1. UNIT 1
Passive Voice (Страдательный залог)
be + Vз(ed)
Термин Passive (пассив) говорит о том, что подлежащее английской
пассивной конструкции «пассивно», оно не совершает действие, выраженное
глаголом-сказуемым, а это действие происходит с ним (подлежащим).
Сравните:
Active - My father built the house in 1990. (Мой отец построил дом в
1990 году.)
Passive - The house was built in 1990. ( Дом был построен в 1990
году.)
Пассив используется, когда: 1) действующее лицо неизвестно; 2)
действующее лицо нас не интересует; 3) из контекста и так понятно, кто
является действующим лицом. Время глагола-сказуемого в Passive
определяется по глаголу to be.
Видо-временные формы глагола в Passive
Simple Continuous Perfect
Present
Past
Future
am/is/are+ V3(ed)
was/were+V3(ed)
will be + V3(ed)
am/is/are+being +V3 (ed)
was/were+being+V3(ed)
–
have/has+been+V3(ed)
had+been+V3(ed)
will have been +V3(ed)
Например:
1. Now bridges are built of strong and
durable materials.
2. The bridge was built in 1990.
3. A new bridge will be built across
the river.
1. Сейчас мосты строят из прочных
и долговечных материалов.
2. Мост был построен (построили) в
1990 году.
3. Через реку построят (будут
строить) новый мост.
2. 4. Look! A new bridge is being built
across the river.
5.When I visited the city last year a
new bridge was being built across the
river.
6. Look! A new bridge has been built
across the river.
7. The bridge had been built before I
visited the city.
8. The bridge will have been built by
the end of the year.
4. Смотри! Через реку строят
(строится) новый мост.
5. Когда я был в городе в прошлом
году, через реку строили (строился)
новый мост.
6. Смотри! Через реку построили
новый мост.
7. Мост построили ( был построен)
до моего приезда в город.
8. Мост построят (будет построен) к
концу года.
При переводе подлежащего английской пассивной конструкции
следует помнить, что:
1) оно, как правило, соответствует русскому дополнению.
I was asked a lot of questions at the На экзамене мне задали много
exam. вопросов.
Tom didn’t go to the party because Том не пошел на вечеринку, потому
he hadn’t been invited. что его не пригласили.
НО:
The house was built 5 years ago. Дом был построен 5 лет назад.
(только в предложениях с русским
страдательным залогом)
2) некоторым английским беспредложным конструкциям
соответствуют русские конструкции с предлогом. И наоборот.
to answer a letter – ответить на письмо
to follow somebody – следовать за к-л
to listen to music – слушать музыку
A new discovery is usually followed За новым открытием обычно следует
by a lot of research of other scientists. большая исследовательская
работа других ученых.
3) предлог, относящийся к подлежащему английской пассивной
конструкции, стоит после глагола-сказуемого.
2
3. This book is much spoken about. Об этой книге много говорят.
Способы перевода пассивных оборотов:
1) при помощи глагола быть + краткая форма страдательного причастия:
Дом был построен.
2) глаголом на –ся: дом строится.
3) глаголом в 3-м лице мн.числа с неопределенно-личным значением:
дом строят, дом строили.
4) действительным залогом (при наличии действующего лица):
Letters are answered by the secretary. На письма отвечает секретарь.
Exercises
1. Translate the following pairs of sentences.
1. Water covers five-sevenths of the Earth’s surface. Most of the Earth’s
surface is covered by water. 2. Tom has invited me to his wedding party. Are you
going to the party? - No, I haven’t been invited. 3. They pay $ 100 a week. The
men were paid $ 100 to do the work. 4. Nobody told me to come at 7 o’clock. I
wasn’t told to come at 7 o’clock. 5. They offered him the job but he refused it. If I
were offered the job, I would take it. 6. You will be given plenty of time to decide.
We will give you two weeks to decide. 7. Has anybody shown you the new
machine? Have you been shown the new machine? 8. She is liked by everybody.
Everybody likes her. 9. The man who was driving past informed the police of the
accident. The police were informed of the accident. 10. People often ask me
questions about my job. I am often asked questions about my job.
2. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets in the correct form.
1. Many accidents … by dangerous driving. (cause). 2. A cinema is a place
where films … (show). 3. The Olympic Games … every four years (hold). 3.
Nowadays plastics can … to almost every branch of building (apply). 5. As a
structural material laminate … for exterior work (recommend). 6. Rapid-hardening
cement can … in any weather (employ). 7. All building materials … into three
major groups (divide). 8. Bricks … many thousands of years ago (know). 9. Look!
The bridge … (still/repair). 10. As a building material wood … since the earliest
days (use). 11. A new cinema … in the town centre next year (build).
3. Translate.
1.Two hundred people are employed by the company. 2. New technology is
being applied to almost every industrial process. 3. The roof of the building was
damaged in a storm a few days ago. 4. How is concrete made? 5. What is cement
used for? 6. Prestressing is accomplished by one of two methods: pretensioning
3
4. and posttensioning 7. Council (муниципальные) houses are built and owned by
the local council. 8. After World War II a lot of tower blocks were constructed. 9.
By 1993 1.5 million council houses had been sold. 10. During the last hundred
years many new methods have been discovered. 11. The rooms in Pompeian
houses were lighted by small openings on internal courts. 12. Glass is unaffected
(affect – влиять, воздействовать) by gases and most acids. 13. Concrete is made
by mixing cement and water with sand or gravel in right amounts. 14. Concrete is
then poured into forms. 15. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has
been added. 16. The new material has been tested successfully and is now being
used for many purposes.
4. Write passive sentences, beginning in the way shown.
1. They didn’t give me the money. I … . 2. They asked me some difficult
questions at the interview. I … . 3. Nobody told me that Jack was ill. I … . 4. How
much will they pay you? How much will you … . 5. People don’t use this road
very often. This road … . 6. How do people learn languages? How … . 7. We took
these photographs in London. These photographs … . 8. I think somebody is
following us. I think we … . 9. The police have arrested three people. Three
people … .
5. Write questions using the passive. Some are present and some are past.
1. Ask about the telephone. (when/invent?) When … ? 2. Ask about glass.
(how/make?) How… ? 3. Ask about Australia. (when/discover?). 4. Ask about
silver. (what/ use for?) 5. Ask about television. (when/invent?) 6. Ask about
concrete (how/ make?) 7. Ask about the university. (when/ found?)
6. Put the verb into the correct form, present simple or past simple, active or
passive.
