2. Recall an experience when you thought it was
going to be a wonderful time but it turned
terrible. How did you get through it? What did
you learn about yourself from the experience?

3. Well-born S. whose husband
served in the army
1864 found that her social
standing could no longer
protect her from the
economic effects of the war
“Confederate money”
Chestnut received was almost
worthless
Inflation devalued
Confederate currency that
$400 a day was worth $1 or
$2 compared to prewar
currency

4. November 25th, 1862-
Harriet Beecher Stowe
met Abraham Lincoln:
“so you are the little
woman who wrote the
book that started this
great war”

5. 1862- allowed to serve in the military
1% of North’s population but 10% of the
Union army
Majority were former slaves from VA and
other slave states
Suffered discrimination
Served in separate regiments commanded
by white officers
Could not rise about a Capt.
Except Alexander T. Augustana, a surgeon
who became Lt. Col.
Privates earned $13mo. + $3.50 clothing
allowance
Blacks earned $10mo.
Protested and several regiments served
w.out pay for months
Equalized pay for soldiers through Congress
in 1864

6. Mortality rate was higher
Many assigned to labor duty in
the garrisons
Caught
typhoid, pneumonia, malaria
P.O.W . Would not be
treated, many executed on the
spot
Those not killed returned to
slavery
Gruesome massacre at Fort
Pillow TN 1864- 200 prisoners
killed and some whites as they
begged for their lives
Confederacy did consider
drafting slaves and free blacks in

7. Thousands of slaves sought freedom behind the lines of the
Union army
Those who remained on plantations sometimes engaged in
sabotage, breaking plows, destroying fences, neglected livestock
S. plantation owners fled before approaching Union troops, many
slaves refused to be dragged along
Waited to welcome the Yankees to liberate them
Whites on farms and plantations, slave resistance led to stress
Fearful of general slave uprising- tightened slave patrols and
spread rumors how Union soldiers abused runaways
Slave resistance gradually weakened the planation system
1864- Confederates realized slavery was doomed

9. How did African Answer: By fighting for
Americans contribute to the North, by running
the struggle to end away from slavery, and by
slavery. sabotaging plantations in
the South.

10. Food shortage due to
Drain of manpower into the army
Union occupation of food growing areas
Loss of slaves to work in the fields
Meat became a 1x/wk. luxury
Rice & corn in short supply
Prices skyrocketed from $6.65/mo. 1861 to $68/mo. mid-
1863
1863- hundreds of women and children stormed bakeries and
rioted for bread
Mob broke up when President Davis climbed up on a cart, threw
down all the money he had and ordered the crowd to disperse
or be shot
Next day, Confederate government distributed some of its stocks
of rice

11. Union blockade of S. ports
created shortages of other
items: salt, sugar, coffee, nails,
needles, and medicines
Many Confederates smuggled
cotton into the North in
exchange for gold, food, and
other goods
Deploring this trade with the
enemy, one Gen. raged that
cotton had made “more damn
rascals on both sides than
anything else”

12. A few industries: cotton textiles declined,
most boomed
Need for uniforms, shoes, guns and other
supplies supported woolen mills, steel
foundries, coal mines, and many others
The draft reduced the available work force,
western wheat farmers bought reapers and
other labor-saving machines, which
benefited the manufacturing companies
Wages did not keep up with prices
Many people’s standard of living declined
White male workers went out on strike
Employers hired free blacks, immigrants,
women, and boys to replace them for
lower pay

13. Why was the war less Answer: Military demand
damaging to the economy of spurred the more industrial
the North than to that of the Northern economy; a labor
South? shortage and Union
occupation crippled the
South’s agriculture-based
economy.
NJCCCS: 6.1.12.C.4.a
Assess the role that economics played in
enabling the North and South to wage war.

