1. Changing Patterns andChanging Patterns and
Models of MissionsModels of Missions
Session 8Session 8
Joshva RajaJoshva Raja

2. InitiativesInitiatives
►Mission as DevelopmentMission as Development
►Mission with HIV PatientsMission with HIV Patients
►Mission with prisonersMission with prisoners
►Medical MissionMedical Mission
►Media and MissionMedia and Mission
►Charity as MissionCharity as Mission
►Conflict Resolution as MissionConflict Resolution as Mission
►Ecological concerns as MissionEcological concerns as Mission

3. Paradigm shifts?!Paradigm shifts?!
►No history of other missions?No history of other missions?
►History of Other missionsHistory of Other missions

4. Medical MissionMedical Mission
► Wilkinson, John (1989 Maxwell Memorial Lecture) Making Men WholeWilkinson, John (1989 Maxwell Memorial Lecture) Making Men Whole
- The Theology of Medical Missions, CMF and the book by Christopher- The Theology of Medical Missions, CMF and the book by Christopher
H Grundmann - University Press of America 2005H Grundmann - University Press of America 2005 Sent to Heal! -Sent to Heal! -
Emergence and Development of Medical MissionsEmergence and Development of Medical Missions
► Holistic approach of mission – Physical healingHolistic approach of mission – Physical healing
through medical treatment?through medical treatment?
► God’s concern for the sick and weakGod’s concern for the sick and weak
► Jesus’ healing and caring for the sickJesus’ healing and caring for the sick
► Mission purely spiritual? Caring for physicalMission purely spiritual? Caring for physical
wellbeing as well! – James 5wellbeing as well! – James 5

5. Paradigm shifts in Medical MissionParadigm shifts in Medical Mission
► Nestorian Christianity - 'the knowledge andNestorian Christianity - 'the knowledge and
practice of medicine and healing was a notablepractice of medicine and healing was a notable
feature’feature’
► Constantine’s conversion – 4Constantine’s conversion – 4thth
Century – hospitals,Century – hospitals,
orphanages and other missions beganorphanages and other missions began
► Until enlightenment the medical practice wasUntil enlightenment the medical practice was
traditional, religious, and superstitioustraditional, religious, and superstitious
► Medical missionaries were sent out in 18Medical missionaries were sent out in 18thth
Centuries – from Hospitals to Community healthCenturies – from Hospitals to Community health
care systemscare systems

6. Development as MissionDevelopment as Mission
►ProgressProgress
►Traditional societiesTraditional societies
►Linear modelsLinear models
►Modernization – diffusionModernization – diffusion
►DependencyDependency
►ParticipationParticipation
►Community based developmentCommunity based development

7. DevelopmentDevelopment
► Ecological economicsEcological economics
► Sustainable developmentSustainable development
► Welfare economicsWelfare economics
► Feminist economicsFeminist economics
► http://etd.rau.ac.za/theses/available/etd-http://etd.rau.ac.za/theses/available/etd-
10062004-104219/restricted/Chapter6.pdf10062004-104219/restricted/Chapter6.pdf
► http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laurehttp://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laure
ates/1998/sen-lecture.pdfates/1998/sen-lecture.pdf

8. Mission among HIV/AIDSMission among HIV/AIDS
►http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-
pub06/JC1119-Theological_en.pdfpub06/JC1119-Theological_en.pdf
►http://www.unaids.org/DocOrder/OrderForm.http://www.unaids.org/DocOrder/OrderForm.
aspxaspx
►AwarenessAwareness
►PreventionPrevention
►TreatmentTreatment
►CaringCaring
►AdvocacyAdvocacy

9. Mission among the virtualMission among the virtual
communitiescommunities
►(1) a virtual common-public-space where a
significant portion of interactive group-CMCs
►occur;
►(2) a variety of communicators;
►(3) a minimum level of sustained stable
membership; and
►(4) a minimum level of interactivity.

