Assignment 1B Prehistory

1. WSC5.05 Introduction to Wine Business Assignment 1 Part B Prehistory of Wine Juliette Simmons 2001000675

3. The early winemaking techniques that were used

4. The early viticulture practices that were developed

5. The many roles wine was used for in different societies

6. The difference between New World Wines and Old World winesIntroduction

8. There is no exact date for the first evidence of wine.

9. Remnants of wine from between 8,500 and 4,000 BC have been discovered

10. There has been confirmed evidence of wine being produced in the northern Zargros Mountains of Iran which date's back to between 5,400 and 5,000 BC with the use of carbon dating.

11. Archaeologists have also found evidence of wine production in northern Greece that dates back to 4,500 BC and in China where grapes were mixed with rice and fermented that dates back to around 7,000 BC.WORLD'S OLDEST BOTTLE of WINEThe bottle dates from approximately 325 A.D. and was found in 1867.

12. Early Winemaking Techniques The Ancient Egyptians was one of the first to processes grapes into wine. Their winemaking involved the following steps: 1. Harvesting - men women and children would cut the white, pink, green and dark blue grapes from the vines by hand and placed them in huge baskets which the men would transport on long stick to the processing area. 2. Treading and Pressing - directly after harvest the grapes were placed into large vats made of granite or schist. The men manually tread on the grapes while juice flowed through a drain to a smaller vat below. The treaded grapes were then placed on some linen that was stretched on a frame and squeezed until the juice was released into another vat below the cloth. 3. Fermentation - the vats were sealed in a warm place for several weeks until the wine was richer and more colourful depending on how much skins were left in the vats. 4. Bottling and Sealing - after fermentation the wine was filtered through clothes to remove any solids and poured into wide jars with coned bases that collected detritus should the wine continue to ferment in storage. Reeds, straw and pottery pieces were used as stoppers.

15. First recorded people in history to plant commercial vineyards, around 3500 years ago.

16. Thought that an important technique was to study vineyard soils and match them with specific varieties. They also controlled yields to improve the concentration of flavours and quality, rather than increased quantity

17. Used suckering and plant cuttings for new vineyard plantings.

20. Christianity - views on the use of wine is viewed with Christians being taught that wine is a gift from god to make life more joyous to over consuming too much wine which leads to drunkenness as being a sin. But wine was used in a sacred rites like the Eucharist which originates with the Last Supper where Jesus shares bread and wine with his disciples and tells them to remember him. The consumption of wine women was prohibited and if the husband caught the wife drinking wine he was allowed to legally kill of divorce her. For medical use the Romans used wine to heal the mind from depression, memory loss and grief as well as the body from various ailments-including bloating, constipation, diarrhoea, gout, halitosis, snakebites, tapeworms, urinary problems and vertigo. Wounds would be bathed in wine as an antiseptic and used as analgesic for surgery. The Romans also were aware if wine was consumed over moderation there was a tendency towards "madness".

21. The Use of Wine in Different Societiescont Islam : Wine was forbidden under most interpretation of Islamic law Greeks: In addition to wine being a trade commodity the Greeks used wine for important religious and social festivals, these were held through out the year to honour the God of wine. Wine was used for medical reasons like curing fevers, convalescence, antiseptic. analgesic, diuretic, tonic and even a digestive aid. Also they were aware that consuming too much wine has a negative health affect like inducing a hangovers. Ancient Egyptians: Wine was mixed with herbs and tree resins to make natural medicines as they were aware of the benefits of natural additives when dissolved into an alcoholic medium Egyptian Wine Jar about 5000 years ago

23. Winemaking techniques are driven by the terroirto emphasis where the grapes originate from. Old World winemakers tend to be more open to use of wild, ambient yeasts during the fermentation process as a part of the terroir with other techniques used like higher fermentation temperatures and a period of extended maceration following fermentation for more phenolic compounds from the grape skins to add more layers of complexity that require longer periods of bottle aging in order to mature.

25. New World winemaking techniques are used to bring out the fruit flavours of a wine. The winemakers often use cultured yeast strains and oak barrels during fermentation and inducing malolactic fermentation early, they are also more open to experimenting with new scientific advances (like the use of enzymes as an additive). This results in a wine being softer and mature earlier.Old World Wines vs. New World WinesCont. Where old and new wine regions are found

27. Part A References Who Discovered Wine? Retrieved on 16 August 2011 http://www.wineandfoodtravel.com/wine/wine-101/hey-who-discovered-wine/ Wine History ... science and social impact through time ... Retrieved on 16 August 2011 http://www.winepros.org/wine101/history.htm Wikipedia. History of Making Wine. Retrieved on 8 August 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_wine The History of Making Wine. Retreived on 8 August 2011 http://greathomemadewine.ca/hw/HistoryOfWine.html Primitive Wine Making Methods. Retrieved on 11 August 2011 http://www.ehow.com/info_8362288_primitive-wine-making-methods.html Viticulture. Retrieved on 11 August 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticulture

28. Quality Vintages/Roman Wine. Retrieved on 17 August 2011 http://www.mmdtkw.org/VRomanWine.html Ancient Rome and wine. Retrieved on 8 August 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome_and_wine Wikipedia. Old World Wine. Retrieved on 8 August 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_wine Wikipedia. New World Wine. Retrieved on 8 August 2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_World_wine Reference Cont