1. It’s a big factory. Five hundred people (employ) there. 2. I saw an
accident last night. Somebody (call) an ambulance but nobody (injure) so the
ambulance (not/ need). 3. Where (these photographs/ take)? In London? …
(you/take) them? 4. The park gates (lock) at 6.30 p.m. every evening. 5. The letter
(post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday. 6. The boat (sink) quickly but
fortunately everybody (rescue). 7. Ron’s parents (die) when he was very young. He
and his sister (bring up) by their grandparents. 8. I was born in London but I
(grow) up in the north of England. 9. While I was on holiday, my camera (steal)
from my hotel room. 10. While I was on holiday, my camera (disappear) from my
hotel room. 11. Why (Sue/resign from her job? Didn’t she enjoy it? 12.Why
(Bill/ sack) from his job? What did he do wrong? 13. The company is not
independent. It (own) by a much larger company.
sink – тонуть bring up – воспитывать
4
5. rescue – спасать resign – увольняться
sack – уволить
7. Rewrite these sentences. Instead of using ‘somebody/they/people’ etc. write a
passive sentence.
1. Somebody cleans the room every day. The room … . 2. They cancelled all
flights because of fog. All flights … .3. People don’t use this road very often. This
road … . 4. Somebody accused me of stealing money. I … . 5. How do people
learn languages? How … . 6. People advised us not to go out alone. We … . 7.
Somebody has cleaned the room. The room … . 8. They have postponed the
concert . The concert … . 9. Somebody is using the computer at the moment. The
computer … . 10. I didn’t realize that somebody was recording our conversation. I
didn’t realize that … . 11. When we got to the stadium we found that they had
cancelled the game. When we got to the stadium, we found that … . 12. They are
building a new ring road round the city. A new … . 13. They have built a new
hospital near the airport. A new … .
8. Put the verb in brackets into the correct form.
1. There’s somebody behind us. I think we (follow). 2. My car has
disappeared. It (steal)! 3. My umbrella has disappeared. Somebody (take). 4. Ann
can’t use her office at the moment. It (redecorate). 5. The photocopier broke down
yesterday, but now it’s OK. It (repair). 6. The police have found the people they
were looking for. Two people ( arrest) last night. 7. A tree was lying across the
road. It (blow down) in the storm.
9. Complete the sentences using being + one of these verbs: ask, attack, give,
invite, pay, keep. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Mr. Miller doesn’t like … waiting. 2. They went to the party without … .
3. Most people like … presents. 4. It’s a dangerous city. People won’t go out after
dark because they are afraid of … . 5. I don’t like … stupid questions. 6. Few
people are prepared to work without … .
UNIT 2
Sequence of Tenses (Согласование времен)
В английском языке правило согласования времен соблюдается, когда
сказуемое главного предложения выражено глаголом в прошедшем времени
(обычно в Past Simple). В этом случае сказуемое дополнительного
придаточного предложения тоже должно стоять в одной из форм
прошедшего времени. Выбор формы определяется тем, является ли действие
5
6. придаточного предложения 1) одновременным, 2) предшествующим или 3)
последующим по отношению к действию главного предложения.
Действие Главное
предложение
Придаточное
предложение
Форма
глагола
сказуемого
1. Одновременное He knew
Он знал,
I thought
Я думал,
that I lived in Ufa.
что я живу в Уфе.
they were waiting for
me outside the
university.
то они ждут меня у
входа в университет
Past Simple
(переводится
настоящим
временем)
Past
Continuous
(переводится
настоящим
временем)
2. Одновременное
(с указанием
продолжительности)
I didn’t know
Я не знал,
I was told
Мне сказали,
that they had been
waiting for me
for an hour.
что они ждут меня
уже час.
that they had known
each other for a long
time.
что они знают друг
друга давно.
Past Perfect
Continuous
(переводится
настоящим
временем)
Past Perfect
(переводится
настоящим
временем)
1. Предшествующее
2.Предшествующее
(с указанием времени
совершения действия)
I knew
Я знал,
I knew
Я знал,
that she had been ill.
что она болела.
that she was ill last
week.
что она болела на
прошлой неделе.
Past Perfect
(переводится
прошедшим
временем)
Past Simple
(переводится
прошедшим
временем)
Последующее I was sure
Я был уверен,
that she would arrive
on Monday.
что она приедет в
понедельник
Future in the
Past
(переводится
будущим
временем)
6
7. Reported Speech
Перевод прямой речи в косвенную
При переводе прямой речи в косвенную используются те же правила
согласования времен, если глагол-сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в
Past Simple.
Таблица преобразования времен
при переводе прямой речи в косвенную
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Present Simple Past Simple
Past Simple Past Perfect
Future Simple Future Simple in the Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Future Continuous Future Continuous in the Past
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Past Perfect Остается без изменений
Future Perfect Future Perfect in the Past
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous Остается без изменений
Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous in the Past
must, should, ought остаются без изменений
can could
Примечание: 1) В косвенной речи можно употреблять Present Simple для
общеизвестных фактов – The teacher said that rice doesn’t grow in Britain. –
Преподаватель сказал, что рис не растет в Великобритании.
2) В косвенной речи можно употреблять Past Simple для
выражения прошедшего действия, если указано время совершения действия –
He said that he moved to London in 2001. – Он сказал, что переехал в Лондон в
2001 году.
Замена местоимений и обстоятельственных слов
при переводе прямой речи в косвенную
this that
7
8. these those
now then
today that day
tomorrow the next day
the day after tomorrow two days later
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
ago before
next year the next year, the following year
here there
Примечание: Следует иметь в виду, что такую замену нельзя производить
механически, а только в тех случаях, когда этого требуют обстоятельства.
Например: Если прямая речь передается в том же месте, то here не меняется
на there. Если прямая речь передается в тот же день, то yesterday и tomorrow
остаются без изменений.
Reported questions
Перевод прямых вопросов в косвенные
1.Существуют два типа прямых вопросов:
a) вопросы, начинающиеся с вопросительного слова: who, what, where,
why и т.д. (специальные вопросы);
b) вопросы, начинающиеся с модального или вспомогательного
глагола (общие вопросы).
2. Особенности косвенных вопросов:
a) косвенные вопросы имеют порядок слов утвердительного
предложения;
б) при переводе прямых вопросов первого типа в косвенные
вопросительные слова сохраняются;
в) косвенные вопросы второго типа начинаются со слова “if” – ли;
г) время глагола-сказуемого изменяется так же, как и при обращении
прямой речи в косвенную.
Например:
Прямой вопрос: Where do you live?
Косвенный вопрос: He asked me where I lived.
Прямой вопрос: Can you speak English?
Косвенный вопрос: He asked me if I could speak English.
Прямой вопрос: Do you have any children?
Косвенный вопрос: He asked me if I had any children.
8
9. Reported orders
Перевод повелительного предложения в косвенную речь
Изменения, происходящие в косвенной речи:
1) Если прямая речь выражает приказание, в косвенной речи
используется глагол to tell,
2) Если прямая речь выражает просьбу, используется глагол to
ask;
3) Повелительное наклонение заменяется инфинитивом.
She said to me “Come at 5 o’clock.” – She told me to come at 5
o’clock .
