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Christ and
Business Culture
Professor Kam-hon Lee
CUHK Business School
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Research Background




                 Professor Kam-hon Lee   2
Integrity
 • Sustains business
 • Promotes prosperity




                         Professor Kam-hon Lee   3
Competitive pressure
 • Temptation
 • Malpractices




                       Professor Kam-hon Lee   4
Ethics
 • Behavior
 • Value conviction




                      Professor Kam-hon Lee   5
Calling
 • Salt and light
 • Marketplace




                    Professor Kam-hon Lee   6
Research Design




                  Professor Kam-hon Lee   7
Research subjects
• 119 executives
• Practicing Christians




                          Professor Kam-hon Lee   8
Critical incident
 • Observable behavior
 • Sufficiently complete




                          Professor Kam-hon Lee   9
H Richard Niebuhr Framework

                                                        T YP E   5   Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture




                                    TY P E   3   Christ above
                                                 business culture




                   TY P E   4   Christ and business culture
                                in paradox




T YPE   2   Christ of
            business culture                                              T YP E1    Christ against
                                                                                     business culture




                                                                                   Professor Kam-hon Lee   10
Negotiation Styles Framework

        Yielding                  Integrating




Other              Compromising



        Avoiding                  Dominating




                       Self


                                        Professor Kam-hon Lee   11
Integrated Framework


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E   5   Dominating
                                                                     Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   12
Variables
 • Key variable
   • Response to an ethical challenge
 • Other variables
   • Antecedents
   • Consequences




                                    Professor Kam-hon Lee   13
Data
• 119 executives
• 539 incidents
• Coded by two co-authors




                            Professor Kam-hon Lee   14
Research Findings




                    Professor Kam-hon Lee   15
Results
 • Response to an ethical challenge
 • Focus on antecedents
 • China business
 • Christian corporate culture




                                      Professor Kam-hon Lee   16
China business


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1  Avoiding
                     YPE 1
                    TChrist against                     T YP E   5   Dominating
                                                                     Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   17
Avoiding
             Christ against
TYPE   1
             business culture
           • Unable to handle
             corruption practices
           • Closed down China operation




                                    Professor Kam-hon Lee   18
China business


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                         T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                      Christ above
                                                                      business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         ChristP E 4
                                           T Y and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E    5   Dominating
                                                                      Christ the transformer
                                                                      of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                               Professor Kam-hon Lee   19
Compromising
TYPE   4     Christ and business
             culture in paradox
           • Paid penalty in spite of innocence
           • Amount smaller than what violators
             paid




                                      Professor Kam-hon Lee   20
Christian corporate culture


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E   5Dominating
                                                                 TChrist 5 transformer
                                                                  YPE the
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   21
Dominating
           Christ the transformer
TYPE   5
           of business culture
       • No intermediary roles for MNCs
       • Only two new clients per year




                                 Professor Kam-hon Lee   22
Christian corporate culture


        TY PE   2    Yielding
                    TChrist 2
                     Y P E of
                     T Y P E 2 culture
                     business
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E   5   Dominating
                                                                     Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   23
Not Yielding
TYPE   2
             Not Christ of
             business culture
           • No more in-company fellowship
             meetings
           • Operating like an ordinary plant




                                      Professor Kam-hon Lee   24
Normative reflection
 • Beyond positive science
 • Prescriptive directive




                             Professor Kam-hon Lee   25
Normative reflection


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1  Avoiding
                     YPE 1
                    TChrist against                     T YP E   5   Dominating
                                                                     Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   26
Avoiding
             Christ against
TYPE   1
             business culture
           • Christian corporate culture
           • Not going public in spite of success




                                      Professor Kam-hon Lee   27
Normative reflection


        TY PE   2    Yielding
                    TChrist 2
                     Y P E of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E   5   Dominating
                                                                     Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   28
Yielding
TYPE   2
             Christ of
             business culture
           • China business
           • Nurturing guanxi




                                Professor Kam-hon Lee   29
Normative reflection


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3 Integrating
                                                                 T Christ3
                                                                   YPE above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E   5   Dominating
                                                                     Christ the transformer
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   30
Integrating
TYPE   3
           Christ above
           business culture
       • China business
       • Investing in safety equipments




                                 Professor Kam-hon Lee   31
Normative reflection


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                         T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                      Christ above
                                                                      business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         ChristP E 4
                                           T Y and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E    5   Dominating
                                                                      Christ the transformer
                                                                      of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                               Professor Kam-hon Lee   32
Compromising
TYPE   4     Christ and business
             culture in paradox
           • Christian corporate culture
           • Trapping a disloyal senior executive




                                      Professor Kam-hon Lee   33
Normative reflection


        TY PE   2   Yielding
                      Christ of
                      business culture
                                                        T YP E   3   Integrating
                                                                     Christ above
                                                                     business culture



Other                       TY P E   4   Compromising
                                         Christ and business
                                         culture in paradox




         TY P E   1   Avoiding
                      Christ against                    T YP E   5Dominating
                                                                 TChrist 5 transformer
                                                                  YPE the
                                                                     of business culture
                      business culture



                                               Self


                                                                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   34
Dominating
           Christ the transformer
TYPE   5
           of business culture
       • China business
       • Prayer and miracle




