1. LECTURE
KNOWLEDGE-BASED
KNOWLEDGE BASED ECONOMY AND URBAN FABRIC TRANSFORMATION
Crossroads between innovation and urban policies in US, Finland, Singapore and Chile
GUEST LECTURER:
Juan Bl
J Blanco
LECTURER:
Jennifer Day
‘The Economies of Cities and regions’
The University of Melbourne
Melbourne, Victoria
9 September, 2010
5. Multimedia Super Corridor, MALASYA
Corridor
Singapore Science Park, SINGAPORE
Dublin, IRLAND Guadalajara, MEXICO
Kansai Science City, JAPAN
Otaniemi Science Park, FINLAND
Park
Route 128 Massachustes, EEUU
Illinois Technology and Reseach
Stanford Research Park, EEUU Corridor, EEUU
Bangalore, INDIA Campiñas, BRASIL
Sofía Antípolis FRANCE
Antípolis,
Dalian Software Park, CHINA
Dresden, GERMANY
Taguspark, PORTUGAL Shanghai, CHINA
Cambridge T h l
C b id Technology park, UK
k
Telecom Corridor Dallas, EEUU Research Triangle North Carolina,
Tel Aviv, ISRAEL EEUU Zhon Guan Cun, CHINA
Chennai,
Chennai INDIA Casablanca Techno Park, MORROCO
Park
Melbourne, AUSTRALIA
14. METROPOLITAN AREA
Effective actor relationships within a regional framework
Social contacts that enhance learning processes
gp
Image and sense of belonging.
INNOVATIVE MILIEU
Private Structure
High‐Technology Firms
Risk Capital Firms
I+D Structure Industry Associations
Technology Parks Business Parks
Higher Learning
Institutions
Government Structure
Public Research Centers
Government Administrative Bodies
Public Financing Bodies
15. Knowledge and Territory
Nowadays, the prominent role of exchange and learning processes in addition to the
theoretical contributions of diverse disciplines has pointed to the relation between
innovation and territory as the key factor to understand the success or failure of
countries and regions in the knowledge economy paradigm
paradigm.
This relationship has been defined by the role granted to geographical and
institutional proximity, as a facilitator factor for exchange and diffusion of knowledge:
Allows the reduction of transaction and negotiation costs
Favored the improvement of profitability of its enterprises
(Vázquez‐Barquero, 2006).
Despite of that, most of those approaches have developed a strongly deterministic
view, since the success of a specific territory can not be exclusively associated to its
learning and knowledge capacity (Hudson, 1999).
18. CLUSTERS: The Silicon Valley in the San Francisco Bay
An spontaneous concentration of activities due to urban development regulations,
land availability and local factors.
It presents a high technological content following with an use of research and
content,
innovation centers located in the area
It emerged from the incentive of professor from Stanford University towards its
students to form its own enterprises in the surroundings of the university, with the
aim to respond military research demand
Nowadays, it operates through the recognizable centrality of the Stanford University,
Nowadays it operates through the recognizable centrality of the Stanford University
in Palo Alto, connected with San Francisco and San Jose through the 1001 Highway,
airports and urban centers.
Gather more than 9.000 electronic companies and more than 5000 scientist, creating
an excellent innovation capacity that involves the whole region.
19.
20. SAN FRANCISCO
BAY
METROPOLITAN AREA OF SAN
FRANCISCO BAY, CALIFORNIA, US
HIGH TECH FIRMS
LEISURE FACILITIES
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
INNOVATION SERVICES
UNIVERSITIES
21. CLUSTERS: TI Cluster in Helsinki, Finland
Clusters systems established above a regional structure designed in a national level,
that includes university cities and fast‐growing areas
In its beginnings it was almost entirely focused in communication technologies due to
the complicated geography of the Finland territory. In later years, it has covered
several related technologies (micro electronics, mostly)
The parks networks of Helsinki covers a greater part of its urban area, mostly closed
to university, research and transport centers.