14. Women Replaced men on farms and city jobs
Obtained government jobs for the 1st time
Clerks, copying ledgers and letters by hand
Earned less than men
Remained a regular part of the D.C. work force after the war
Northern businesses made immense profits
Government contracts skyrocketed through cheating
Supplied uniforms and blankets made of “shoddy” fibers- came apart
in the rain
Passed off spoiled meat as fresh
Demanded twice the usual price for guns
New York Herald commented on changes in the American character:
“The individual who makes the most money- no matter how- and
spends the most- no matter for what- is considered the greatest
man… the world has seen its iron age, its silver age, its golden
age, and its brazen age. This is the age of shoddy”

15. Decided to help pay for
the war by tapping its
citizens’ wealth
1863- enacted the tax law
that authorized the
nation’s 1st income tax- n.
a tax on earnings.

16. Garbage disposal and latrines
in army camps were almost
unknown
Army regulations called for
washing ones’ hands and face
every day and taking a
complete bath 1x/wk.
Many soldiers failed to do so
Body lice, dysentery, and
diarrhea were common
Army rations were far from
appealing
Union troops subsisted on
beans, bacon and hardtrack
[sq. biscuits hard enough to
stock a bullet]

17. Common food- “cush”,
stew of small cubes of
beef and crumbled
cornbread mixed with
bacon grease
Fresh vegetables hardly
available
Both sides loved coffee,
but S. soldiers had only
substitutes brewed from
peanuts, dried apples, or
corn

18. After Ft. Sumter fell, federal
government set up the United
States Sanitary Commission
Improve the hygenic
conditions of army camps
Recruit & train nurses
Proved to be a great success
Sent out agents to teach soldiers
how to avoid polluting their
water supply
Developed hospital trains and
hospital ships to transport
wounded men from the
battlefield

19. Weapons technology
overtook medical
technology
Weapons caused
traumatic wounds that
could often be treated
only by amputation
Effects of bacteria were
not yet known
Surgeons never sterilized
instruments, making
infection worse

20. Badly wounded were
taken to field hospitals
Surgeons used
chloroform as an
anesthetic
Amputation kit containing: cloth for
bandages or administering
chloroform, opium pills to kill pain,
forceps and knives for cleaning
wounds and saws for amputations

21. War nurse
Collected & distributed
supplies
Dug bullets out of soldiers’
bodies with her penknife
Good at anticipating troop
movements
Arrived at the battlefield
before the fighting begun
Founded the American Red
Cross
Most women, served in
hospitals rather than the front
lines
Battlefield- soldiers usually
attended by male medics
Known as the “angel of the
battlefield”

22. At 60, Dorothea Dix became the
nation’s 1st superintendent of
women nurses
To discourage women looking for
romance, insisted applicants be at
least 30 & “plain looking”
Surgeon general required 1/3 of
Union hospital nurses be women,
3,000 served
Death rate among Union wounded,
showed considerable improvement
Confederacy did not have Sanitary
Commission, but thousands of
Southern women volunteered as
nurses
Sally Tompkins performed so
heroically she was commissioned as
a Capt.

23. How did the Sanitary Answer: It provided
Commission improve training in such things as
medical treatment during how to protect the army’s
the war? water supply and
developed hospital trains
and ships.

24. Improvements in hygiene and
nursing did not reach war
prisons
Worst Confederate prison,
Andersonville [GA] jammed
33,000 men into 26 acres or 34
sq. ft. per man
No shelter from sun or rain
except for primitive tents
Drank from same stream that
served as sewer
1/3 died
Commanded by Henry Wirz
[who the N. executed as a war
criminal]
S. lack of food and tent canvas
contributed
Overcrowded b/c N. halted
prison exchange when S. refused
to return African-American
soldiers captured

25. Emira, NY
Camp Douglas, Illinois
Provided about 5x as much space
per man
Barracks for sleeping
Adequate food
Thousands of Confederates
houses with little heat,
contracted pneumonia and died
100s suffered from dysentery
and malnutrition
15% of Union prisoners in S.
prisons died
12% Confederate prisoners died

26. What effects did the Civil
War have on women and
African Americans?

28. Cite the biggest news story in your lifetime.
Recall it
How did you hear of it?
What do you remember of it?
How did it make you feel?
What do you think about it today?