10. New Mission Initiatives and modelsNew Mission Initiatives and models
►Postmodern MissionPostmodern Mission
►Globalization and MissionGlobalization and Mission
►Popular culture and MissionPopular culture and Mission
►Media and MissionMedia and Mission
►War and MissionWar and Mission
►Eco-concerns and missionEco-concerns and mission
►Collaborative missionCollaborative mission

11. SOME POINEER WOMEN MEDICAL MISSIONARIES IN INDIA
During the late 19th Century and early part of 20th Century
Name of Women Year of Affiliation to Mission Place of work
Arrival
1. Clara Swain 1870 American Methodist Mission Bareilly, UP.
2. Sara Seward 1871 American Presbyterian Allahabad, UP
Mission
3. Seeyle 1871 Women’s Missionary Calcutta, WB
Society of America
4. Sarah Norriss 1873 American Board of Medical Women ---
5. Rose Greenfield 1875 Society for female Education
in the east, UK Ludhiana, Punjab
6. Elizebeth Bielby 1876 Zenana Bible and Medical Mission
UK. Lucknow, UP

12. 7. Ms Hewlett 1877 England Zenana Mission Punjab
8. Ellen Mitchell 1878 American Baptist Board Burma
9. Fanny Butler 1880 Church of England Jabalpur, Mp.
10. Ida Faye 1881 American Baptist Mission Nellore, AP.
11. Anna Kugler 1883 Lutheran Mission, US Guntur, AP.
12. Elizabeth Beatty 1884 United Church of Canadian
Mission Indore, MP.
13. Mana White 1886 United Presbyterian Church
of America Siakot, (Jammu Border)
14. Jessie Carelton 1887 American Presbyterian Board Ambala, Punjab.
15. Matilda
Machphail 1887 Free Church of Scotland Madras, TN
16. Ottoman 1890 Baptist Missionary Society Ganjam, Orissa
Name of Women Year of Affiliation to Mission Place of work
Arrival

13. Name of Women Year of Affiliation to Mission Place of work
Arrival
17. Edith Brown 1893 Society for Female Education
in the East, UK Ludhiana, Punjab
18. Alene Calkins 1895 American Friends Mission Chhatrapur, UP.
19. Pearl Chute 1896 Canadian Baptist Mission Akkividu, AP.
20. Ida S Scudder 1900 Arcot American Mission Vellore, TN.
21. Gertude Hulet 1904 Canadian Baptist Mission Vuyyuru, AP.
22. Charlotte Pring 1915 Godavari Delta Mission Narsapur, AP.
23. Catherine ? American Methodist Episc.
Board Jagadalpur, MP.
24. Annie Mackay 1926 Free Church of Scotland Lakhnadon, MP.
25. Katherine
Lehmann 1928 ? Renigunta, AP.

14. Ida ScudderIda Scudder
►Not a medical college but the kingdom ofNot a medical college but the kingdom of
GodGod
(1918)(1918)

15. Catherine-Methodist church-Catherine-Methodist church-
redefined accessredefined access
►One Dr Catherine from the Methodist churchOne Dr Catherine from the Methodist church
in the US travelled byin the US travelled by
• Ship for 6 months to BombayShip for 6 months to Bombay
• To Raipur by train for a weekTo Raipur by train for a week
• Horse by several days to access the missionHorse by several days to access the mission
station called Bastarstation called Bastar
• Methodist hospital built in 1892.Methodist hospital built in 1892.
• Largest Methodist congregation in IndiaLargest Methodist congregation in India

16. Transformation of womenTransformation of women
► The highest number of women doctors in the worldThe highest number of women doctors in the world
► India is a huge “nurse factory”India is a huge “nurse factory”
► 1947-95% of all nurses were Christian!1947-95% of all nurses were Christian!
► All traceable to the women’s medical colleges andAll traceable to the women’s medical colleges and
nursing schools established by the missionariesnursing schools established by the missionaries

17. Ancient India did not have a cultureAncient India did not have a culture
of “care”of “care”
► By a “caring culture” I mean formalized caring eg.By a “caring culture” I mean formalized caring eg.
Orphanages/hospitalsOrphanages/hospitals
► Religion was divorced from “loving your neighbor”Religion was divorced from “loving your neighbor”
► No hospitals existed except during the time of KingNo hospitals existed except during the time of King
Asoka in 2Asoka in 2ndnd
century BCcentury BC
► Arya Vaidya Shalas existed for outpatient care forArya Vaidya Shalas existed for outpatient care for
the privilegedthe privileged

