins In 1942, Britain’s Royal Air Force (RAF) and the U.S. Air Force started dropping an average of 3,500 tons of explosives on Germany per month. Roosevelt and Churchill meet in 1943 at the Casablanca Conference and agree to step up the strategic bombing of Germany By May of 1945, they were averaging 53,000 tons of explosives per month. This caused an oil shortage, destroyed the railroad system, and destroyed aircraft factories in Germany. From this point forward the Allies dominated the air

3. Invasion of Italy Begins July 10th,1943 July 25, 1943 – Mussolini is arrested by his King…the new gov negotiates peace with Allies Germany takes over Northern Italy, puts Mussolini BACK in charge, and fights to defend Rome January 1944 – America lands in Italy and attacks the town of Monte Cassino May 1944 – Germany retreats and we take Rome By 1945 Italy is completely under Allie control

4. Takes Americans 5 months to break through the German lines at the town of Cassino

5. Fighting at Cassino

7. 1945 – Mussolini executed and put on display in town square

8. Tehran Conference Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to meet with Stalin before they made their next move…A FULL OUT INVASION OF EUROPE Met in Tehran, Iran in late 1943 Agreed that Russia would all out attack Germany when the Allies invaded France in 1944 They would then divide Germany after the war Russia was also to help the US defeat Japan

11. Operation Overlord This was the code name for the allied invasion of France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was chosen as the commander of this operation. 1.5 million soldiers, 12,000 airplanes, and 5 million tons of equipment were sent to England to be used. This invasion was nicknamed D-Day. The date for the allied invasion was June 6th 1944. The landing was going to happen on the French beaches of Normandy.

12. Planning the Attack Germany knew the Allies would invade along the English Channel so they had fortified their forces their Allies needed to surprise Germany so they develop Operation Foritude – a deceptive plan to draw German forces away from Normandy Operation Fortitude South -- Pas de Calais Operation Fortitude North – Norway Pictures, false intelligence through the use of double agents, treaties with Sweden, etc Germany focused their defenses on these two areas

13. Inflatable Dummy Tank

14. Inflatable Dummy Airplane

15. Northern Fortitude Southern Fortitude Actual Plan For Attack

16. Other Factors Needed For Invasion 1944 --1.5 million American troops were now in England ready to go Still had to pick a date for the attack Invasion Requirements: Had to begin at night to hide ships crossing Eng Chan. Had to arrive at low tide to see beach obstacles Low tide had to be at dawn so that landing troops could see Paratroopers landing behind enemy lines needed a moonlit night to see where to land Most Important: Weather had to be good

17. D-Day June 5 to 7 1944 fit these requirements June 5th is the date…Men are suited up and ready to go…the clouds appear and the mission in cancelled Weather improves a little the next day Shortly after midnight on June 6th, 1944 Eisenhower gave the final order “OK, we’ll go.”

18. The Longest Day 7,000 ships carrying 100,000 soldiers 23,000 paratroopers heading east and west of Normandy behind enemy lines Allied fighter bombers wage war on the coast destroying radars, bridges, bunkers, etc 5 main beaches attacked: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Sword, and Juno The attack almost disintegrates at once due to the rocky seas and Germany artillery, but the Allies eventually secure the beach

20. RFA pilots synchronizing watches

21. Omaha Beach

22. American troops approaching the beaches

26. Omaha Beach after the beach had been secured

28. Saving Private Ryan Videos Ground Troops View

29. Band of Brothers – D Day Paratroopers View

30. Taking Back the Pacific Many famous battles took place between the U.S. and Japan between 1942-1945. 1. Midway 4. Marshall Islands 2. Coral Sea 5. Guam 3. Guadalcanal 6. Okinawa General Douglas MacArthur was responsible for capturing Japanese strongholds in the Pacific.

31. Leyete Gulf The battle of Leyte Gulf was the longest and largest naval battle in history. 1st time Japanese used kamikaze attacks

32. The Navajo Code Talkers US would invade Japanese islands and have their radio communications intercepted and deciphered Navajo Indians knew a language that had never before been written down and they became the communicators in the Pacific Sworn to secrecy, their mission was not revealed until 1971

33. Battle of The Bulge Hitler decided to have one more major attack Hitler tried to cut off Allied supplies coming through Antwerp Belgium. The attack began on December 16th 1944. Weather during the battle was cold with six inches of snow and was in the dense Ardennes Forest. This attack put a bulge in the allied defense lines. Bastognewas the key city in the battle due to the roads that intersected there (11 mountain roads intersected at Bastogne) An outnumbered American unit protected Bastogne for more than a month Biggest single battle America has ever fought Finally after heavy fighting the Germans began to withdraw on Jan. 8th 1945.

34. The German Plan

38. Dead Belgium Citizens killed by Germans

39. Truman Becomes President On April 12th 1945 while vacationing in Warm Springs Georgia, FDR died of a stroke only 3 months after beginning his historic 4th term Vice President Harry S. Truman became the 33rd President of the U.S. Truman was from the state of Missouri.

40. Harry S Truman on becoming President: “Boys, if you ever pray, pray for me now…When they told me yesterday what had happened, I felt like the moon, the stars, and all the planets had fallen on me.”

41. Harry S Truman in WWI

42. V-E Day Soviet forces raced toward Berlin from the east. U.S. forces raced toward Berlin from the west. April 30th 1945, Hitler committed suicide. May 7th 1945 Germany surrendered. May 8th 1945 was declared V-E day which stood for Victory in Europe Day.

43. Chattanooga Times Free Press

47. Hitler with Eva Braun before they commit suicide together

48. Soviet soldiers in Berlin

49. The average German street after the war

50. German women washing clothes in a destroyed country

51. Churchill waving after peace declared

52. Crowds gather in London to celebrate

53. V E Celebration in Times Square NY

54. War in Europe Done…War is Asia is Not US invades Iwo Jima…loses 6,800 marines It was an island only 8 miles long, but was perfect as a strategic air base Bloodiest battle in the Pacific but would be key for our success against Japan

55. 3 of these 5 marines will be dead before Iwo Jima is over

57. Fire bombing of Japan Truman believes if we can end Japan’s industrial production then they will surrender Napalm bombs– bombs are filled with napalm and dropped on Japan’s major industrial cities Napalm is like jellied gasoline The flames would grow so hot and big that it would pull the oxygen out of the air If civilians didn’t burn to death, then they would asphyxiate HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS DIED AND THEY STILL SHOWED NO SIGNS OF SURRENDER

62. Our “Ace” in the Hole…

63. The Manhattan Project The American program to build an atomic bomb was code named the Manhattan Project. It was headed by Leslie R. Groves. The nuclear reactor was built at the University of Chicago. The bomb was built in Los Alamos New Mexico. J. Robert Oppenheimer led the team in the bombs construction. Uranium for the bomb was purified at the Oak Ridge National Lab in TN. The world’s first atomic bomb was tested on July 16th 1945.

67. Oppenheimer and Groves after test

68. Dropping The Bomb August 6th 1945 a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The bomb was code named Little Boy. Estimated 120,000 or more killed August 9th a second bomb was dropped on the city of Nagasaki. September 2nd, 1945 Japan signed the official surrender papers on the American battleship Missouriin Tokyo Bay.

69. Little Boy before being loaded into the Enola Gay

70. Paul Tibbets in the cock pit.Enola Gay was his mom’s name.

77. Hiroshima Video

78. Nagasaki bombing

81. VJ Day – Victory over Japan Day