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2. History of kingdom conceptions

3. Molecular re-analysis of organism groupingJason Price, PhD Science Librarian Jason.price@cuc.claremont.edu Main sources: http://tinyurl.com/jameswbrown http://tinyurl.com/normpace

4. The fundamental question in evolutionary biology Why are some biological traits the same and others different among a group of organisms? e.g. Why are most plants green? vs Why is there such variation in flower color? e.g. Why are prokaryotes all single-celled while eukaryotes vary so much in body size? These types of questions, asked at every level of organization are fundamental to scientific questions about why things are the way they are.

5. One aspect of the answer: phylogeny Why are some biological traits the same and others different among a given group of organisms? Phylogeny: Phylon = race/class –geny = born The history of the descent of a group of organisms [from their common ancestor] We construct these groups (and their histories) based on estimates of similarity between organisms

7. Morphology alone Bill Sellers: http://homepage.mac.com/wis/Personal/lectures/human-evol/2.html

8. 2 types of similarity Homology: (agreement) similar traits from a shared ancestor e.g. Forelimb skeletal anatomy of birds and bats Homoplasy: (-plasia molding) similar traits not from shared ancestry Convergent evolution: e.g. Wings in birds and bats Evolutionary ‘reversals’ e.g. http://thelifewire.com Chapter 25; interactive quizzes #2

9. Why does tree accuracy matter? To predict the properties of organisms based on their relatives To prevent inaccurate comparisons E.g. euglena for study of photosynthesis in plants Between not-so-distantly-related outgroups C. elegans& D. melanogaster

10. What has this got to do with Bio43? You’ll study other types of “morphology” far richer than external characters…. Biochemistry Cell Biology DNA -> Protein Genetics Anatomy & Physiology

11. History of kingdom conceptions…

12. http://www.mbio.ncsu.edu/MB451/lecture/evolutionaryConcepts/lecture.html James W. Brown 1. Ladder of life 2. Darwin: species originate by divergence 3.

13. Time (and Superiority?) Eukaryotes from prokaryotes

14. Purves, Orians, Heller 1995

15. Enter on the Scene: Molecular phylogeny Pace 1999 http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~volkman/courses/microbial_diversity.html * By comparing macromolecular sequences, we can calculate evolutionary distances between organisms Organism A is 70% identical to organism B,Fractional identity is 0.70,30% different. HOMOPLASY * You can't compare sequences unless they are homologous - of common ancestry. Homologous sequences are not necessarily identical and identical sequences are not necessarily homologous

17. most common choice - ribosomal RNAs

18. Effect protein synthesis

19. Present in all organisms (& major organelles)

21. Brooker et al 2011

22. Pace Science 2 May 1997:Vol. 276. no. 5313, pp. 734 - 740

24. What are the differences?

25. Key differences in the diagrams

26. Drilling (back) down one level…Focus on the Eukaryotes kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes, based on combined protein sequences S. L. Baldauf et al., Science 290, 972 -977 (2000) Published by AAAS

27. No Caption Found S. L. Baldauf et al., Science 290, 972 -977 (2000) Published by AAAS

28. Your textbook (Brooker 2011)

29. * So, in conclusion, molecular phylogeny is leading to drastic changes in our understanding of evolutionary history between and among “kingdoms” *Understanding all of the underlying mechanisms you will learn about in Bio43 informs our understanding of the relatedness, sameness and differentness which is the stuff of organismal biology (Bio 44) *Where will your textbook need major revision? Main sources: http://tinyurl.com/jameswbrown http://tinyurl.com/normpace

30. The next great revolution? Doolittle 2000 Scientific American 282(2):90-95

31. Fmi: http://www.talkingsquid.net/archives/663

32. Evolutionary biology: A kingdom revised Tom Bruns Nature 443, 758-761(19 October 2006) doi:10.1038/443758a

34. Katharine G. Field, Gary J. Olsen, David J. Lane, Stephen J. Giovannoni, Michael T. Ghiselin, Elizabeth C. Raff, Norman R. Pace and Rudolf A. Raff

36. Review: Eukaryotes vs Prokaryote

38. Which is false? A. The positions of branches on the x axis indicates the order in which lineages split. B. The x axis of the phylogenetic tree represents time. C. The y axis of the phylogenetic tree shows degree of similarity between contemporaneous species. D. A split in the tree indicates the formation of two new species. E. The break points of the tree are determined by the appearance of particular derived traits.