18. In what was a caring “void”In what was a caring “void”
►Christian Medical missionariesChristian Medical missionaries
ushered in a culture of careushered in a culture of care
• The first hospital (Royal hospital,Goa)inThe first hospital (Royal hospital,Goa)in
1514 AD and then thousands afterwards..1514 AD and then thousands afterwards..
• Orphanages…home for widows…Orphanages…home for widows…
• Sanatoria for TB, leprosy homes andSanatoria for TB, leprosy homes and
hospitalshospitals
• Programs for epidemic carePrograms for epidemic care

19. Social work in India…Social work in India…
► The kind of missionary
work which we see in
Christianity …that kind of
this did not exist in India for
a very long time.
► Now the social work being
done in India…those going
out to help and serve
others is all because of
missionary & global
influences.

20. By 1940 AD….By 1940 AD….
►There were 2000 Christian hospitals in IndiaThere were 2000 Christian hospitals in India
►Close to 40% of all beds were made up ofClose to 40% of all beds were made up of
Christian hospitalsChristian hospitals
►TB sanatoria and leprosy institutions wereTB sanatoria and leprosy institutions were
predominantly Christianpredominantly Christian

21. Dr. Alexander Duff 1806-78Dr. Alexander Duff 1806-78
► Pioneer missionary educationistPioneer missionary educationist
► English education can have a transformative effectEnglish education can have a transformative effect
on the Indian societyon the Indian society
► Scripture education introduced but made optionalScripture education introduced but made optional
► ““Downward filter theory”-working with High castesDownward filter theory”-working with High castes
► Schools and colleges -Calcutta, Madras andSchools and colleges -Calcutta, Madras and
BombayBombay

22. Christians ushered in a culture ofChristians ushered in a culture of
“care”“care”
►Started many NGO’s that looked at specificStarted many NGO’s that looked at specific
needs of the poor and provided succorneeds of the poor and provided succor
►Role modeled caringRole modeled caring
►Taught “caring”Taught “caring”

23. Welfare-Social capital did not existWelfare-Social capital did not exist
►The only safety net for the poor wasThe only safety net for the poor was
o The joint familyThe joint family
o Individual philanthropy andIndividual philanthropy and
o The caste systemThe caste system

24. The concept of the voluntaryThe concept of the voluntary
sector….sector….
►Indian culture did not have this concept ofIndian culture did not have this concept of
“volunteerism”“volunteerism”
►““Activism” for change was also not a part ofActivism” for change was also not a part of
Indian culture. (Barring a few exceptions noIndian culture. (Barring a few exceptions no
activists for social change)activists for social change)

25. The concept of the ”voluntary”The concept of the ”voluntary”
sector…..sector…..
► Christian missionaries pioneered the NPO andChristian missionaries pioneered the NPO and
NGO sector (Pande 1967,Terry 1983)NGO sector (Pande 1967,Terry 1983)
► 1810-1947 This time saw the emergence of major1810-1947 This time saw the emergence of major
Christian voluntary sector church based and non-Christian voluntary sector church based and non-
church based. (NGO’s)church based. (NGO’s)
► Hospitals, Schools, Orphanages and other welfareHospitals, Schools, Orphanages and other welfare
institutions flourished.institutions flourished.

26. As a result …1825 onwardsAs a result …1825 onwards
► Many Hindu bourgeoisie who studied in EnglishMany Hindu bourgeoisie who studied in English
medium schoolsmedium schools
► Started social reform organizations for theStarted social reform organizations for the
purpose of “caring”purpose of “caring”
• Care of widows & remarriageCare of widows & remarriage
• Care of orphans & preventing child marriageCare of orphans & preventing child marriage

27. The many champions of “caring”The many champions of “caring”
►Some were ChristiansSome were Christians
►Some liked “Christian” values but were notSome liked “Christian” values but were not
ChristiansChristians
►Most were provoked by the Christian gospelMost were provoked by the Christian gospel
to “care” but remained Hindusto “care” but remained Hindus

28. Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833)Raja Ram Mohan Roy (1774-1833)
founder of “Brahmo Samaj”founder of “Brahmo Samaj”
A Hindu reformer and visionary,A Hindu reformer and visionary,
Roy is considered by manyRoy is considered by many
as the father of modern India.as the father of modern India.
Oil Painting by Atul BoseOil Painting by Atul Bose
Raja Ram drew inspiration fromRaja Ram drew inspiration from
William CareyWilliam Carey
“The first feminist”

29. The prime object of the arya samaj is to do good;
that is to promote physical, social &spiritual good
for everyone

30. Satyasodhak Samaj- Jyotirao Phule-Satyasodhak Samaj- Jyotirao Phule-
18751875
Educated in “The Scottish mission school”Educated in “The Scottish mission school”
Became a great educationistBecame a great educationist
Started “caring”institutionsStarted “caring”institutions

31. Ishwarchandra VidyasagarIshwarchandra Vidyasagar
►From 1854-55 he single-handedly wedged aFrom 1854-55 he single-handedly wedged a
battle against the extremist of the Hindubattle against the extremist of the Hindu
society and insisted in the implementation ofsociety and insisted in the implementation of
thethe Widow-Remarriage ActWidow-Remarriage Act in 1856.in 1856.

32. As a result Indian religions wereAs a result Indian religions were
challenged to reformchallenged to reform
Vivekananda brought in a newVivekananda brought in a new
understanding of Hinduismunderstanding of Hinduism

33. Indian reformerIndian reformer
► Vivekananda 1863-1902Vivekananda 1863-1902
► Father was given to reciting from the Bible-for amusement!Father was given to reciting from the Bible-for amusement!
► Studied in Presidency college-CalcuttaStudied in Presidency college-Calcutta
► Later in Scottish church college studied English literatureLater in Scottish church college studied English literature
and western logic which brought into sharp focus the shortand western logic which brought into sharp focus the short
comings of Indian societycomings of Indian society
► Was influenced by Raja Ram Mohan Roy also.Was influenced by Raja Ram Mohan Roy also.

34. VivekanandaVivekananda
►He elevated the status of the service ofHe elevated the status of the service of
fellow beings to the level of real worship offellow beings to the level of real worship of
God. (PS Kamanant)God. (PS Kamanant)
►Established Ramakrishna mission whichEstablished Ramakrishna mission which
began caringbegan caring

35. Ramakrishna mission was aRamakrishna mission was a
reformist reaction to the Christianreformist reaction to the Christian
“caring”“caring”
► CalcuttaCalcuttaRamakrishna M. Institute of CultureRamakrishna M. Institute of CultureAdvaitaAdvaita
Advaita Ashram CalcuttaAdvaita Ashram CalcuttaSRMSRMSri Ramakrishna MathSri Ramakrishna Math
CalcuttaCalcuttaNarendrapurNarendrapurRamakrishna Mission CollegeRamakrishna Mission College
UdbodhanUdbodhanMother's HouseMother's HouseVidyapithVidyapithRamakrishnaRamakrishna
VidyapithVidyapithNewNew DelhiDelhiRamakrishna MissionRamakrishna MissionRajkot/GujaratRajkot/Gujarat
Ramakrishna Mission AshramRamakrishna Mission AshramChennaiChennaiRamakrishnaRamakrishna
Math MylaporeMath Mylapore ChennaiChennaiRamakrishna Mission AshramRamakrishna Mission Ashram
ItanagarItanagarRamakrishna Mission Hospital APRamakrishna Mission Hospital APVidyapithVidyapith
Ramakrishna VidyapithRamakrishna Vidyapith
ChennaiChengalpattuRamakrishna Mission TamilChennaiChengalpattuRamakrishna Mission Tamil
NaduMaduraiRamakrishna MathNaduMaduraiRamakrishna Math
CoimbatoreRamakrishna Mission VidyalayaCoimbatoreRamakrishna Mission Vidyalaya