29. July 3rd, infantry charge
was part of a 3-day battle
at Gettysburg
Turning point of the Civil
War
Crippled the South so
badly
Gen. Lee would never
again posses sufficient
forces to invade a
Northern state

30. 1863- went well for the South
1st 4 days of May, S. defeated N. at Chancellorsville, VA
Lee outmaneuvered Union Gen. Joseph Hooker and forced the
Union army to retreat
Gen. Stonewall Jackson returned from a patrol on May 2nd,
Confederates mistook him for a Yankee & shot him in the left
arm
Surgeon amputated his arm the following day
Caught pneumonia and died May 10th
Lee decided to press his military advantage
Sought to force Lincoln to pull troops away from Vicksburg
Thought a major Confederate victory on N. soil might tip the
scales for pro-Southern Democrats
Crossed the Potomac into MD and then pushed into PA

31. What did Lee hope to Answer: Lee hoped to
gain by invading the win a Confederate victory
North? and build Southern
support in the North.

32. Most decisive battle of the war
Confederate soldiers led by A.P. Hill, many of them barefoot
went up with forces under Lee
Hill’s troops marched and ran into Union calvaries under John
Buford
Buford ordered his men to take defensive positions on the hills
and ridges surrounding the town
Engaged Hill’s troops
Shooting attracted more troops and each side sent for
reinforcements
N. armies under Gen. George Meade [N&W of Gettysburg]
began to fall back under rebel assault
Confederates took control of the town
Lee knew the battle would not be won unless N. were forced to
yield their positions on Cemetary Ridge, the high ground S. of
Gettysburg

33. Why was it important Answer: Because the
that the Union held on to Union had taken the
the high ground in defensive position and
Gettysburg? could win the battle if it
could maintain the
position.

34. July 2nd, 90,000 Yankees & 75,000 Confederates stood ready to fight
Lee ordered General James Longstreet to attack Cemetary
Ridge, which was held by Union troops
4:00 pm- Longstreet’s troops advanced from Seminary Ridge
The yelling Rebels overran Union troops who had mistakenly left their
positions on Little Roung Top, a hill that overlooked the southern
portion of the battlefield
As a brigade of Alabamans approached the hill, Union leaders noticed
the undefended position
Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain, a language prof. before the war, led his
Maine troops to meet the Rebels, and succeeded in repulsing
repeated Confederate attacks
Soldiers ran short of ammunition- 1/3 died
Ordered a bayonet charge
Rebels exhausted by the uphill fighting & 25mi. march the previous
day were shocked and surrendered in droves
Chamberlain & his men succeeded in saving Union lines from rebel
artillery attacks from Little Round Trip

36. Lee- optimistic, w/ one more day of attack- felt he could break Union
defenses
July 3rd, Lee ordered an artillery barrage on the middle of the Union
lines
2 hrs. 2 armies fired, then fell silent
Lee insisted Longstreet press forward
Reulctantly ordered men including those under General Pickett to
attack the center of Union lines
Suddenly N. artillery renewed its barrage
Devastated Confederates staggered back
Lee sent Gen. James E.B. Stuart around the right flank of Meade’s
forces to surprise the troops from the rear
Stuart’s campaign stalled & clashed with David Gregg’s men 3 mi.
away
Lee gave up hopes of invading the N. after

38. 3 day battle produced
staggering losses
More than 30% casualties
Union- 23,000 men killed or
wounded
Confederacy- 28,000
Fly-infested corpses lay
everywhere in July heat; the
stench was unbearable
Lee would continue to lead his
men brilliantly in the next 2
years
But Confederacy could never
recover from Gettysburg

39. Why was the battle of Answer: It cost a huge #
Gettysburg a disaster for of soldiers and put the
the South? South on the defensive.