Exercises
1. Yesterday you met a friend of yours, Charlie. Here are some of the things
Charlie said to you:
1. I’m living in London now.
2. My father isn’t very well.
3. Sharon and Paul are getting married next month.
4. Margaret has had a baby.
5. I don’t know what Fred is doing.
6. I saw Helen at a party in June and she seemed fine.
7. I haven’t seen Diane recently.
8. I’m not enjoying my job very much.
9. You can come and stay at my flat if you are ever in London.
10. My car was stolen a few weeks ago.
11. I want to go on holiday but I can’t afford it.
12. I’ll tell Ann I saw you.
Later that day you tell another friend what Charlie said. Use reported speech.
Model: Charlie said that he was living in London now.
2. Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said before.
Write a suitable answer beginning I thought you said ... .
1. A: That restaurant is expensive.
B: Is it? I thought you said it was cheap.
9
10. 2. A: Ann is coming to the party tonight.
B: Is she? I thought you said she ...
3. A: Ann likes Paul.
B: Does she? I thought ...
4. A: I know lots of people.
B: Do you? I thought you said you ...
5. A: I’ll be here next week.
B: Will you?
6. A: I’m going out this evening.
B: Are you?
7. A: I can speak a little French.
B: Can you?
8. A: I haven’t been to the cinema for ages.
B: Haven’t you?
3. Here are some things that Ann said to you:
1. I’ve never been to the United
States.
2. I can’t drive.
3. Jane is a friend of mine.
4. I’m working tomorrow evening.
5. I don’t have any brothers or sisters.
6. I don’t like fish.
7. Jane has a very well-paid job.
8. Dave is lazy.
But later Ann says something different to you. What do you say?
Model: Dave works very hard. But you said he was lazy.
1. Let’s have fish for dinner.
2. I’m going to buy a car.
3. Jane is always short of money.
4. My sister lives in London.
5. I think New York is a fantastic
place.
6. Let’s go out tomorrow evening.
7. I’ve never spoken to Jane.
4. Complete the sentences with say or tell ( in the correct form). Use only one
word each time.
Remember: to tell somebody (to do something).
to say something (to somebody).
to say that.
1. Ann ... goodbye to me and left.
2. ... us about your holiday. Did you have a nice time?
10
11. 3. Don’t just stand there! ... something!
4. I wonder where Sue is. She ... she would be here at 8 o’clock.
5. Jack ... me that he was fed up with his job.
6. The doctor ... that I should rest for at least a week.
7. Don’t ... anybody what I ... . It’s a secret just between us.
8. ‘Did she ... you what happened?’ ‘No, she didn’t ... anything to me .’
9. George couldn’t help me. He ... me to ask Kate.
10. George couldn’t help me. He ... to ask Kate.
5. The following sentences are direct speech:
1. Don’t wait for me if I’m late.
2. Can you open your bag, please?
3. Please slow down!
4. Don’t worry, Sue.
5. Will you marry me?
6. Mind your own business.
7. Could you repeat what you said,
please?
8. Do you think you could give me a
hand, Tom?
9. Hurry up!
Now choose one of these to complete each sentence below. Use reported speech.
Model: Bill was taking a long time to get ready, so I told him to hurry up.
1. Sarah was driving too fast, so I asked ... .
2. Sue was very pessimistic about the situation. I told ... .
3. I couldn’t move the piano alone, so I ... .
4. The customs officer looked at me suspiciously and ... .
5. I had difficulty understanding him, so I ... .
6. I didn’t want to delay Ann, so I ... .
7. John was very much in love with Mary, so he ... .
8. He started asking me personal questions, so ... .
6. Make a new sentence from the question in brackets.
1. (Where has Tom gone?) Do you know where Tom has gone ?
2. (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me where ...
3. (What’s the time?) I wonder ...
4. (What does this word mean?) I want to know ...
5. (What time did they leave?) Do you know ...
6. (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don’t know ...
11
12. 7. (Where does Carol live?) Have you any idea ...
8. (Where did I park the car?) I can’t remember ...
9. (Is there a bank near here?) Can you tell me ...
10. (What do you want?) Tell me ...
11. (Why didn’t Kay come to the party?) I don’t know ...
12. (Do you have to pay to park here?) Do you know ...
13. (Who is that woman?) I’ve no idea ...
14. (Did Ann receive my letter?) Do you know ...
15. (How far is it to the airport?) Can you tell me ...
7. You have been away for a while and have just come back to your home town.
You meet Gerry, a friend of yours. He asks you a lot of questions:
1. How are you?
2. Where have you been?
3. How long have you been back?
4. What are you doing now?
5. Where are you living?
6. Why did you come back?
7. Are you glad to be back?
8. Do you have any plans to go away
again?
9. Can you lend me some money?
Now you tell another friend what Gerry asked you. Use reported speech.
Model: He asked me how I was.
UNIT 3
The subjunctive mood (Сослагательное наклонение)
Сослагательное наклонение показывает, что говорящий рассматривает
действие не как реальный факт, а как предполагаемое или желательное.
(Сравните: пошли бы, сделал бы, чтобы пришли).
Способы выражения сослагательного наклонения в английском языке
1. Инфинитив всех глаголов без частицы “to” для всех лиц единственного и
множественного числа (Subjunctive I) .
Используется: 1) После оборотов типа it is desirable (желательно), it is
necessary (необходимо), it is important (важно) и т.д.
2) В придаточных предложениях после глаголов, выражающих
приказание, требование, предложение. to order (приказывать), to suggest
(предлагать), to demand (требовать).
Характерен для языка официальных документов.
12
13. 2. Сочетание should + инфинитив для всех лиц единственного и
множественного числа. Используется в тех же конструкциях ( см. пункт 1)
Характерен для всех стилей языка.
Сравните:
1. It is (was) important that he be
present when we sign the papers.
2. It is (was) essential that every child
have the same educational opportunities.
3. It is (was) necessary that he take
measures immediately.
It is (was) important that he should be
present when we sign the papers.
It is (was) essential that every child
should have the same educational
opportunities.
It is (was) necessary that he should take
measures immediately.
3. Форма Past Simple всех глаголов для всех лиц единственного и
множественного числа (Subjunctive II Present). Используется 1) в
придаточных предложениях условия П типа, 2) в предложениях с I wish.
Примечание: 1) глагол to be имеет форму were для всех лиц ед. и мн.
числа;
2) Глагол в Past Simple, а действие относится к
настоящему или будущему, отсюда Present Subjunctive II.
4. Форма Past Perfect всех глаголов ( Subjunctive II Past). Используется: 1) в
придаточных предложениях условия Ш типа, 2) в предложениях с I wish.
Примечание: Глагол в Past Perfect, действие относится к прошлому,
отсюда Past Subjunctive II.