36. Ramakrishna mission localeRamakrishna mission locale
► BangaloreVivekananda AshramKochiRamakrishnaBangaloreVivekananda AshramKochiRamakrishna
Math, KeralaRanchiRamakrishnaMath, KeralaRanchiRamakrishna
MissionKaladiRamakrishna Advaita AshramMissionKaladiRamakrishna Advaita Ashram
KeralaPuneRamakrishna Math andKeralaPuneRamakrishna Math and
MissionHydrabadRamakrishnaMissionHydrabadRamakrishna
MathVaranasiRamakrishna M.- Home of ServiceMathVaranasiRamakrishna M.- Home of Service
RKMRamakrishna VidyashalaKayamkulamSriRKMRamakrishna VidyashalaKayamkulamSri
Ramakrishna Ashram, KeralaJharkhandTBRamakrishna Ashram, KeralaJharkhandTB
Sanatorium - RanchiMangaloreRamakrishnaSanatorium - RanchiMangaloreRamakrishna
Mission AshramMission Ashram

37. VivekanandaVivekananda
►Swami Vivekananda wrote in one of hisSwami Vivekananda wrote in one of his
letters :letters :
►A hundred thousand men and women, willA hundred thousand men and women, will
go over the length and breadth of the land,go over the length and breadth of the land,
preaching thepreaching the Gospel of salvation, theGospel of salvation, the
Gospel of help, the Gospel of socialGospel of help, the Gospel of social
raising-up -- the Gospel of equalityraising-up -- the Gospel of equality ..

38. Karsondas Mulji-1832-71Karsondas Mulji-1832-71
► Social Reformer, Educationist, Writer,Social Reformer, Educationist, Writer,
PamphleteerPamphleteer
► While in Elphinstone college….While in Elphinstone college….
influenced by missionary John Wilsoninfluenced by missionary John Wilson
► The Primitive Religion of the Hindus andThe Primitive Religion of the Hindus and
the Present Heterodox Opinions in histhe Present Heterodox Opinions in his
journal led to the famous Maharaja Libeljournal led to the famous Maharaja Libel
► Widow remarriage-helped manyWidow remarriage-helped many

39. Micheal MadusudandasMicheal Madusudandas
English and Bengali writerEnglish and Bengali writer
► 1824-1876 AD- became a Christian1824-1876 AD- became a Christian
► Both ‘The Captive Lady’ and ‘Visions of the Past’ wereBoth ‘The Captive Lady’ and ‘Visions of the Past’ were
written under the pen name Timothy.written under the pen name Timothy.
► Editor of “The Hindu Patriot”. He composed Bengali playsEditor of “The Hindu Patriot”. He composed Bengali plays
such as ‘Sharmistha’, ‘Ekey Bole Savyata’, ‘Buro Shalikersuch as ‘Sharmistha’, ‘Ekey Bole Savyata’, ‘Buro Shaliker
Ghare Ro’, ‘Krishnakumari’ and ‘Padmabati’.Ghare Ro’, ‘Krishnakumari’ and ‘Padmabati’.
► In most of his plays, he criticized the lack of “caring”In most of his plays, he criticized the lack of “caring”
present in the society.present in the society.

40. Dadabhai Naoroji 1824-1917Dadabhai Naoroji 1824-1917
►Grand Old Man of IndiaGrand Old Man of India
►Studied in Elphinstone college-Studied in Elphinstone college-
influenced by Dr Wilsoninfluenced by Dr Wilson
►Went from door to door recruiting girlWent from door to door recruiting girl
studentsstudents
►Freedom fighter-concernedFreedom fighter-concerned
for womenfor women
►Member of the house of commonsMember of the house of commons

41. Initially Jains were into hospitals forInitially Jains were into hospitals for
birds and animals onlybirds and animals only
►Jain Bird hospital in Old DelhiJain Bird hospital in Old Delhi
►Gaushalas are “old age homes” for cowsGaushalas are “old age homes” for cows