40. Union Gen. Grant continued his
campaign in the W.
Vicksburg, MS- 1:2 Confederate
holdouts preventing the Union
from complete control of the
Mississippi river
Spring of 1863, Grant sent a
calvary to destroy rail lines in
central MS and draw attention
away from the port city
Grant landed infantry s. of
Vicksburg on April 30th
18 days, Union whipped several
rebel units and sacked Jackson,
the capital

41. Confidence growing with every victory- Grant rushed
Vicksburh
2 frontal assaults failed, so in May 1863- settled for a
seige
Set up a steady barrage of artillery, shelling the city
from both the river and the land for several hrs. a
day
Forced residents to take shelter in caves
Food supplies ran so low- people ate dogs and mules
Some of the starving Confederate soldiers defending
Vicksburg sent their commander a petition: “If you
can’t feed us, you’d better surrender”
July 3rd, 1863- same day as Pickett’s charge,
Confederate commander asked Grant for terms of
surrender
July 4th- city fell, 5 days later Port Hudson, Louisiana
also fell. The Confederacy was cut in 2

43. Nov. 1863- ceremony held to
dedicate a cementary in
Gettysburg
1st speaker, Edward Everett, 2
hr. oration
Lincoln spoke for a little more
than 2 mins.
Lincoln’s address “remade
America”
Gettysburg Address- n. a
famous speech delivered by
Abraham Lincoln in November
1863, at the dedication of a
national cemetery on the site
of the Battle of Gettysburg.

45. What beliefs about the Answer: That it was one
United States did Lincoln nation rather than just a
express in the Gettysburg collection of states, that it
Address? was worth dying for, and
that it should not be
destroyed.

46. Twin defeats- Gettysburg & Vicksburg cost the
S. much of its limited fighting power
Confederacy low on
food, shoes, uniforms, guns, and ammunition
No longer able to attack- hoped to hang on
long enough to destroy N. morale & work
toward an armistice
Plan proved unlikely
S. newspapers, state legislatures, and
individuals began to openly call for an end to
hostilities
President Lincoln found 2 Generals who would
fight

47. Confederate Congress passed a weak resolution in 1863 urging
planters to grow fewer cash crops like cotton & tobacco & increase
production of food
Farmers resented the tax that took part of their produce and livestock,
since many rich planters continued cultivated cash crops and selling it
to the North.
Many soldiers deserted after receiving letters from home of lack of
food & farm labor
Every s. state except S.C.; soldiers defected to the N. [i.e. 2,400
Floridians]
Discord in the government made it impossible for Davis to govern
effectively.
Confederate Congress squabbled
S.C. the governor was upset when troops were placed under
command of officers from another state

48. 1863- N.C. wanted peace
held more than 100 open
mtgs.
Peace movement in GA-
1864
Movements failed
mid-1864 Assistant Sec.
of War- John Campbell
acknowledged active
opposition to the war as a
fatality

49. How did discontent Answer: Such discontent
among members of the kept Jefferson Davis from
Confederate Congress governing effectively,
affect the war? which weakened the
Confederate war strategy.

50. March 1864- Lincoln appointed
Grant commander of all Union
armies
Grant appointed William Tecumseh
Sherman commander of the military
division of the MS
2 appointments changed course of
war
Both men believed in total war
Essential to fight not only S. armies
& government but its civilian
population as well:
Civilians grew food, transported
goods
Strength of the people’s will kept
the war going

51. Grant’s overall strategy was to immobilize Lee’s army in VA while
Sherman raided GA
Even if Grant’s casualties ran 2x higher than Lee’s, & they did,
the N. could afford it, the S. could not
May 1864- Grant threw his troops into battle after battle
Fighting was brutal, made even more so by the fires spreading
through the thick trees of wooded areas
Battles contunued at Spotsylvania @ Cold Harbor
Grant lost 7,000 men in one hour
Finally at Petersburg, remained under Union attack from June
1864-April 1865
From May 4th to June 18th, 1864- Grant lost 60,000 men to Lee’s
32,000 men which the S. could not replace
Democrats and N. newspapers called Grant a butcher
Grant promised Lincoln: “Whatever happens, there will be no
turning back”

