Meaning and Need of Planning

2. 2
 Definition of Planning:
The Art and Science of ordering the use of land and citing of buildings and
communication routes, so as to secure maximum practicable degree of
economy, convenience and beauty.
 Purpose of Planning is to plan for Public Health, Public Safety and Public
Welfare.

3. 3
At any point of time in the history of a city several projects/ tasks are being
undertaken. Houses constructed, shops opened, markets flourish, schools and
hospitals built, roads widened, new roads laid, parks started etc.
 Without planning what would happen?
Before roads are laid houses are built, houses occupied before water and
sewerage is established, Schools located without regard to local population,
Roads widened but encroached, Factories located in middle of residential areas
etc. Decisions taken by Individuals dictate the environment while public good is
ignored. Urban and Rural Areas would not be able to contribute to Regional
development.
Need for Planning has been recognized by ancient civilizations and Middle era
too. The Code of Hamurabi set strict guidelines for how cities should be built,
number of floors, road widths and building materials. Cities of Indus valley
civilization, Mohenjadaro and Harappa set excellent examples for future cities by
their under ground drainage, road widths and zoning districts.

4. 4
Scope of Planning
 Planning provides for adequate housing, employment, schools, parks and play
grounds.
 It sets priorities and defines paths to be taken to accomplish tasks.
 It protects what is good about the city while attempting to plan for growth and
change.
 Physical aspects of planning deal with buildings, roads, parks which give a form
to the City.
 Economic aspects deal with how the system is running with Finances, Political
aspect of planning deals with how the system is governed or ordered and Social
aspects deal with how the system has a meaning.
 Equal opportunity to use of facilities, preventing urban decay, protecting the
environment are just a few more aspects involved under Planning.

5.  To improve Public Health & Housing- started with regulation control or policies
changed to facilitate the private sector
 Development- carrying out of building engineering, mining, dwelling and other
such activitie sover land and change its value
5

6.  Planning- rational decision-making process
 Planning Process- Series of sequential steps to achieve rationalistic planning
outcome
1. Describe the Context
2. Identify Objectives (tentative as they are based on context)
3. Data Collection
4. Identify Potential/ constraints
5. Identify Alternative Approaches
6. Evaluate alternative against potentials and constraints
7. Identify best alternative
8. Detailed Plan
9. Plan Implementation
10. Post Implementation Management 6
Goal Formulation
Data Analysis
Plan Making
Plan Implementation
Data Collection

7. 7
Planning
Spatial
- Location of act
- Extent of land assigned for act
Non-Spatial
- finance
-Sectoral
- Human Resources
Policy: it is essentially dong term directive. It has defined geographical or spatial
boundary.
Programmed: directives short term, have specific target designed under a policy
Plan: a process, detailed description of steps which are designed for attainment of
specific goals and objectives. Requires investments
Project: site and community related, has a target beneficiary group, part of plan, target
specific investment resource specific, shorter than year.
Strategy: purpose is very focused, may be part of program, plan, project.

8. 88
Nature of Planning
Planning is undertaken in step wise process listed below:
Legal authority to plan and enforce plan
Planning elements identified – General Plan or Comprehensive Plan
Vision statement – goals, Objectives, Policies and Projects
Planning tools
Regulatory control in Implementation – Zoning, subdivision zoning, building codes, Capital
Improvement and Budgeting
Planning Organization – Sets of Officials, staff and supporting members
Public Participation

9. Process Example
1. Decision to Prepare Plans Unemployment is high in certain area
2. Development of Aims Increase Job Opportunities
3. Development of Objectives Increase Industries ( incentives to industries)
4. Identification of Projected requirements Data collection ( how many need jobs etc)
5. Plan Formulation, Evaluation and Approval How to use resources (land, economies)
6. Projects/ Schemes Draft the proposals ( Where and how many )
1. Perspective Plan, Development Plan, Annual Plan, Schemes/Projects
2. Implementation Job fairs, Employment Melas, RYY
7. Monitoring Statistical surveys on increase in jobs
8. Review failure Report presented to Govt. on success or 9
Process of Planning

10. 10
Process of Planning
Decision to prepare plans
Development of aims
and objectives
Identification of Projected
requirements
Plan formulation,
evaluation and appraisal
Projects/schemes
Implementation
MonitoringReview

11. National Planning Commission ( 5-year Plans- Annual Plans)
State Planning Board ( 5-year plan- Annual Plans)
Metropolitan Planning Committee
District Planning Committee
Urban Settlement ( Municipality)
Nagar Panchayat
11
Planning Authorities in India

