5. INTRODUCTION
• In financial management, the term “leverage” is used to describe the
firm’s ability to use fixed cost assets or funds to increase the return
to it’s owners.
• James Horne has defined leverage as “the employment of an asset
or sources of funds for which the firm has to pay a fixed cost or fixed
return.”
7. OPERATING LEVERAGE
• When a firm utilizes fixed cost bearing assets, in its operational
activities in order to earn more revenue to cover its total costs is
known as Operating Leverage.
• It can also be defined in terms of degree of operating
leverage(DOL).
DOL= Percentage change in EBIT
Percentage change in sales
• Low DOL is preferred because it leads to low business risk.
8. FINANCIAL LEVERAGE
• When a company uses debt funds in its capital structure having fixed
financial charges, it is said that the firm employed financial leverage.
• It involves the use of funds obtained at a fixed cost in the hope of
increasing the return to the shareholders .
• It can also be defined in terms of degree of financial leverage(DFL).
DFL= percentage change in EPS
Percentage change in EBIT
• High DFL is suitable as it leads to low financial risk.
9. COMBINED LEVERAGE
• By using operating leverage and financial leverage , a small change in
sales is magnified into a larger change in earnings per share . This
“multiplier effect” is called degree of Combined Leverage.
• Degree of combined leverage(DCL) can be calculated as
Percentage change in earning per share
Percentage change in sales
OR
DOL * DFL