6. Before: No Shock Behavior: Rat Presses Lever After Shock Escape Contingency Remember Operant Conditioning: “Reinforcing consequences following the response increase its future frequency; and aversive consequences following the response decrease its future frequency”
7. Skinner Box A rat will press the lever for food And… A rat will press the lever 10 times for food
8. The Virtual Skinner Box A human will press a button to start a video game And… A human will press a button 10 times to kill an opponent in a video game
9. As we go through life we encounter two types of reinforcers and aversive conditions: Unlearned reinforcers and aversive conditions have not been previously paired with other reinforcers or aversive conditions.
10. As we go through life we encounter two types of reinforcers and aversive conditions: Unlearned reinforcers and aversive conditions have not been previously paired with other reinforcers or aversive conditions. Learned reinforcers and aversive conditions have been previously paired with other reinforcers or aversive conditions
12. The unlearned reinforcers are food and water. And… The learned reinforcers are anything paired with food and water. For instance when the rats hear a click upon presentation of water The Skinner Box
13. There are not any true unlearned reinforcers however the video game player will feel satisfaction when they save their character from death And… The Virtual Skinner Box
14. Before: No Extra Points Behavior: Solve Puzzle In Less than 60 seconds After Extra Points Reinforcement Contingency There are not any true unlearned reinforcers however the video game player will feel satisfaction when they save their character from death And… The learned reinforcers are social reinforcers, achieving high scores and status, solving puzzles The Virtual Skinner Box
15. Dual-functioning chained stimuli …a stimulus in a behavioral chain reinforces the response that precedes it and is an Sd or operandum for the following response
16. The Skinner Box When a rat pulls a chain, then presses a lever Then…. The rats is presented with food!
17. The Virtual Skinner Box When a human presses a button in several correction combinations Then…. The human acquires a new skill, money or tokens for use in another part of the game
18. Schedules of reinforcement This is the way that reinforcement occurs including the number of responses, the time between responses and the stimulus conditions
20. Schedules of reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement is more resistant to extinction than continuous reinforcement and more relevant to the skinner box and virtual skinner box
21. Schedules of reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement has two types of reinforcement: ratio and interval that occur after a fixed or variable number of responses
22. Schedules of reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement has two types of reinforcement: ratio and interval that occur after a fixed or variable number of responses Ratio schedules are when a reinforcer follows a number of responses
23. Schedules of reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement has two types of reinforcement: ratio and interval Ratio schedules are when a reinforcer follows a number of responses Interval schedules are when a reinforcer follows the first response after a time interval
24. Schedules of reinforcement Intermittent reinforcement has two types of reinforcement: ratio and interval When should I tell them that these can be based on a fixed or variable number of responses? Ratio schedules are when a reinforcer follows a number of responses Interval schedules are when a reinforcer follows the first response after a time interval
26. This is a graph of the schedules of reinforcement, notice that the Variable ratio schedule of reinforcement has the largest slope and the greatest success at lever pressing
27. You are indeed like a rat in cage aka skinner box when you hit a controller 50 times to kill an opponent, you hit the lever in variable amount of time to achieve a reinforcer!
28. But rats only like cheese and sniffing around their cage, I’m more intelligent than that, I’m saving the virtual world from terrorism through Call of Duty!!!
29. Before: Aversive stimulus of Game Behavior: Turn Game Off After: No Aversive Stimulus of Game Escape Contingency But rats only like cheese and sniffing around their cage, I’m more intelligent than that, I’m saving the virtual world from terrorism through Call of Duty!!! Please do this!!!!
30. Well I hope you are more intelligent than a rat but there is a difference. For instance when you play in groups and achieve higher scores than your friends or defeat your friends in a game…
31. You receive social reinforcement through praise and a boost in pride, self-esteem, etc
32. SD: Friends Present After: Social Reinforcers Behavior: Hit Video Controller 100 times in 60 seconds (high score) Before: No Social Reinforcers After: No Social Reinforcers SΔ: No Friends Present This is Reinforcement-Based Discrimination
33. Also the Premack Principle states that when one activity is more frequent than another activity. The opportunity to do the more frequent activity, will reinforce the less frequent activity
34. Beat Tough Opponent Easy Opponent Follows No Tough Opponent No Easy Opponent Also the Premack Principle states that when one activity is more frequent than another activity. The opportunity to do the more frequent activity, will reinforce the less frequent activity For example, you fight and defeat a difficult opponent because you know the next opponent is easy. Pair Matching-Premack Principle
35. Jeez Super Ratman go save the world with behavior analysis or something, I want to talk too! Generalized Reinforcers are learned reinforcers that are paired with a variety of other reinforcers
36. Jeez Super Ratman go save the world with behavior analysis or something, I want to talk too! Generalized Reinforcers are learned reinforcers that are paired with a variety of other reinforcers When you play a video game, you are awarded tokens, moneys and skills for other levels of the game
37. Win Money Fast Car Don’t Win Money No fast Car Jeez Super Ratman go save the world with behavior analysis or something, I want to talk too! Generalized Reinforcers are learned reinforcers that are paired with a variety of other reinforcers When you play a video game, you are awarded tokens, moneys and skills for other levels of the game When you are playing a racing game, you earn money for winning races and eventually you can buy a better car. This reinforces playing the game because you have faster race times (of course this all occurs within 60 seconds) Pairing Procedure
38. Also you can avoid certain levels with generalized reinforcers
39. Also you can avoid certain levels with generalized reinforcers For example, if you press the controller 25 times in 30 seconds in a level you receive 10 tokens. You can can use these 10 tokens to skip the next level
40. Before: Won’t have tokens soon Behavior: press button 25 times After: Will have tokens soon Also you can avoid certain levels with generalized reinforcers For example, if you press the controller 25 times in 30 seconds in a level you receive 10 tokens. You can can use these 10 tokens to skip the next level Avoidance Contingency
41. So therefore I conclude that video games are just a Skinner box experiment
42. So therefore I conclude that video games are just a Skinner box experiment I concur Dr. Dicky
43. So therefore I conclude that video games are just a Skinner box experiment I concur Dr. Dicky Argh I’m indeed just a rat in a cage!