                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   35
Conclusion




             Professor Kam-hon Lee   36
Righteousness & Profitableness

 H Richard Niebuhr         Negotiation
       Types                 Styles

       5 types                5 styles


 Equal righteousness   Different profitableness




                                   Professor Kam-hon Lee   37
Integrated Framework
• Upholds righteousness
• Understands profitableness




                              Professor Kam-hon Lee   38
Q&A
khlee@cuhk.edu.hk




                    Professor Kam-hon Lee   39

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Christ & Business Culture

  • 1. Christ and Business Culture Professor Kam-hon Lee CUHK Business School The Chinese University of Hong Kong
  • 2. Research Background Professor Kam-hon Lee 2
  • 3. Integrity • Sustains business • Promotes prosperity Professor Kam-hon Lee 3
  • 4. Competitive pressure • Temptation • Malpractices Professor Kam-hon Lee 4
  • 5. Ethics • Behavior • Value conviction Professor Kam-hon Lee 5
  • 6. Calling • Salt and light • Marketplace Professor Kam-hon Lee 6
  • 7. Research Design Professor Kam-hon Lee 7
  • 8. Research subjects • 119 executives • Practicing Christians Professor Kam-hon Lee 8
  • 9. Critical incident • Observable behavior • Sufficiently complete Professor Kam-hon Lee 9
  • 10. H Richard Niebuhr Framework T YP E 5 Christ the transformer of business culture TY P E 3 Christ above business culture TY P E 4 Christ and business culture in paradox T YPE 2 Christ of business culture T YP E1 Christ against business culture Professor Kam-hon Lee 10
  • 11. Negotiation Styles Framework Yielding Integrating Other Compromising Avoiding Dominating Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 11
  • 12. Integrated Framework TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 12
  • 13. Variables • Key variable • Response to an ethical challenge • Other variables • Antecedents • Consequences Professor Kam-hon Lee 13
  • 14. Data • 119 executives • 539 incidents • Coded by two co-authors Professor Kam-hon Lee 14
  • 15. Research Findings Professor Kam-hon Lee 15
  • 16. Results • Response to an ethical challenge • Focus on antecedents • China business • Christian corporate culture Professor Kam-hon Lee 16
  • 17. China business TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding YPE 1 TChrist against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 17
  • 18. Avoiding Christ against TYPE 1 business culture • Unable to handle corruption practices • Closed down China operation Professor Kam-hon Lee 18
  • 19. China business TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising ChristP E 4 T Y and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 19
  • 20. Compromising TYPE 4 Christ and business culture in paradox • Paid penalty in spite of innocence • Amount smaller than what violators paid Professor Kam-hon Lee 20
  • 21. Christian corporate culture TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5Dominating TChrist 5 transformer YPE the of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 21
  • 22. Dominating Christ the transformer TYPE 5 of business culture • No intermediary roles for MNCs • Only two new clients per year Professor Kam-hon Lee 22
  • 23. Christian corporate culture TY PE 2 Yielding TChrist 2 Y P E of T Y P E 2 culture business T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 23
  • 24. Not Yielding TYPE 2 Not Christ of business culture • No more in-company fellowship meetings • Operating like an ordinary plant Professor Kam-hon Lee 24
  • 25. Normative reflection • Beyond positive science • Prescriptive directive Professor Kam-hon Lee 25
  • 26. Normative reflection TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding YPE 1 TChrist against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 26
  • 27. Avoiding Christ against TYPE 1 business culture • Christian corporate culture • Not going public in spite of success Professor Kam-hon Lee 27
  • 28. Normative reflection TY PE 2 Yielding TChrist 2 Y P E of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 28
  • 29. Yielding TYPE 2 Christ of business culture • China business • Nurturing guanxi Professor Kam-hon Lee 29
  • 30. Normative reflection TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating T Christ3 YPE above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 30
  • 31. Integrating TYPE 3 Christ above business culture • China business • Investing in safety equipments Professor Kam-hon Lee 31
  • 32. Normative reflection TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising ChristP E 4 T Y and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5 Dominating Christ the transformer of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 32
  • 33. Compromising TYPE 4 Christ and business culture in paradox • Christian corporate culture • Trapping a disloyal senior executive Professor Kam-hon Lee 33
  • 34. Normative reflection TY PE 2 Yielding Christ of business culture T YP E 3 Integrating Christ above business culture Other TY P E 4 Compromising Christ and business culture in paradox TY P E 1 Avoiding Christ against T YP E 5Dominating TChrist 5 transformer YPE the of business culture business culture Self Professor Kam-hon Lee 34
  • 35. Dominating Christ the transformer TYPE 5 of business culture • China business • Prayer and miracle Professor Kam-hon Lee 35
  • 36. Conclusion Professor Kam-hon Lee 36
  • 37. Righteousness & Profitableness H Richard Niebuhr Negotiation Types Styles 5 types 5 styles Equal righteousness Different profitableness Professor Kam-hon Lee 37
  • 38. Integrated Framework • Upholds righteousness • Understands profitableness Professor Kam-hon Lee 38
  • 39. Q&A khlee@cuhk.edu.hk Professor Kam-hon Lee 39