Сравните:
Subjunctive II (Present) Subjunctive II (Past)
If the weather were fine … - Если бы
погода была хорошей (сейчас) …
If I knew his telephone number … -
Если бы я знал номер его телефона
(сейчас) …
I wish he were with us. – Как было бы
хорошо, если бы она была с нами
If the weather had been fine … - Если
бы погода была хорошей (тогда, в то
время) …
If I had known his telephone number …
- Если бы я знал номер его телефона
(тогда, в то время) …
I wish she had been with us last
weekend. – Как было бы хорошо,
13
14. (сейчас, в настоящий момент)
(Жаль, что её с нами нет).
если бы она была с нами в прошлые
выходные.
(Жаль, что её не было с нами в
прошлые выходные).
5. Сослагательное наклонение в виде сочетаний:
Would + Simple Infinitive Would + Perfect Infinitive
Используется в главной части
условных предложений II типа.
Относится к настоящему или
будущему времени.
Используется в главной части
условных предложений III типа.
Относится к прошедшему времени.
Сравните:
If I saw him tomorrow I would ask him
about it. – Если бы я увидел его
завтра, я бы спросил его об этом.
If I had seen him yesterday I would have
asked him about it. – Если бы я увидел
его вчера, я бы спросил его об этом.
Conditionals
Условные предложения
Придаточные предложения условия вводятся следующими союзами:
1) if – если
2) in case - в случае, если
3) provided – при условии, если
4) unless - если (не)
Существует 4 типа условных предложений:
1. Zero Conditional (относится к законам природы, аксиомам науки)
If + Present Simple, Present Simple
(If + V(s), V(s) )
If you mix blue and yellow, you get green.
2. First Conditional (реальное условие)
a) If + Present Simple, will + Simple Infinitive
(If + V(s), will + V)
I’ll phone you if I don’t forget.
b) If + Present Simple, повелительное наклонение
14
15. If you see Tom, tell him to phone me.
3. Second Conditional (маловероятное или нереальное условие, действие
относится к настоящему или будущему)
If + Past Simple, would/could +V
(If + V2 (ed), would/could +V)
If I had time, I would go to the cinema with you (now or this evening)
(маловероятное условие)
If I were Prime minister I would reduce taxes (нереальное условие)
4. Third Conditional (нереальное условие, действие относится к
прошлому, «поезд ушёл»).
If + Past Perfect, would / could+ Perfect Infinitive
(If + had + V3(ed), would/ could + have + V3(ed))
If you had studied harder you would have passed your exam.
Примечание: Иногда условие может относиться к прошлому, а следствие к
настоящему или будущему или наоборот. Тогда мы имеем «смешанный»
тип условных предложений, образованный из элементов второго и
третьего типов.
If you had worked harder last year you would know English well now. -
Если бы вы занимались усерднее в прошлом году, вы бы теперь
хорошо знали английский.
Exercises
1. Put the verb into the correct form.
1. He definitely won’t pass the exam if he (work) harder. 2. If I had more
time, I (help) you with your homework. 3.If they (play) a bit better, they could
have won the match. 4. If I had gone to the party, I (see) Jane. 5. Water boils if you
(heat) it to 1000
С. 6. If I (have) a chance to visit the United States, I would go to
New York. 7. If you (mix) blue and yellow you get green. 8. If I were Prime
Minister, I (reduce) taxes. 9. If I see Tom, I (ask) him to ring you. 10. If I (come) to
the party, will you give me a lift. 11. If I receive the letter tomorrow, I (phone)
you. 12. If I (be) you, I shouldn’t do it. 13. If you had written a letter, they
(receive) it by now. 14. I advised you to buy it, but you didn’t. If you (follow) my
advice, you (buy) it. 15. If they (take) a taxi, they wouldn’t have missed the train.
16. If she (ask) me, I would help her. 17. If the weather (be) fine, they’ll go to the
country. 18. We’ll go out if it (not/rain). 19. If he were rich, he (buy) a car. 20. If I
(know) English well, I would take this job.
15
16. 2. Which of the sentences (a,b,c) has a similar meaning with the given sentence.
1. I wish you could come.
a) I want to come to your place.
b) It’s a pity you couldn’t come.
c) It’s a pity you can’t come.
2. I wish I hadn’t gone to the party.
a) I don’t want to go to the party.
b) I went to the party and now I regret (сожалею).
c) I didn’t go to the party and now I regret.
3. I wish I had gone to the party.
a) I want to go to the party.
b) I went to the party and now I regret.
c) I didn’t go to the party and now I regret.
4. If he had gone to University be would have found a well-paid job.
a) He didn’t go to University and be didn’t find a well-paid job.
b) He went to University and then found a well-paid job.
c) If you want to have a well-paid job, go to University.
5. He could concentrate if there wasn’t too much noise.
a) There wasn’t too much noise and he could concentrate.
b) There isn’t too much noise and he can concentrate.
c) There is too much noise and he can’t concentrate.
6. If the weather had been fine we would have had a good time.
a) The weather isn’t fine, so we don’t have a good time.
b) The weather wasn’t fine, so we didn’t have a good time.
c) The weather was fine and we had a good time.
3. Write sentences with “if”.
1. The weather was bad and I didn’t enjoy my holidays. If the weather… . 2.
I don’t know her very well, so I can’t ask her for help. If I … . 3. He stole the
money and went to prison. If he … . 4. I don’t speak English fluently, so I can’t
apply for the job. If I … .
4. Which of the Russian sentences (a,b,c) translates the idea of the English ones.
1. I wish I were a film star.
a) Я хочу стать кинозвездой.
b) Как было бы хорошо, если бы я был кинозвездой.
c) Жаль, что я не был кинозвездой.
2. I wish I had told the police about that.
a) Жаль, что я рассказала об этом полиции.
16
17. b) Жаль, что я не рассказала об этом полиции.
c) Я хотела бы рассказать об этом полиции.
3. I wish I could afford a car.
a) Жаль, что я не могу позволить себе машину.
b) Я хотела бы купить машину.
c) Жаль, что я позволила себе купить машину.
4. I wish I hadn’t come too early.
a) Я хотела бы прийти очень рано.
b) Зря я пришла слишком рано.
c) Зря я не пришла пораньше.
5. Write sentences with “I wish”.
1. The lecture is very interesting but you have to go. – You say: I wish … .
2.You’ve taken up bungee jumping. Now you want to back out (отказаться). –
You say: I wish … 3. You are at the party. You’re bored. – You say: I wish … . 4.
You got up very early and now you feel sleepy. – You say: I wish … . 5. You
didn’t like the film you saw at the cinema yesterday. – You say: I wish … . 6. It’s
raining. You don’t have your umbrella with you . You say: I wish… .
UNIT 4
Participles (Причастие)
В английском языке 2 вида причастия – Причастие I и Причастие II.
Причастие I соответствует русскому действительному причастию.
falling leaves – падающие листья.