52. Army occupied the
transportation center of
Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864
Confederate army tried to
circle around him, & cut his
RR supply lines
Sherman decided to fight a
different battle
Abandoned his supply lines &
marched SE through GA
Killed livestock, destoyed
crops & burned most of
Atlanta

53. After taking Savannah
before Christmas
Sherman turned N. to
help Grant “wipe out Lee”
25,000 former slave
followed
Marched through S.C.-
1865
Army burned almost
every house in its path
Entered N.C.- stopped
destroying private homes
and handed food & other
supplies out

55. What were Sherman’s Answer: Sherman wanted
objectives in marching his to show Georgia’s
troops from Atlanta to civilians the destructive
Savannah? nature of war and thus
destroy the will of
Confederate civilians to
continue to war.

56. Lincoln faced heavy opposition:
Democrats dismayed by war’s length, high casualty rates,
Union losses joined pro-S. party to nominate George
McClellan- on a platform of immediate armistice [McClellan
resented Lincoln]
Radical Republicans- favored a harsher proposal than
Lincoln’s readmitting Confederate states- nominated John C.
Frémont
National Union Party chose Andrew Johnson as Lincoln’s
running mate
Lincoln thought he would be beaten badly
August 5th, Farragut telegraphed “Atlanta is ours”- Frémont
withdrew
October 19th- Phillip Sheridan chased Confederates out of N. VA
Victories bouyed N. and with absentee ballots by Union soldiers-
Lincoln won

57. Late March 1865, the end of the Confederacy was near
Grant and Sheridan were approaching Richmond from the West
Sherman from the S.
April 2nd, Lee and his troops were overcome by Grant’s forces in
Petersburg
Davis & his gov. abandoned their capital, setting it afire to keep
the N. from taking it
Flames destroyed some 900 buildings & damaged 100 homes

58. Lee & Grant met to arrange a
Confederate surrender- April 9th,
1865 in VA- Appomattox Court
House
Lincoln’s request:
Lee’s soldiers paroled & sent
home with their personal
possessions, horses & 3 days
rations
Officers permitted to keep
their side arms
Within 2 mo. All remaining
Confederate resistance
collapsed
After 4 years, at tremendous
human & economic costs, Civil
War was over

59. Why do you think Lincoln urged generous terms
for a Confederate surrender?

60. Learning Goal: NJCCCS- 6.1.12.D.4.e
Analyze the impact of the Civil War and
the 14th Amendment on the
development of the country and on the
relationship between the national and
state governments.

61. Think of an event that could change life in your
community dramatically.

62. 1869- Prof. George Ticknor of Harvard
commented that since the Civil War, “It does
not seem to me as if I were living in the country
in which I was born.”
Civil War caused change in:
Politics
Economics
Technology
Social climate
Exacted a high price in the cost of human life.

63. Federal government + ending the threat of
assumed supreme secession, war greatly
national authority & no increased the federal
state has ever seceded government’s power
again Fed. Government began taxing
Arguments over states’ private incomes
rights versus federal Required everyone to accept
control focus on whether its new paper currency
the state or national Tore reluctant men from their
government should families to fight
determine how to use U.S. citizens post-war could no
local funds longer assume that the
national government was too
far away to bother them

64. How did the power of the Answer: The government
federal government passed laws that gave it
increase during the war? more control over U.S.
citizens, including an
income tax and
conscription.