It represents a mix model within a metropolitan location but planned from the local
model,
government.
Based its strengthen in the promotion of leading national firms (NOKIA), supported
by a network of subsidiary firms and specific research centers.
It is financed with investment from big firms, the government and risk capital. Most
of the R&D activities are covered by the universities
universities.
22.
23. METROPOLITAN AREA OF HELSINKI,
FINLAND
HIGH TECH FIRMS
LEISURE FACILITIES
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
INNOVATION SERVICES
UNIVERSITIES
26. PORT METROPOLITAN AREA OF SINGAPORE,
SINGAPORE
HIGH TECH FIRMS
LEISURE FACILITIES
HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
INNOVATION SERVICES
UNIVERSITIES
27. The Role of Urban Planning
The learning capacity of a territory is a strong factor in the competitiveness of cities
and regions, but the role of the urban development, the change and adaptability of
its institutions are also been considered key factors too
(Vázquez Barquero, 2006).
(Vázquez‐Barquero 2006)
In that sense, the actors related with the production of knowledge, where outstand
Higher Education Institutions, had had a strong prominence since the emergence of
new policies and private initiatives based in strengthen those entities to encourage a
knowledge‐based development.
28. Table 2 – Expenditure on R&D and Patents (selected countries)
Patents granted by Patents granted by Total R&D Business R&D Effectiveness of
USPTO USPTO per expenditure as % expenditure as % R&D expenditure
million people of GDP of total (cost of each
expenditure patent in US$
millions)
CHILE 15 1.0 0.5 35 36.4
G-7 23.152 153 2.2 - -
AUSTRALIA 1.047 53 1.5 48 5.8
N.Z. 165 41 1.0 37 5.0
CANADA 3.893 123 1.9 55 4.1
FINLAND 944 181 3.4 70 6.0
MALAYSIA 63 3 0.5 - 10.6
Source: Machinea and Vera (2006)
30. The Issue: A stagnation in the competitiveness performance of the
country (Chile) and its capital city (Santiago): The Good
YEAR UNIT RANKING SOURCE
1990 CHILE 6,000‐12,000 USD CNIC
2005 (National Council of
* In 15 year has double the income per capita Innovation for
Competitiveness, Chile)
Competitiveness Chile)
2001 SANTIAGO GAMMA City GaWC
2004 (Globalization and World
* Level of globalization
Level of globalization Cities Research Network))
2003 SANTIAGO 3rd MHRC
2004 Quality of living in Latin America (Mercer Human
Resources)
2004 SANTIAGO 1st America Economia
City for doing business (Magazine)
2005 CHILE 27th WEF
2006 Global Competitiveness Ranking (World Economic Forum)
31. The Issue: A stagnation in the competitiveness performance of the
country (Chile) and its capital city (Santiago): The Bad
* Source: Banco Central de Chile
GDP GROWTH RATE, CHILE
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
TAGE
4.00
PERCENT
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008
-1.00
YEAR
32. The Issue: A stagnation in the competitiveness performance of the
country (Chile) and its capital city (Santiago): The Ugly
YEAR UNIT RANKING SOURCE
2004 CHILE 0,68%
0 68% CNIC
(National Council of
Percentage of the GDP for R+D Innovation for
Competitiveness, Chile)
2007 SANTIAGO 1st America Economia
(Magazine)
* Lowest levels of intellectual productivity
and innovation in Latin America
2007 CHILE Public research system scarcely linked OECD
with the market
2008 CHILE 53rd WEF
WEF
(World Economic
State of Cluster’s development Forum)
2008 CHILE 51st WEF
WEF
(World Economic Forum)
Quality of scientific and research institutions
36. Table 1 – Territorial projects related with research, business and innovation
Year Name Location
1991 Observatorio VLT Cerro Paranal
1995 Parque Científico y Tecnológico UCH
UCH* Pudahuel,
Pudahuel RM
1997 Ciudad Empresarial* Huechuraba, RM
1998 Parque de Negocios ENEA* Pudahuel, RM
2000 Ciudad de CURAUMA* Placilla, V
2006 Parque Tecnológico Ciencias para la Vida* Ñuñoa, RM
2007 Centro Científico Valdivia, IX
2008 - ongoing Parque Tecnológico U de Concepcion* Concepcion, VIII
Edificio del Software GECHS Santiago, RM
*Consider the Research Park typology in its master plan design
Source: Blanco (2008)
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. High Technology meets Natural Resources
The National Council of Innovation for the Competitiveness focused its policies in
adding value to the traditional natural resources sectors that have built the Chilean
economy, through new methods and knowledge.