Причастие II соответствует русскому страдательному причастию.
materials used. – использованные материалы
Формы причастий
Participle I (present) Participle II (past)
Active Passive
Simple using –
использ
ующий,
используя
being used –
использующийся,
который используют,
будучи используемым
used –
используемый,
использованный
Perfect having
used –
использ
having been used –
после того как
использовали
17
18. овав
Функции причастий
Participle I Participle II
1) служит для образования времен
группы Continuous
1) Служит для образования времен
группы Perfect;
2) Служит для образования форм
Passive.
2) определение
falling rain – падающий дождь
3) определение
the problems discussed – проблемы,
которые обсуждались; обсуждаемые
проблемы
the fallen leaves – упавшие листья
3) обстоятельство
Having built the house they began to
build a new theatre. – Построив дом
(после того как построили дом), они
начали строить новый театр.
While having breakfast I look through
newspapers. – Завтракая, я
просматриваю газеты.
(If) Approached from the river the town
looks beautiful. – Если подъезжать к
городу со стороны реки, он выглядит
очень красивым.
When heated water changes into an
invisible gas. – При нагревании вода
превращается в невидимые пары.
Переводится:
1) деепричастием
2) придаточным предложением с
союзами когда, после того как.
1) существительным с предлогом при
2) придаточным предложением с
союзами когда, после того как, если.
The Absolute Participle Construction
Независимый причастный оборот
Причастие (I и II) с самостоятельным подлежащим называется
независимым причастным оборотом. Он не соотносится (не зависит) от
подлежащего всего предложения. Причастие в таких оборотах выражает
действие стоящего перед ним существительного или местоимения и
соответствует личной форме глагола.
Независимый причастный оборот может стоять в начале или в конце
предложения и всегда отделяется запятой.
18
19. Независимый причастный оборот в
начале предложения
Независимый причастный оборот в
конце предложения
Как правило, переводится
придаточными предложениями
времени, причины с союзами
«когда», «после того как», «так как».
Переводится 1) самостоятельными
предложениями без союза или с
союзами «а», «и», «причем»
2) определительным придаточным
предложением.
Seas and rivers having been connected
by canals, water transport has greatly
improved. – Когда моря и реки
соединили каналами водный
транспорт значительно улучшился.
An architect designs a building, a civil
engineer providing for its construction.
– Архитектор проектирует здание, а
инженер-строитель обеспечивает его
сооружение.
The building designed, the workers
started its construction. – После того
как здание спроектировали, рабочие
приступили к его строительству.
New York lies on a small island of
Manhattan, its area being only 22 square
miles. – Нью-Йорк лежит на
небольшом острове Манхэттен,
площадь которого составляет всего
22 кв.мили.
Exercises
1. Give the form of Participle II of the following verbs.
to build, to grow, to think, to bring, to determine, to follow, to move, to
refuse, to obtain, to contain, to produce, to use, to include, to offer, to enter, to get,
to happen, to carry, to teach, to tell, to make, to begin, to keep, to divide, to return,
to develop, to save.
2. Translate.
a) the student attending all the lectures b) using methods
the plan containing many details constructing new machines
the workers building a new house achieving good results
the engineer using a new method dividing the apple into three parts
the car developing the speed of 80 km discovering new lands
the plant producing machinery using new equipment
the growing population of the country refusing to give an explanation
the student studying foreign languages receiving important information
the young man entering the Institute constructing new roads
the engineer carrying out the research moving at high speed
the students having practical training leaving the town
in various industrial enterprises graduating from the Institute
19
20. c) having entered the Institute d) the achieved results
having calculated the distance all developed countries
having developed the speed of 120 km the apple divided into three parts
having introduced new methods of work the information obtained recently
having decided to leave the city the railway built between the towns
having divided the apple into three parts the boy saved by his dog
having installed a new equipment help offered by the teacher
having obtained the necessary information the lecture given by a well-known
having found the new way professor
having changed his behaviour the research made in the laboratory
having passed all the examinations the film shown to the students
having returned home the letter sent to his parents
having decided where to go the book left on the table
having translated the article the news brought by him
having developed new materials the land discovered by Columbus
3. Give the Russian for:
1. He heard the voices coming through the open window. 2. While waiting
for him I looked through the magazines lying on the table. 3. They stayed at home
refusing to go anywhere that day. 4. The channel linking the two seas is being built
now. 5. The explanation given was not complete. 6. The new materials
recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our
professor. 7. The results received were of great importance for further work. 8.
Being built in a new way modern houses have better facilities. 9. Having passed all
the examinations he left for his native town. 10 Having been shown the way I
could find his house easily. 11. Having waited for him for half an hour they went
home. 12. Having obtained the necessary results they stopped their experimental
work. 13. When studying elements Mendeleyev found that they could be divided
into nine groups. 14. When writing a telegram we must use as few words as
possible. 15. When burnt, coal produces heat. 16. When reconstructed, the theatre
looked more beautiful than before.
4. Make one sentence from two using an –ing clause. Sometimes you need Not …
ing.
Model 1: (одновременное действие)
Linda was in London for two years. She worked as a tourist guide.
Linda was in London for two years working as a tourist guide.
Model 2: (Одно действие предшествует другому)
She finished her work. Then she went home.
20
21. Having finished her work, she went home.
Model 3: (одно действие происходит во время другого, более
длительного действия. Длительное действие стоит в конце.)
I was watching television. I fell asleep.
I fell asleep watching television.
Model 4: (одно действие является причиной, другое следствием.
Причина стоит в начале предложения).
I felt tired. So I went to bed early.
Feeling tired, I went to bed early.
1. She is a foreigner. So she needs a visa to stay in this country. 2. I didn’t
know her address. So I couldn’t contact her. 3. Sarah has traveled a lot. So she
knows a lot about other countries. 4. They had dinner then they continued their
journey. 5. I was walking home in the rain. I got wet. 6. Sarah went out. She said
she would be back in an hour. 7. He is unemployed. He hasn’t got much money. 8.
You didn’t examine the soil. You can’t find its bearing power. 9. Margaret was
driving to work yesterday. She had an accident. 10. I was writing a test. I made a
lot of mistakes.
5. Translate into Russian paying attention to different functions of Participles.
1. Being situated on the river Thames, London is one of the greatest
commercial sea ports in the world. 2. Lying on almost one hundred islands, St.
Petersburg was called “The Northern Venice” in the 18th
century. 3. Standing in the
centre of modern London, the White Tower reminds (напоминать) English people
of many historical events of the country. 4. The weather being stormy, the airplane
did not take off. 5. Having sent a letter to a friend, I do expect an answer. 6.
Having written a test paper without mistakes a student expects a good mark. 7.
Being a solvent of most substances, water is indispensable (необходимый) in
chemistry and medicine. 8. Dividing Britain from the continent, the English
Channel forms the southern border of England. 9. Having crossed the Channel, the
legions of Julius Cesar landed in Britain. 10. Fortifying their settlements the
Romans surrounded them with massive walls. 11. Being skilled road builders the
Romans started laying roads across the country. 12. Having left for the continent
Julius Cesar never returned to Britain. 13.Being nine centuries old, the Tower of
London has retained the solidity of its construction. 14.Having no skyscrapers and
big industries Washington looks like a provincial town.
