Wolf Motivational Aspects Of Open Content Authoring

Motivational Aspects of Open Content Authoring
Karsten D. Wolf
Didactical Design of Interactive Learning Environments

MindTrek 2007 – Social Media Stream
Tampere, 3.10.2007

cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007

Feel free to
make comments!

http://blog.didactalab.de

© Karsten D. Wolf 2007

http://www.slideshare.net/kadewe/

Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
Shoutbox: blog.didactalab.de

1,731,000 569,000

474,000 367,000

353,000 288,000

283,000 251,000

222,000 221,000

19.04.2007 Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
Shoutbox: blog.didactalab.de 2007
cc by Karsten D. Wolf

+17% +13%

+19% +17%

+18% +27%
+25% +15%

+27% +14%
Suomi +22%
ca. 6 months later (1.10.2007) Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
Shoutbox: blog.didactalab.de 2007
cc by Karsten D. Wolf

Doubles
every 2 years
1.2^4=2.07

today Wikipedias today

Wiktionaries
2 years Wikiquotes 1 year

Wikinews
5-10 years Wikibooks 2 years
Wikisources

20-40 years Wikiversities 5 years


from content wasteland


to content jungle


Open Content Species

• Open Access (Journals / Papers)

• Blogs

Andreas John 2006
• Open-Source-Journalism

• Open Law

• Open Gaming

• Open Music / Free Music

• Open Books / Textbooks / Documentation / Encyclopedias…


Semi-Open Contents - The Web 2.0 Landscape

• Pictures (Flickr)

• Newsaggregations (Google Reader)

• Videos / Screencasts (YouTube)

• RSS-Feeds

• Link Collections (del.icio.us)

• Presentations (slideshare)


open content for open education


http://www.ifeb.uni-bremen.de/wordpress_staedtler/?p=141 cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007

That‘s great!


We want more!


How?


Why?
are people doing it

How?


Lots of
Research on
Open Source

Why start a OSS project?

Founders usually start a project because they are not
satisfied with existing software or simply because the
required software does not exist. For example Linus
Torvalds needed a Unix for his PC, resulting in Linux
(Torvalds and Diamond, 2001), Eric Allman needed a
more efficient email server resulting in ‘Sendmail’, Larry
Wall needed a tool to automatically generate web pages
resulting in ‘Perl’, and finally Don Knuth needed a
convenient tool for type-setting documents resulting in
‘TEX’ (Knuth, 1979). …cannot afford
…don‘t want to pay
…no control

Intrinsic Motivation in OSS Development

• Why engage in the production of a public good for free?

• The economist‘s view: It‘s just signaling for self-promotion (Lerner & Tirole,
2002)

• Empirical studies contradict: it is intrinsic motivation!

• Hertel, Guido, Sven Nieder and Stefanie Herrmann (2003)

• Lakhani, Karim R. and Robert G. Wolf (2003)


3 main motives

1. the need for a particular software solution, i.e. the phenomenon of user-
programmers,

2. the fun to play, i.e. some form of homo ludens payoff

3. the desire to give a gift to the programmer community, i.e a gift beneﬁt

1.gain reputation in community (social status)

2.community identiﬁcation

3.reciprocal and pure altruism

Jürgen Bitzer, Wolfram Schrettl und Philipp J. H. Schröder 2004

Fun & Software-Development

• Flow (Csikszentmihalyi)

• Usage and Adaptation of existing OSS

• Reputation and Signals

• Identiﬁcation with a group

• Learning

• Altruism

Benno Luthiger Stoll 2006 © Karsten D. Wolf 2007


http://www.infonomics.nl/FLOSS/report/ (2002)

Fun
Learning
Community
Reputation cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007

Playfulness

“It may well turn out that one of the
most important effects of open
source’s success will be to teach us
that play is the most economically
efﬁcient mode of creative
work.” (Raymond, 2000b, chapter 11)


What is the
difference
between
OCP and OSS?

Broader Author Base for Open Contents

• students

• teachers

• researchers

• “amateurs and hobbyists” – for the love of it!

• experts

• grassroot journalists

• freelancing media producers

• basically everyone! ¿Valid claim for Educational Open Contents?


more women,
non-geeks ☛
more people

Why?
How?


Andreas John 2006

Learning

Andreas John 2006
Community
Reputation

Understanding Open Content Authors Motivation

• Altruism – for the love of other people

• Reputation – showing off one‘s own capability = self-promotion
• Interest, Fun and Flow – doing it for the Joy of it

• Learning – learning by authoring public entities

• Collaboration – tackling something not feasible for oneself

• Job – getting a paycheck

• Assignment – getting a grade and a diploma

• Saving – no need to buy textbooks and giving back some time

• Political Statement – e.g. anti capitalist point of view, anti copyrights pov…

• Convenience – it is easier to ﬁnd notes in public repositories than on my HD


World of Warcraft study (Wolf 2007, n=1100)

< 7 <14 <20 <30 <40 40+ h/w cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007

casual authors
are looking for
community

authors out for
reputation and
knowledge
spend top hours

What kind of content makes good candidate for
OCP?

• both basic and advanced level of content, doesn‘t matter

• both Super Special Interest and Mass Audience

• Opportunity costs of making it open is low for most scientiﬁc SSI

• Reputation gain is great for Mass Audience


Content size, team size & collaboration

• Smaller snippets are easier

• Wikipedia = collective

• Blogs = individual

• The bigger, the more authors = more difﬁcult

• Solution: snippets!

• Problem: Thousands of snippets do not make great textbooks


Commented Collections

• DRY = Don‘t Repeat Yourself

• DRY(AO) = Don‘t Repeat Yourself and Others!

• Good bye Open Content Books

• Hello Commented Collections of Open Snippets

• Makes sense from the Personal Learning Environment viewpoint, too!


Textbook 2.0
shared
commented
personal
learning
collections? cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007

http://aim.psch.uic.edu/ cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007

controlling the jungle again?


(Source: Atkins, Brown, Hammond 2007)

sounds like experts
generated content access ≠ education

focus on
repurposing


sounds like experts
generated content access ≠ education

first try to
understand and
stimulate
AUTHORING
sounds like & Re-Mixing
focus on
killing all repurposing
intrinsic
motivation

Rewards
undermine
intrinsic
motivation!
Deci, Koestner & Ryan 2001

what to sponsor?
open education

contents
infra-
structures

Open Content
has transformed
learning in
informal settings

Open Content
starts to disrupt
formal learning
settings

Schools &
universities
Wake up! The
600 pound
gorilla is coming!

Right?


Faculty educational science
Didactical design of
interactive learning environments

http://www.karsten-d-wolf.de/

http://blog.didactalab.de/

wolf@uni-bremen.de

http://www.slideshare.net/kadewe/


Wolf Motivational Aspects Of Open Content Authoring

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