A special emphasis was given to those economic activities recognized as 'cross‐
cutting' to development of the innovative capacity ‐the Information and
Communications Technologies (ICT) and Biotechnology (BIOTEC).
The main issue in implementing this strategy lays in the disconnection between those
two activities:
Natural resources activities were clustered mainly in the northern (e.g. copper in
Antofagasta) and southern (e.g. salmon and forest Puerto Montt) cities
High technology activities were clustered in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago
(MAS), due to its concentration of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs),
economical power, administrative government and urban services of high
standard
standard
(Rosas et. al, 2006)
42. Clusters based in natural Mining
resources promoted in the
Chilean territory
Astronomy
Biotechnology
Winery
Forest
F t
Salmon
Eco Tourism
1. Northern System 2. Central System 3. Metropolitan System 4. Southern System 5. Austral System
Mining Wine Biotechnology Salmon Eco Tourism
Astronomy Wood Astronomy Eco Tourism Energy
Eco Tourism Astronomy Higher Education Sea Water
Fruit Native Forest Native Forest
Agroindustry
Source: Ugarte et al (2007)
45. Regional Clusters
Winery Valley
Transport Hub
Agriculture
Fruit
Culture Port
TI industry
y
Biotech industry
Higher Education agglomeration
Source: Blanco (2008)
51. Mechanism for innovation structure of the
Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS)
LEYEND
Tech. & Business Parks Business Incubators Intellectual and Patents Institutions
A Inno. & Tech. Transfer Centers 5b Technological Consortiums Technology Nodes
Time access to the New Business Center
Source: Blanco (2008) 5 5‐10 10‐20 20‐30 30‐60 60‐+
52. BIOTECH and IT in Santiago: Patterns of Development
The biotechnology activities in the area around Marathon Avenue emerged
during the 1990s as a nascent sector associated with the non‐traditional natural
resource exporting industries and its proximity to Campus San Joaquin of the
Universidad Catolica de Chile, following the pattern of other biotechnology
Universidad Catolica de Chile following the pattern of other biotechnology
concentrations in the world (see Farias, 2005).
The concentration of firms in the IT sector was apparent in the historical centre of
Santiago by the end of 1970s. Those early firms help the process of
modernization of the old public enterprises and its conversion into private‐owned
firms. During the 1990s the new IT firms migrate next to the new Business District
in El Golf neighborhood, were the headquarters of global enterprises were
in El Golf neighborhood were the headquarters of global enterprises were
attracted in respond of the new policy of open economy of the country.
Due to the relatively recent development of these two sectors in the Chilean case,
and their specifically knowledge‐based components, there are relatively little facilities
to support its development.
In many ways, the current national innovation policy seeks to transform this trend in
In many ways the current national innovation policy seeks to transform this trend in
order to create the synergies necessaries to stimulate development in key strategic
technology areas.
53. Urban Structure
TI INDUSTRY
Urban Structure
BIOTECH INDUSTRY
Urban Structure
HUMAN, INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Urban Structure
KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
KNOWLEDGE GENERATION
Urban Structure
MECHANISM FOR INNOVATION
Urban Structure
Urban Structure
METROPOLITAN AXIS