21
22. 6. Translate the following paying attention to Participles.
1. Moscow and London have different climate, the average temperature being
higher in London than in Moscow. 2. The American continent has a large area
stretching from the North Pole to the 50th parallel. 3. The windows being shut and
curtained, no fresh air and light could pass freely into the room. 4. A chemist uses
different chemicals making experiments on the properties of materials. 5. Using
steel as a building material the engineer should take into consideration its varying
properties. 6. Steel being widely used in industry and construction, its production
is constantly increasing. 7. Lying deep under the ground, the Roman wall indicates
the locality of the Roman military station. 8. Dissolving in each other two metals
form an alloy. 9. Natural substances having definite physico-chemical properties
are called minerals. 10. The Behring Strait dividing Asia from America forms a
natural border between Russia and the United States. 11. Water may not need to
go through all of the treatments described in the previous paragraph. 12. Using the
new information, the citizens can take an active role in protecting drinking water.
7. Translate. Pay attention to Absolute Participle Constructions.
1. Hydrogen is the smallest substance, atoms of other elements having a
more complex structure. 2. Water is a chemical compound of oxygen and
hydrogen, the latter gas forming two thirds of its volume. 3. Water is the most
abundant of all chemical compounds, five seventh of the earth’s surface being
covered with water. 4. Hydrogen is the lightest gas known, oxygen being slightly
heavier than air. 5. Salt water being heavier, some things will float in it, which
would sink in fresh water. 6. When sea water freezes the salt separates from it, ice
being quite pure. 7. An engineer builds houses and cities, an architect planning
their construction. 8. Asbestos doesn’t conduct heat, a metal being a good heat
conductor. 9. Aluminium is a light metal, copper being much heavier. 10. Metals
are seldom used in their pure form, alloys having better properties for industrial
purposes. 11. Water is never absolutely pure in nature, the amount of impurities
depending upon the locality. 12.Chemical industry produces large quantities of
synthetic materials, plastics being largely used in everyday life. 13. Polymers
losing their properties from atmospheric changes, their manufacture requires
special care. 14. A settlement existed in the locality of Moscow as early as the
10th century, excavations having shown its economic activity and trade
connections. 15. London is divided by the river Thames into two parts, the East
End being inhabited by the working people of the city.
22
23. UNIT 5
The Infinitive (Инфинитив)
Инфинитив – неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие.
Инфинитив соответствует в русском языке неопределенной форме глагола,
которая отвечает на вопросы – Что делать? Что сделать?
to build – строить, to found – основывать
Формы инфинитива
Active Passive
Simple to build to be built
Continuous to be building ــ
Perfect to have built to have been built
Perfect Continuous to have been building ــ
Функции инфинитива
1. Подлежащее с последующим сказуемым.
To master this speciality is not an easy thing. Овладеть этой специальностью
– нелегкое дело.
2. Часть именного сказуемого после глагола to be.
Our aim is to construct buildings both Наша цель – строить здания, как
beautiful, convenient and durable. красивые и удобные так и
прочные.
3. Часть составного глагольного сказуемого после модальных глаголов и
глаголов to start, to begin:
He got frightened and started to run. – Он испугался и побежал.
4. Дополнение после сказуемого.
We want to learn more about this project. Мы хотим подробнее узнать об
этом проекте.
5.Обстоятельство цели – до или после «костяка» (подлежащее +
сказуемое).
To know English well you have to Для того чтобы знать английский
work hard. язык хорошо, вы должны усердно
работать.
23
24. 6. Определение - после существительного.
The problem to be discussed is connected Проблема, которую надо обсу-
with the housing construction. дить ( будет обсуждаться), свя-
зана с жилищным строитель-
ством.
Переводится определительным придаточным предложением,
сказуемое которого выражает долженствование, возможность или
будущее действие.
Complex object
Сложное дополнение
Оборот «дополнение + инфинитив»
Сложное дополнение представляет собой следующие конструкции:
1. Существительное + инфинитив – I expect the delegation to arrive on
Monday.
2. Местоимение в объектном падеже (me, him, her, it, us, you, them) +
инфинитив. – I expect him to come at 5 o’clock.
Сложное дополнение переводится придаточным дополнительным
предложением, где существительное или местоимение является подлежащим,
а инфинитив – сказуемым.
1. Мы полагаем, что делегация прибудет в понедельник.
2. Я полагаю, что он придет в 5 часов.
Complex Subject
Субъектный инфинитивный оборот
Оборот «подлежащее + инфинитив»
Формула: подлежащее + глагол-характеристика + инфинитив.
Подлежащее (субъект) совершает действие, выраженное инфинитивом
(отсюда субъектный инфинитивный оборот), а формальное сказуемое
характеризует отношение к данному действию, отсюда «глагол-
характеристика».
Iron is considered to be one of the Считают, что железо является
most useful metals. одним из самых полезных
металлов.
Сравните: It is considered that iron is one of the most useful metals.
24
25. Перевод предложения начинается, как правило, с глагола-характеристики,
инфинитив переводится личной формой глагола.
Глаголы-характеристики:
1. Употребляются в предложении в страдательном залоге.
to say – говорить to think
to know – знать to believe полагать, считать
to consider – считать, рассматривать to find
to state – заявлять to suppose
to report – сообщать to assume предполагать
to expect – ожидать, полагать
The delegation is expected to come Ожидают, что делегация прибудет
on Monday. в понедельник.
2. Употребляется в предложении в действительном залоге:
to seem to prove - оказываться
to appear казаться to happen – оказываться, случаться
to turn out – оказываться
The experiment proved to be a success. Опыт оказался удачным.
To appear часто переводится « по-видимому».
The façade was decorated by blue Фасад был облицован голубыми
panels which appear to be of some панелями, которые, по-видимому,
ceramic material. изготовлены из какого-нибудь
керамического материала.
3.Глагол to be в личной форме + прилагательные:
likely – вероятный
unlikely – маловероятный
certain, sure – несомненный
Under these conditions the output of the При этих условиях производи-
plant is likely to increase. тельность завода, вероятно,
увеличится.
Exercises
1. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the infinitive.
25
26. 1. The first step to take is to improve the quality of building materials. 2.
The Egyptians seem to be the first to apply geometry for practical purposes. 3.
You may want to contact the supplier for additional information. 4.The sides of the
Egyptian pyramids were to face north, south, east and west. 5. Tsiolkovsky had
little money to spend on his research. 6. It is the lecture not to be missed. 7.
Archimedes is said to have been killed by a Roman soldier who did not know the
old man to be a scholar. 8. To obtain paper of high quality the pulp should be
carefully washed. 9. After washing the pulp is spread on a wire net to be dried. 10.
