1. Western
Philosophy of
Education
By :
Norhafizah bt Abd Rashid
Hajar Sakinah bt Yahya

2. Is made up of its own schools as
shown in Figure 1.
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Western Philosophy of
Education
comprises 2 schools ,
that is
Traditional
and
Modern

3. Progressivism Perennialism
Realism Esentialism
Western Philosophy Education
of
Pragmatism
Reconstructivism
Idealism
Existentialism
-Figure 1 -

4. Comparison Between Western Traditional
and
Modern Philosophies of Education

5. Perennialism
Comes from the root word, “ perennial ”
means
Fixed and do not change
=
For perennialists :
Truth is something they define as perennial.
Education should focus on the search and dissemination
of knowledge which is fixed.

6. Characteristics of
human nature are Concept
universal & fixed
GOALS OF Teach knowledge and
eDUCATION universal values which are
everlasting.
Focus
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Curriculum : Humanities & literature
Teacher : Expert disseminator of knowledge
Teaching method : Didactic
Pupils : Passive recipients of knowledge
to proceed . .

7. CURRICULUM
They contain concrete truths regarding
the nature of man, unlike vocational or
technical subjects which are considered
to be more concerned with machines and
machinery Subject recommended:
literature,
mathematics,
science, language
and art

8. Considered a learned & authorized
expert in education &
knowledge.
Teacher’s role
Responsible to deliver knowledge and
facilitate group discussions.

9. Teaching method
Teacher teaches and pupils learn without
any opportunity to ask question.
Has expert power and does not entertain his
pupils' view

10. Pupils’ Role
The responsible to work hard in order to gain as much
knowledge as they can.
Have to
complete all the assignment
given by the teacher.

11. ESSENTIALISM
Started as a systematic educational
movement in the 1930s.
Originated from realism and idealism
Conservative in nature

12. Concept
Knowledge and skills that need to be
taught to the pupils.
Focus more on basics; what an individual needs to
know in order to become a productive person.
Change from time to time .
Essentialism is said to be both
practical and pragmatic.

13. Goals of Education
Teachknowledge and basic
culture.
Focus
Curriculum : Basic skills (reading, writing,
arithmetic)
Teacher : Skilled disseminator of knowledge
Teaching method : Didactic
Pupils : P a s s i v e r e c i p i e n t o f k n o w l e d g e
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14. Curriculum
Focus more on reading, writing and
arithmetic (3R)
Compulsory subject like Science, History, Art, and
Music whilst Literature and Humanities are optional.

15. Teacher’s role
Authority in the teaching - and - learning process in
the classroom.
Skilled in classroom control.
Role model for the
pupils.

16. Teaching method
DIDACTIC?????????
=
not encouraged to involve themselves
Pupils are
in the speculative reflection process
=
Waste of time

17. Pupils’ role
Study hard a n d pay attention
to what is taught in school.

18. PROGRESSIVISM
developed from Pragmatism
came under influence of John Dewey’s idea
Concept
human beings are capable of adapting to change
knowledge cannot be regarded as an everlasting truth
do not believe in the existence of permanent
truth that needs to be mastered by our pupils

19. Knowledge is something which is both relative and
tentative and used to used to explain the present
reality
is said to undergo continuous changes
Therefore,
an educated people is defined as one who has the
insight which enables him to adapt to changes his
environment

20. Goals of Education
produce individuals who are ready to face changes in
their daily lives
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Curriculum : Choice of subjects according to individual
interest
Teacher : Facilitator and manager
Teaching Method : Inductive
Pupils : Active seekers of knowledge
to proceed . .

21. students be given the freedom to choose the
subjects they wish to study
will ensure that they study according to their
personal interests
learning becomes more effective
and
pupils are able to maximize their individual abilities and
potentials

22. assists pupils to handle any problems in their ever-changing
surroundings
as facilitator
Teacher
as manager
responsible to create a conducive learning environment
puts forward questions to stimulate pupils’ thinking
guides their interests towards a positive direction

23. • give pupils the opportunity to explain certain educational
issues arising
• enhance their understanding about environmental
environment that always changing
Inductive Teaching Method
Recommended teaching strategies :
Teaching problem-solving skills
Laboratory work and experiments
Direct experience with the environment

24. Need to study how to ask questions about the environment
Pupils : Active seekers of knowledge
Responsible to seek their own explanations for
phenomena given by the teacher

25. RECONSTRUCTIVISM
stems from Pragmatism
recommends that we improve and reconstruct our
society
Concept
schools are considered as the main catalyst for
improving the state of human beings
school is a platform to build a new society

26. Goals of Education
lays the foundation for a new cultural pattern
Focus
Curriculum : Social science subjects
Teacher : Agents of change
Teaching Method : Pupil-centered
Pupils : Have the courage to try and be active

27. emphasizes current and future orientations
besides local and global issues
has to be creative and innovative in
classroom
Curriculum : Social science subjects
Teacher : Agents of change
Teaching Method : Pupil-centered
Pupils : Have the courage to try and be active
pupils are taught
problem-solving skills
• to achieve the predetermined goals of trough activities,
education brainstorming, role plays
• should be courage enough to try out new and stimulation
things and willing to change their existing
paradigms

28. EXISTENTIALISM
focus on the nature of existence of man
human beings are considered born without any aim or
purpose in life
Concept
human beings are responsible for themselves

29. Goals of Education
school system or teacher does not have
the right to impose the goals of
education

30. Focus
Curriculum : Aesthetics and philosophy
students are responsible for their own
does noteducation subjects
have specific
subjects which are aesthetic and philosophy-based
like art, literature and drama are considered
relevant
Teacher : Knowledge catalyst
Provides educational opportunities so that pupils
can voice out their feelings and emotions

31. Teaching Method : Activity-centered and pupil-
centered
Role plays and simulations are frequently employed
in the class room
Pupils are motivated to engage n deep thinking
Pupils : Active recipients of knowledge
Encourage to involve themselves actively to maximize
the educational activities opportunities offered to them

32. -The End-
Thank You