3 d print and i pv4

3D printing and Intellectual
Property
©Joren De Wachter

2
©Joren De Wachterwww.jorendewachter.com

Overview
1. What is 3D printing?
2. Recent developments.
3. Impact of 3D printing – a projection.
4. IP and 3D printing
5. 3D printing and IP
6. Conclusions
3

What is 3D printing?
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6

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Type Technologies Materials
Extrusion Fused deposition modeling (FDM)
Thermoplastics (e.g. PLA, ABS),
eutecticmetals, ediblematerials
Granular
Direct metal laser sintering
(DMLS) Almost any metal alloy
Electron beam melting (EBM) Titanium alloys
Selective heat sintering (SHS) Thermoplasticpowder
Selective laser sintering (SLS)
Thermoplastics, metal powders,
ceramicpowders
Powder bed and inkjet head 3d
printing, Plaster-based 3D
printing (PP) Plaster
Laminated
Laminated object manufacturing
(LOM) Paper, metal foil, plastic film
Light polymerised
Stereolithography (SLA) photopolymer
Digital Light Processing (DLP) liquidresin
Source: Wikipedia

• Uses
– Industrial uses:
• Rapid prototyping
• Rapid manufacturing
• Mass customization
• Mass production
– Domestic and hobbyist uses
– 3D printing services
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PERSONALISATION
OF
MANUFACTURING
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Recent Developments
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Business
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Impact – a projection
• Actual cost of prime material & assembly is
currently about 10-20%; all the rest is travel,
storage, throw away, etc
• Consumers don’t like >90% of products they
buy
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14

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Post-
Scarcity
?

IP and 3D printing
• Patents
– Mostly expired (core patents date from 80s)
– Different from inkjet/laser
• Copyright
– CAD software
– Driver software
– Interface: STL file format
• Design
– Does not really apply
16

IP and 3D printing
• Open Source & Creative Commons
– Driver software
– Hardware (Arduino)
– File format
– File content
• “Maker Revolution”
17

3D printing and IP
• Patents
– Patents in manufacturing processes & machinery
• Manufacturing capability changes fundamentally
• 3D printing and other additive manufacturing allows for
new ways of manufacturing (e.g. chocolates)
• Expansion on existing ways of manufacturing
• Does not apply to all manufacturing
• Standardized manufacturing will remain of value, but its
processes will be impacted
18

3D printing and IP
• Patents
– Patents in manufacturing processes & machinery
• Enforceability and cost-efficiency (RoI) of patents?
• Value of patents
– Patents in spare parts
• 3D scanning
• Efficiency of patents against personalised reproduction?
• No DMCA for patents
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3D printing and IP
• Patents
– Patents in materials
– Reproduction of specific materials (medicine, DNA-
based)
– Expansion into new materials
– Difference with business model of inkjet/laser
printers on paper: technology of printing itself is
open
20

3D printing and IP
• Patents
– Patents in software
• Open Source hardware and software (most value is in
software)
• Innovative strength of Open Source will affect scope of
patentability
– Patents in business models (Intellectual Ventures’
patent on DRM system)
• Quite stupid
21

3D printing and IP
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Google
sketchup
Copyright?

3D printing and IP
23

3D printing and IP
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Copyright?

3D printing and IP
• Copyright
– Copyright in the CAD file
– Copyright in the design
– Copyright in a scan file
• Distinction between “expression” and
“function”
• What is a “copy”?
• Effect of Creative Commons
25

3D printing and IP
• Copyright
• Enforceability?
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3D printing and IP
• Design rights and design patents
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3D printing and IP
• Design rights
– “copy” & “reproduction”?
– Enforceability
– Economic value of the exclusive rights?
• Economic value of design – Design as a Service
28

3D printing and IP
• Trademarks
– Spare parts?
– “branding” vs “product/service”
– Control over use of brand?
– Personalized manufacturing vs trademarks
attached to standardized/controlled product
– Efficiency of enforcement?
29

3D printing and IP
• Possible solutions?
– Lego
• Patents expired
• Use of Trademark/Copyright/Design to protect
functionality has failed
• Solution: open up, create community, value brand, first
mover advantage
– Open Source: Red Hat
– “IP as a Service”
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3D printing and IP
• Reassess:
– Ownership v Influence
– Closed v Open
• Business models?
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A story
Yseult goes to her first party
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Conclusions
• Revolution?
• Innovation?
• Role of IP rights?
• Use of IP rights?
• Value of IP rights?
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
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“Copy” v “Personalized”

Thank you
37

3 d print and i pv4

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