65. Between 1861-1865: fed. Large-scale commercial
Government did much to help agriculture took hold
businesses- subsidizing S. was devastated- labor
construction of a national rr. source taken away wrecking
system industry
National Bank Act- n. legislation Wiped 40% of livestock
passed in 1863 to make banking
safer for investors. Its provisions Destroyed farm machinery,
included a system of federally railroads and left thousands
chartered banks, new of acres uncultivated
requirements for loans, and a Pre-war S. held 30% of
system for the inspection of national wealth, in 1870: only
banks. 12%
Economy of N. boomed; selling 1860- 70% of N. average,
war supplies to the government 1870: 40%
allowed N. to invest in new Disparity continued until 20th
businesses after the war century

66. 1. The total losses in the Civil War nearly equal the total for all
other wars
2. The shortages of food and other supplies were more severe
in the South, so most products cost more than in the North.

67. 360,000 Union soldiers died
260,000 Confederates died
275,000/225,000 wounded
Amputees became a common
sight
2,400,000 men nearly 10% of the
population of 31,000,000 were in
the military for 4 yrs disrupting
education, careers and families
$3.3 billion spent- more than 2x
what the government spent in
the previous 80 years
20 years later, interest payments
on war debt + federal pension
accounted for 2/3 of the federal
budget

69. Emancipation Proclamation freed only slaves in
the Confederacy
Government had to decide what to do with the
border states
Republican-controlled Senate approved an
amendment- Summer 1864
House, with large Democratic membership did
not
After Lincoln’s reelection, amendment
introduced in House- January 1865
Promises of government jobs were given to
Democrats and it passed with 2 votes to spare

70. End of 1865- 27 states
including 8 from the
South ratified
13th Amendment- n. an
amendment to the U.S.
Constitution, adopted in
1865, that has abolished
slavery and involuntary
servitude.

71. Veterans returned to small Some war leaders continued
towns & farms military careers
Many moved to cities or went Sherman remained in the
west army fighting Native
Americans in the West
Lee lost his Arlington
plantation, turned into a
Union cemetery
Lee became pres. of Wash.
College in VA [Wash. & Lee U.]
Congress accidentally
neglected to restore his
citizenship until 1975

72. Clara Barton in 1869
joined the International
Committee of the Red
Cross during the Franco-
Prussian War in Europe
1881- founded the
American Red Cross- n.
an international
organization that provides
relief to people in times
of war or natural disaster.
Clara Barton founded the
American branch in 1881.

73. What were some effects Answer: African
that the war had on Americans gained their
individuals? freedom, some veterans
moved from the country
to the city, and many
leaders had to find new
careers.

74. April 14th, 1865- 5 days after
Lee surrendered to Grant-
Lincoln & his wife went to
Ford’s Theatre in Washington
to see a British comedy, Our
American Cousin
During the 3rd Act, a man
silently opened the
unguarded doors to the
presidential box
Raised a pistol and hit the
president in the back of the
head

75. John Wilkes Booth- 26 yr old
actor, Southern sympathizer
Assassin leaped to the
stage, catching his spur on a flag
and breaking his left leg
Rose & said “Sic semper
tyrannis” state motto of VA
[“thus be it ever to tyrants”]
Some claim he said “The South is
avenged”
12 days later, Union cavalry
trapped him in VA tobacco
barn, set the building on fire
Refused to surrender and shot
“Tell my mother I died for my
country. I did what I though was
best.”

76. Lincoln remained
unconscious through the
night
Died @ 7:22 a.m. on April
15th
1st time a president of the
U.S. had been
assassinated
Sec. of the Navy Gideon
Welles recorded the
public’s reactions in his
diary

77. Funeral trail carried Lincoln’s
body from Washington to
Springfield Illinois
14 day journey
Approx. 7 million Americans or
1/3 of the entire Union
population turned out to publicly
mourn
Civil War had ended
Slavery & Secession was no more
Questions remained: how to
restore the S. states and
integrate 4 million newly freed
African Americans in national
life.

78. Political
Economic
Consequences
of the Civil War
Technological
Social