12.  A plan is needed to serve as a guideline to promote development. Taking into
account of urban problems in development of urban areas of India, the attributes
of the desired system should therefore include
 Be basically indigenous fulfilling the needs of people in the country including urban poor
and informal system
 Have the desired attributes
 Evolve out of the legal administrative and political system in the country
 The recommended urban Development Planning System consist of four inter-
related plans as follows:
1. Perspective Plans- it is long term – yrs written document, providing the state government the
goals, policies, strategies , and general programs of urban local authorities regarding spatio-
economic development of city/ urban area.
Purpose of this plan is to provide a policy framework for further detailing and serve as
guide for preparation of development plan.
1. Development Plan- it is prepared within the framework of approved perspective plan (5 yr plan).
Scope of this plan covers assessment of current issues, prospects, priorities and
proposals. 12

13. 13
3. Annual Plan: the purpose of annual plan is to identify new schemes or projects, which the
authority to undertake for implementation during the fiscal year.
It should follows the priorities, policies an d proposals approved in development plan.
This plan provides resource requirement during the year.
The annual plan provides a built-in system of continuous annual review of the
performance action and initiatives of local authority.
3. Plans of Schemes / Projects- conceived within framework of development plan, schemes/
projects.

14. 1. Urban Areas can be treated as System, not just a physical entity.
2. Urban System consists of three components – Social System, Resources
System and Planning System
Social System Resource System Planning System
(individuals/households) (Natural and man made) (Set of organizations)
A single policy will contribute to several resource objectives.
Ex: Step 1:Expenditure on a road (planning initiative)
Step 2: Improvement in infrastructure ( resource improvement)
Step 3: Increase in housing development, improves growth, efficiency in
economy (social goals)
A resource objective will contribute to several social goals.
Ex: Step 1: Expenditure on Housing ( Resource improvement)
Step 2: Increase in labor force ( Social goals)
Step 3: To accessibility, lesser congestion (Planning initiative)
14
Multidisciplinary Approach

15. Planning Management Design
Integrates Land use Planning Getting people together Arrangement, appearance
& Transport Planning to improve to accomplish desired and functionality of town and
Built environment goals cities and in particular use of
public spaces
Focuses on management of Involves planning, organizing, Focus on Physicaldevelopment
private development thro’ staffing, leading & controlling of public environment
established planning methods and other developmental methods
Considers Social, Physical factors and Shared by various Departments Considers Urban Structure
Resources accessibility within the city Typology, density, Legibility/
Way Finding, Function
Animation, Mixed Uses,
Character, Order, Continui
Ex: Management Initiative for Ex: Entire Cities like L’Enfant Industrial Infrastructure Corp
Plan for Washington DC
15
Planning Distinguished From Design
and Management

16. Seeking urban/rural problems
 Physical problems: Traffic grid lock, flooding, environmental pollution, lack of
clean water supply, unauthorized construction, illegal tapping of water/electricity,
animal menace, noise, distance travel and many more.
 Social problems: Child labor, child trafficking, women exploitation, minimum
wage violation, increase in destitute
 Economic problems: Under employment is urban areas, unemployment in rural
areas, agglomeration of economies, GDP, Poverty
Problem solving is a skill planners develop to tackle each and every problem in
unique ways. Some problems may be solved by implementing text book
methodologies and some more may be solved by tactical skills. Most problems
are not one but a complex system involving several departments. Planners must
make use of their analytical, methodical means to solve problems.
16
Problem Seeking and Solving

17. Spatial Planning
 Def 1: Location planning or systematic planning of locations in space, in a given
region. That implies focusing of investment on socio-economic infrastructure at
certain places which are selected in terms of maximizing access to the
beneficiaries at the minimum cost.
 Def 2 : Methods used by the public sector to influence the distribution of people
and activities in spaces of various scales. It includes all levels of planning – urban
level, regional level, environmental planning, National level and International
level. At each level Socio-economic development plans, Urban and rural Plans and
Land plans are developed.
Ex: Integrated Rural Development planning (vertical integration of program planning
at cluster, block, district level)
Advantages of Spatial Planning:
 Time and cost of Travel reduced
 Clustering of facilities and services beneficial for both customer and provider
 Minimum population threshold set 17
Spatial and Aspatial Planning

18. Local Planning: Population densities, regulation of Traffic, Location of Shopping
and Recreation centers, Provision of green Belts, Zoning (Ex: City of Hyderabad
(GHMC)
Country/Rural Planning: Linking of Roads to Cities, Diary and Poultry Farming,
Agriculture, Handicrafts/Local Industry (Ex: Villages of E.G Dist)
Regional Planning: Agricultural regions, Industrial Areas, Large Hydro-electric
Power Stations, Resorts, Recreational Areas, Sub-urban Zones of Large Cities (Ex:
Telangana)
State Level Planning
National Planning : Railways, Irrigation Projects
18
Goals and Approaches to Physical
Planning at Different Levels