42. Jains now have many hospitalsJains now have many hospitals
► Bombay- Nanavati hospital, Sarvoday hospital,Bombay- Nanavati hospital, Sarvoday hospital,
Matunga hospital, Lilavati hospital, CardiacMatunga hospital, Lilavati hospital, Cardiac
hospital in Matunga are all Jain.hospital in Matunga are all Jain.
► Surat Mahavir hospital is JainSurat Mahavir hospital is Jain
► Ahmedabad Vadilal Sarabhai hospital is Jain.Ahmedabad Vadilal Sarabhai hospital is Jain.
► Sri AmarJain hospital- JaipurSri AmarJain hospital- Jaipur
► Bhagwan MahavirJain Hospital-BangaloreBhagwan MahavirJain Hospital-Bangalore

43. In personal conversation with JainsIn personal conversation with Jains
►We (Jains) will not survive as a religionWe (Jains) will not survive as a religion
unless we begin to care like theunless we begin to care like the
missionaries..missionaries..
►Now Jains go abroad and raise money fromNow Jains go abroad and raise money from
the US and the UK for their hospitals andthe US and the UK for their hospitals and
projectsprojects

44. Emergence of Gandhian NGO’sEmergence of Gandhian NGO’s
►From 1947 to 1960 onwards many newFrom 1947 to 1960 onwards many new
Gandhian NGO’s were started Hindu KushtGandhian NGO’s were started Hindu Kusht
Nivaran Sangh was started at the behest ofNivaran Sangh was started at the behest of
Gandhi.Gandhi.
►““Shame on us…why should missionaries…Shame on us…why should missionaries…
(Gandhi)(Gandhi)

45. Mushrooming of NGO’s…Mushrooming of NGO’s…
►Church related and Christian voluntaryChurch related and Christian voluntary
organizations led the way for theorganizations led the way for the
mushrooming of NGO’smushrooming of NGO’s
►Though not all the NGO’s are into welfareThough not all the NGO’s are into welfare
more than 100,000 NGO’s are into somemore than 100,000 NGO’s are into some
form of caringform of caring

46. Ripple effectRipple effect
Activists
Women’s
status
Training
Christian
Hospitals
Restructured
Hinduism
Xian NGO’s
Transformation
Non-Xian
hospitals
Other
caring
NGO’s
Advocacy
Doctors &
Nurses
Man power for
mission

47. Disaster 1947 onwards..Disaster 1947 onwards..
►700 Protestant hospitals in India700 Protestant hospitals in India
►Many Indian trained D & NMany Indian trained D & N
►No visionary leaders!!No visionary leaders!!
►400 Xian hospitals closed in 40 years400 Xian hospitals closed in 40 years

48. Missionary failure- DevelopedMissionary failure- Developed
programsprograms
but not peoplebut not people
11 RUNNINGRUNNING
PROGRAMSPROGRAMS
PEOPLE BUILDINGPEOPLE BUILDING
22 Programs produces visiblePrograms produces visible
quick impactquick impact
Harder and longer processHarder and longer process
involving several yearsinvolving several years
33 Anyone with skill can runAnyone with skill can run
programsprograms
Requires rapport withRequires rapport with
people and will notpeople and will not
happen unless you are ahappen unless you are a
authentic human beingauthentic human being
44 Requires lot of capital forRequires lot of capital for
infrastructure specially ininfrastructure specially in
the healing ministrythe healing ministry
Does not require largeDoes not require large
capital for infrastructurecapital for infrastructure
Paradigm shift

49. Programme Development toProgramme Development to
People Development - 2People Development - 2
►Jesus – “Jesus – “Follow me and I will make youFollow me and I will make you
fishers of men”.fishers of men”.
►Development of people more strategic thanDevelopment of people more strategic than
programs.programs.
►Budgets do not reflect this – more used forBudgets do not reflect this – more used for
programs.programs.
►Learning from history – Disaster in IndiaLearning from history – Disaster in India
Paradigm shift

50. Medical Missions - CustodiansMedical Missions - Custodians
of the Culture of Careof the Culture of Care
3 Types of Caring3 Types of Caring
 Commercial caringCommercial caring
 Professional caringProfessional caring
 Christian caringChristian caring

51. Christian
Caring
Com
m
ercial
Professional
Christian caring
Professional
Commercial
Either way Christian caring is an endangered phenomenon
India West