To be applied for paper-making the water must be specially conditioned. 11. We
study the elements to be able to make use of their properties. 12. Science has
shown the electron to be a peculiar combination of mass and electrical charge.
13.A planetarium is the best place to watch the sky. 14. The model to be tested
was submitted to a special commission. 15. Engineers study mathematics to be
able to make complicated computations and to acquire practical skill in making
drafts. 16.The machine to be assembled will be more effective than that of a recent
design.
2. Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the functions of the infinitive.
1. Prefabricated rooms and flats can be assembled into houses. 2. The
programming control system is to fulfil this task. 3. It is necessary to take the
following measures to solve the housing problem in Britain. 4. The chief function
of the building is to provide a suitable meeting hall. 5. It is not easy in Britain to
find a house. 6. To find a house becomes still more difficult. 7. The problem to be
discussed is connected with the housing construction. 8. People made many efforts
to find a new source of energy. 9. The operator’s place is to be as close to the job
as possible. 10. They will need much concrete to be used for soil stabilization. 11.
The aggregates are graded in size from fine to coarse in order to reduce the amount
of voids to be filled by cement. 12. Since recent years timber beams no longer
serve to carry the load of a structure. 13. EPA sets these standards to protect the
health of everybody.
3. Define sentences with complex object and complex subject. Translate.
1. For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible. 2. If considered
from this point of view, the problem seems to be rather complicated. 3. Concrete is
said to be the most suitable material for modern construction. 4. We expected great
changes to take place. 5. This type of mixer is said to have some advantages. 6.
Coal is considered to be valuable fuel. 7. We know many articles to have been
written on the subject. 8. He is supposed to work at this plant. 9. Concrete is
considered to expand when heated. 10. We want him to say a few words on the
matter. 11. The sand was found to be too fine to make concrete. 12. This scientist
seems to have been working on that problem for 2 years. 13. Copper is likely to be
26
27. one of the first metals to be used by man. 14. We know computers to be widely
used in everyday life and in industry.
4. Translate the following sentences with Complex Subject.
1. Until recent years reinforced concrete was considered to suit only to
heavy and massive structures. 2. The beam seemed to be fixed. 3. They are sure to
know how the high-rise apartment house (высотный жилой дом) has been
constructed in such a short period of time. 4. Metals are known to be divided into
ferrous and non-ferrous metals. 5. This method is supposed to come into wide use
in construction industry. 6. Plain concrete is known to have been used from very
early days. 7. All metals are known to be good conductors of electricity. 8. In rural
areas, people are more likely to drink ground water. 9. The word “geometry” is
known to derive from two Greek words: “geo”(earth) and “metron” (measure). 10.
The Nile river was often found to overflow its banks and carry away all the
landmarks. 11. The civilization of ancient Egypt is said to be more advanced than
that of ancient China. 12. Astronomy, philosophy and mathematics are supposed to
have been known in Egypt as early as 5000 B.C.
5. Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined
word in your sentences.
1. It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike … .
2. It is expected that the weather will be good tomorrow. The weather … .
3. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window. The thieves …
4. It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods. Many people … .
5. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall. The prisoner … .
6. It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
The man is … .
7. It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by fire. The building … .
8. It is said that the company is losing a lot of money . The company … .
9. It is believed that the company lost a lot of money last year. The company … .
10. It is expected that the company will lose money this year. The company … .
11. It is said that Cathy works 16 hours a day. Cathy … .
12. It is believed that the missing boy is wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.
The missing boy … .
13. It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. Two people … .
6. Translate the following. Pay attention to the structure for + noun/ pronoun +
infinitive which expresses possibility, importance, necessity, or value of future
events.
Model: It’s impossible for the reaction to take place in the absence of air. –
27
28. Невозможно, чтобы реакция произошла без доступа воздуха.
1. It’s impossible for the job to be finished in time. 2. It’s important for the
meeting to start at eight. 3. It seems unnecessary for him to start work this week. 4.
I consider it essential for the school to be properly heated. 5. It’s not good for the
oil tank to be so close to the house. 6. Our aim is for the students to learn English
as quickly as possible. 7. It’s time for everybody to go to bed. 8. It’s interesting for
me to read books on architecture. 9. It’s important for the water to be properly
treated before being delivered to the community. 10. It was a big mistake for them
not to filter the water before using.
28
29. UNIT 6
Gerund (Герундий)
(Ving)
Герундий – неличная форма глагола, которая по своим свойствам ближе к
существительному, чем к глаголу. Герундий может быть в предложении подлежащим,
дополнением, может иметь при себе предлог, притяжательное местоимение, или
существительное в притяжательном падеже.
Формы Герундия
Simple Perfect
Active building having built
Passive being built having been built
выражает в предложении
действие одновременное с
действием, выраженным
сказуемым
выражает действие, которое
предшествовало действию,
выраженному сказуемым
Например: Building the first atomic power
station required the application of
new methods and materials. –
Строительство первой атомной
электростанции потребовало
применения новых метод и
материалов.
I don’t remember having read it in
the paper. –
Я не помню, чтобы я читал это
раньше в газете.
Герундий переводится на русский язык:
1)существительным – Reading books gives me pleasure. – Чтение книг
доставляет мне удовольствие.
2)инфинитивом – I like reading books. – Я люблю читать книги.
3)деепричастием – I can’t translate this text without using a dictionary. – Я не могу
перевести этот текст, не пользуясь словарем.
4)личной формой глагола в составе придаточного предложения. – We know of
many new cities having been built in various parts of our country. – Мы знаем, что в
различных регионах нашей страны было построено много новых городов.
Запомните следующие глаголы, за которыми следует герундий, а не инфинитив.
stop (give up) – прекращать, отказаться, бросить (что-то делать)
postpone (put off) – откладывать
finish – закончить
deny – отрицать
imagine – представить себе
admit – допускать
carry on (go on) – продолжать
keep (keep on) – продолжать (делать что-то многократно, постоянно)
suggest – предлагать
29
30. consider – рассматривать, учитывать
mind – возражать
enjoy – наслаждаться, получать удовольствие
avoid – избегать
love – любить
like – нравиться, любить
Примечание: глаголы start, begin употребляются как с последующим герундием,
так и с инфинитивом.
It started raining.
It started to rain.
Герундиальный оборот представляет собой следующие конструкции:
1)притяжательное местоимение + герундий;
2)существительное в притяжательном (общем) падеже + герундий.
Герундиальный оборот переводится дополнительным придаточным
предложением, которое вводится словами: о том, чтобы; на том, чтобы; то, что;
тем, что; и т.п.
Some specialists insist on these methods Некоторые специалисты
being introduced. настаивают на том, чтобы
эти методы были внедрены.
I didn’t know of his doing an English Я не знал, что он занимается на
course. курсах английского языка.
Exercises
1. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the Gerund.
1. At the end of the 60s it became evident that the problem could be solved only by
purifying utilized water. 2. After primary treatment polluted water may be used for drinking. 3.
