Teoría celular, cell theory Estructura celular: membrana, citoplasma y núcleo. Membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus Orgánulos celulares, organelles. Mitosis y meiosis

1. La célula - Cell
OBJETIVOS:
1. Valorar la importancia de la teoría celular.
2. Conocer la célula y sus componentes (estructura).
a) Membrana: control de intercambio e interacción.
b) Citoplasma: orgánulos celulares.
c) Núcleo: la información genética (ADN).
3. Conocer las funciones celulares.
a) La función de los orgánulos celulares.
4. Tipos de células:
a) Procariota y eucariota.
b) Animal y vegetal.
5. La división celular:
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis

2. CONTENIDOS:
1. Teoría celular
2. Funciones de la célula:
a) Nutrición.
b)Relación.
c) Reproducción.
3. Tipos de células
4. La célula eucariota:
a) Estructura.
b) Orgánulos celulares y función,
5. La reproducción:
a) Mitosis
b) Meiosis

3. Cell theory
• Robert Hooke – first person
to see cell (1665)
• Leeuwehoek – first person to
see living cells in pond water
(1673)
• Schwann – zoologist who
observed tissues of animals
had cells (1839)
• Schleiden – botanist,
observed tissues o plants
contained cells (1845)
• Virchow – reported that
every living thing is made of
vital units, known as cells
(1850)
• Remak - discovers cell
division and affirm that cells
come only from pre-existing
cells.

4. 1. All living things are made of cells
Unicellular organisms are single-celled
and can carry out all of the
functions of life independently.
Multicellular organisms have
specialized cells to carry out specific
functions.
Longitudinal section of a root tip of Maize (Zea mays)
by Science and Plants for Schools on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/bNNM6M

5. 2. Cells are the smallest units of life.
Organelles cannot
survive alone.
Paramecium multimicronucleatum
by Proyecto Agua on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/7W7J3y
Specialized
structures
within cells
(organelles)
carry out
different
functions.

6. 3. Cells come
Only from
Existing cells
Cells multiply through
division:
• Mitosis results in
genetically identical diploid
daughter cells.
• Meiosis generates haploid
gametes (sex cells).
4-cell stage of a sea biscuit by Bruno Vellutini on Flickr (CC) http://flic.kr/p/daWnnS

7. WHAT´S A CELL?
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions
Nutrition
Reproduction
Responsiveness

8. Cell Structure
• All Cells have:
 an outermost plasma
membrane
 cytoplasm, the region
where chemical
reactions take place.
Comprises cytosol and
the organelles.
 genetic material in the
form of DNA

9. Cell Structure
• All Cells have:
an outermost plasma membrane
• Structure – phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins
• Function – isolates cell contents, controls
what gets in and out of the cell, receives
signals

10. Cell Structure
• All Cells have:
genetic material in the form of DNA
• Eukaryotes – DNA is within a membrane
(nucleus)
• Prokaryotes – no membrane around the
DNA (DNA region called nucleoid)

11. Cell Structure
• All Cells have:
cytoplasm with organelles
• Cytoplasm – fluid area, gel-like, inside
outer plasma membrane and outside
DNA region
• Organelles – is a specialized subunit
within a cell that has a specific function,
and it is usually separately enclosed
within its own lipid membrane

12. Eukaryotes cells
cells that contain nuclei

13. Eukaryotic Cells
• Structures in all eukaryotic cells
– Nucleus
– Ribosomes
– Endomembrane system
• Endoplasmic reticulum – smooth and rough
• Golgi apparatus
• Vesicles
• Lysosome
– Mitochondria
– Chloroplast
– Cytoskeleton

14. Cell boundaries 1
• Cell membrane
Thin, flexible membrane that
surrounds the cell.

15. Cell Membrane - structure
✔ Lipid Bilayer:
• Double-layered sheet of phospholipids.
• Membrane protein.
• Glycoside.

16. Cell Membrane - structure
 Anchoring the
cytoskeleton to
provide shape to
the cell, and in
attaching to the
extracellular matrix
and other cells to
help group cells
together to form
tissues.
Responsiveness.

17.  Outer membrane of cell that controls
movement in and out of the cell (selectively
permeable).
13/10/14
Cell membrane - funtion
• Passive transport (Facilitated diffusion) –
when the plasma membrane “helps”
particles pass through protein channels.
No energy used

18. Cell membrane - funtion
• Active transport – when the plasma
membrane uses energy to move particles
against a concentration gradient.

19. Cell boundaries 2
•Cell walls
Rigid layer
around the
membrane found
only in bacteria,
fungi and plants.

20. Cytoplasm
• Area enclosed within the cell membrane.
• Contains hyaloplasm or cytosol: jelly-like
mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved
molecules, and water (80%).
• Contains all the organelles.
• It is within the cytoplasm that most cellular
activities occur, such as many metabolic
pathways.

21. Mitochondrion
• Produces energy
through
chemical
reactions –
breaking down
fats &
carbohydrate

22. Chloroplast
• Contains green chlorophyll
• Where photosynthesis takes place

23. RE and Golgi apparatus

24. Endoplasmic reticulum
• Moves
materials
around in
cell:
• Lipids and
carbohydrates
in
smooth type
• Proteins in
rough type

25. Golgi apparatus
• Protein 'packaging plant'
• Move materials within the cell and out
of the cell by using vesicles

26. Vacuole
• Membrane-bound
sacs
for storage,
digestion,
and waste
removal
• Help plants
maintain
shape

27. Lysosome
• Vesicles containing enzymes, which are capable of
breaking down virtually all kinds of biomolecules.
• Transports undigested material to cell membrane
for removal

28. Ribosomes
Molecular complex of protein synthesis (translation).
Found on rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and
floating throughout the cell.
Consist of two components:
• small ribosomal subunit which reads the RNA
• large subunit which joins amino acids to form a
polypeptide chain.
It is composed of: ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and a
variety of proteins.

29. Cytoskeleton
 Support organelles and cell shape
 Place a role in cell motion

30. Centrioles
 Lead cromosomes
movement during cell
division
 Control flagella and
cilia vibration

31. Nucleus
• Nuclear membrane, lipid bilayer.
• Contains genetic material – DNA.
• Nucleolus: rRNA, ribosomal proteins, immature ribosomes.

32. Cell division
MITOSIS
División por mitosis - Manuel Antonio Medina
Stages of mitosis – McGraw-Hill
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/mitosis_Medina.swf
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/mitosis_citoknsMCGRAW.swf
Fases de la mitosis – John Kyrk
http://www.johnkyrk.com/mitosis.html

33. 13/10/14

35. 13/10/14

37. MEIOSIS
División por meiosis – Manuel Antonio Medina
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/meiosis_Medina.swf
Stages of meiosis – McGraw-Hill
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/averroes/manuales/materiales_tic/Cell_anim_archivos/Cell_anim_archivos/meiosisMcGraw.swf
Fases de la meiosis – John Kyrk
http://www.johnkyrk.com/meiosis.html

39. http://es.allreadable.com/5d90GNE COMPARACIÓN MITOSIS-MEIOSIS