Permission to start producing cardboard was received only when the state commission accepted
the pollution-control system as operable. 4. Measuring air pressure is the function of the
barometer. 5. We cannot determine the temperature without measuring. 6. The material was
destroyed by having been exposed to atmospheric changes. 7. He was appointed head engineer
of the power station for having much practical knowledge in civil engineering. 8. After heating
the mixture the chemist obtained a substance with new properties. 9. An alloy is capable of being
heated to a very high temperature. 10. It is impossible to put up modern structures without using
concrete. 11. The basic materials for making concrete are cement, aggregate and water. 12. All
types of cement shrink (давать усадку) during setting. 13. Concrete is made by mixing cement,
water, sand and gravel in the right amount. 14. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water
has been added and the process of hardening lasts for about twenty-eight days.
2. Translate the following paying attention to different functions of the Gerund.
1. Smoking is not allowed here. 2. The car needs repairing. 3. After receiving good
results they stopped experiments. 4. Reading English technical magazines is important for an
engineer. 5. He remembers having added some water to the mixture. 6. They finished installing
the apparatus only on Saturday. 7. They began making the experiment in May. 8. After failing
30
31. the examination in January he had to take it again in February. 9. After graduating from the
Institute he worked in the Far North. 10. At the meeting they discussed different ways of
improving their work. 11. There are different ways of obtaining the substance. 12.He improved
his report by changing the end. 13. Instead of restoring the old theatre they decided to build a
new one in the centre of the town. 14. New possibilities for applying atomic energy open up. 15.
It is possible to set up power stations based on utilizing the heat of the sun. 16.Before being sent
up the balloon was filled with a special gas. 17. Speaking foreign languages is important for
every educated man.
3. Translate the following paying attention to –ing forms.
1. What ways of learning words do you find most effective. 2. He had no chance of
changing the situation. 3. There are a lot of ways of doing it. 4. She has no experience in looking
after patients. 5. He made a decision after considering the problem very carefully. 6.He did a lot
of good by being frank (откровенно) with me. 7. Studying abroad gives you a unique chance to
learn about the culture of another country. 8.What are your reasons for taking up English? 9. Do
they have much experience in dealing with languages? 10.What arrangements do you make
before starting on holiday. 11. The monument needs restoring. 12.The monument of what
century are you restoring? 13. The monument of what century is being restored? 14. In language
learning the emphasis is on speaking but listening, reading and writing is also practised. 15.The
police were informed of the criminals having appeared in the city. 16.The committee studied the
problem of improving the bus service in the town without increasing the number of buses
operating on the routes. 17. Heating the substance to high temperatures may change its
properties.
4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the structures with the Gerund.
1. Primitive man had no idea of the Earth’s being round. 2. We know from astronomy of
Mars’ having two moons. 3. Before the Revolution few people knew of Tsiolkovski’s working at
the problem of space flights. 4. We read about many Oxford graduates remaining unemployed
for months. 5. The teacher believes in my being able to improve my English. 6. Everybody was
surprised at his having taken part in the competition. 7. The article informs of the new material
having great advantages over the old ones. 8. The Roman writer Pliny tells us of the Syrian
merchants’ having discovered the art of glass making. 9. We were informed by the radio of a
new spaceship having been launched into orbit. 10. We know of many new cities’ having been
built in the remotest corners of our country. 11.The organizers of the conference were informed
of his refusing to take part in it. 12. I remember his having been interested in languages in his
childhood. 13. I know of his having been sent to work to the Far East. 14. What is the reason for
his having left our city so suddenly? 15. We heard of the experiment having been started last
week. 16. They objected to his staying at home.
5. Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the first sentences. Begin in the way
shown. Use –ing.
1. I can do what I want and you can’t stop me. You can’t stop … ? 2. It’s not a good idea to
travel during the rush hour. It’s better to avoid … ? 3. Shall we go away tomorrow instead of
today? Shall we postpone … ? 4. The driver of the car said it was true that he didn’t have a
license. The driver of the car admitted … ? 5. Could you turn the radio down, please? Would you
mind … ? 6. Please don’t interrupt me all the time. Would you mind … ?
31
32. 6. Translate the following, paying attention to the active and passive gerund.
1. I like giving presents. I like being given presents. 2. I don’t like waiting. I don’t like
being kept waiting. 3. I like giving parties and inviting my friends. I like being invited to parties.
4. He insisted on my inviting her to the party. He insisted on my being invited to her party. 5. He
noticed our overtaking (overtake – обогнать) the front car. He noticed our being over taken by
the following car. 6. I don’t like asking personal questions. I don’t like being asked personal
questions. 7. I don’t like interrupting people. I don’t like being interrupted. 8. I insisted on the
doctor’s examining my son. I insisted on his being examined by the doctor.
7. Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or to … .
a. Mind the difference between try to do (пытаться, стараться, прилагая силу и усилие)
and try doing (попробовать что-то сделать в поиске способа).
1) I was very tired. I tried (keep) my eyes open but I couldn’t.
2) I rang the doorbell but there was no answer. Then I tried (knock) on the door, but there
was still no answer.
3) We tried (put) the fire out but we were unsuccessful. We had to call the fire brigade.
4) Sue needed to borrow some money. She tried (ask) Gerry but he was short of money
too.
5) I tried (reach) the shelf but I wasn’t tall enough.
6) Please, leave me alone. I’m trying (concentrate).
b. Mind the difference between need to do (нужно что-то сделать – с активным
значением) and need doing (нужно сделать что-то – с пассивным значением).
Model:
You don’t need to clean the room. – Тебе не нужно делать уборку в комнате.
The room doesn’t need cleaning. – Комната не требует уборки.
1) I need a change. I need (go) away for a while.
2) She isn’t able to look after herself. She needs (look) after.
3) The windows are dirty. They need (clean).
4) Why are you leaving now. You don’t need (go) yet, do you?
5) You don’t need (iron) that shirt. It doesn’t need (iron).
с. Mind the difference between help to do (help do) and can’t / couldn’t help doing (не
могу / не мог не сделать что-то; не могу/ не мог удержаться от)
1) They were talking very loudly. I couldn’t help (overhear) them.
2) Can you help me (get) the dinner ready?
3) He looks so funny. Whenever I see him, I can’t help (smile).
4) The fine weather helped (make) it a very enjoyable holiday.
5) London has some of the finest architecture in the world. I can’t help admiring those
beautiful buildings.
32
33. CONTENTS
1. UNIT 1 Passive ……….…………………………………………………. 1
2. UNIT 2 Sequence of Tenses. Reported Speech.…………………………. 5
3. UNIT 3 Subjunctive Mood. Conditionals..………………………………. 12
4. UNIT 4 Participles. Absolute Participle Construction…...………………. 17
5. UNIT 5 Infinitive. Complex Object. Complex Subject.…………………. 23
6. UNIT 6 Gerund…..………………………………………………………. 28
33
