ns0176/0025/2016 laurent oscar kandege

1. RESEARCH PROPOSAL WRITING PROCESS
Research proposal is a plan that guide research project by indicating the
strategies that one has to follow in doing research project.
ELEMENTS OF RESEARCH PROPOSAL.
Research proposal contain the following elements:
1. Preliminary pages
Under preliminary pages we have several sections
1.1 RESEARCH TOPIC OR TITLE
It is a statement of the problem and major research question that
stated in a summary, normally with no more than twenty words.
Or
It is a problem that needs answers and it is a researcher who comes
up with answers.
THE FOLLOWING ARE THE PROCESS FOLLOWED
(i)Recognize obstacles.
(ii)Describe the general problem or area of study.
(iii) To narrow down the research problem topic.
Example:
EXAMINE THE EFFORT

2. CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Under introduction, we normally introduce the chapter
1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
This describes how the problems started and how that problem it is and
how those problems affecting people. And also you have to proof if
those problem are there.
It is an intensive explanation of the problem which includes sufficient
explanation about a problem.
It provide the content of the study by explaining how the particular
problem had occurred and why it is a problem. (maelezo kiundani zaidi
yanayoonyesha kwanini unataka kufanya utafiti)
 A Researcher shows what have been done or publishes on the
problem.
 The background of the study normally states from broad generally
to the specific idea.
When you trace the problem you look on;
Worldwide like Europe, and America
Continental wide like West Africa and East
Africa
Country Wide ie Tanzania

3. Forexamlpe
If your study is about
“THE CONTRIBUTION OF IFFECIVE
COMMUNICATION TOWARD THE ATTAINMENT
OF ORGANIZATIO GOALS IN TANZANIA. A CASE
STUDY OF MBEYA CITY.
You start worldwide like China, British, America, Africa
(West Africa, East Africa, then Tanzania and if possible, the
area where research is going to be conducted eg. Mbeya
City.
In this section a researcher should identify the problem
prevailing and from the first time was reported
Then the researcher should explain the effects of the
problem, who were affected most and why and whether there
were any efforts that taken to solve those problem.
And if there was any effort taken the researcher must explain
and indicate the results of those efforts taken.
 The researcher also should clearly state if the problem
is steel reveling or existing.
Whatever the problem was solved or not one has to indicate that there is
need for proposed study to investigate about the research problem.
The background of the study will help the leaders to get pictures about
the research problem.
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In this section a researcher is suppose to provide a short introduction of
the problem, Problem trends, the effects of problems,
Then the problem should be defined after the short introduction.

4. It should be short statement of the research problem specifically
showing what a researcher wants to find out.
It normally covers a half page or three qouter of the page. (robotatu ya
ukurasa)
How to write a problem statement
After you have identified a research problem for your project, the next
step is to write a problem statement. An effective problem statement is
concise and concrete. It should:
 Put the problem in context (what do we already know?)
 Describe the precise issue that the research will address (what do
we need to know?)
 Show the relevance of the problem (why do we need to know it?)
 Set the objectives of the research (what will you do to find out?)
Steps for writing statement of the problem
Step 1: Contextualize the problem
The problem statement should frame your research problem in its
particular context and give some background on what is already known
about it. It should focus on the concrete details of the situation:
 Where and when does the problem arise?
 Who does the problem affect?
 What attempts have been made to solve the problem?
Example
Voter turnout in region X has been decreasing steadily over the past ten
years, in contrast to other areas of the country. According to surveys
conducted by organization Y, turnout is lowest among under-25s and
people on low incomes. There have been some effective attempts at
engaging these groups in other regions, and in the last two elections

5. parties A and B increased their campaigning efforts in region X, but
these interventions have yet to have any significant effect on turnout.
Step 2: Show why it matters
The problem statement should also address the relevance of the research:
why is it important that the problem is solved?
This doesn’t mean you have to do something groundbreaking or world-
changing. It’s more important that the problem is researchable, feasible,
and clearly addresses a relevant issue in your field.
To make it clear why your research problem matters, you can ask
yourself:
 What will happen if the problem is not solved?
 Who will feel the consequences?
 Does the problem have wider relevance (e.g. are similar issues
found in other contexts)?
Example
Low voter turnout has been shown to have negative associations with
social cohesion and civic engagement, and is becoming an area of
increasing concern in many European democracies. When specific
groups of citizens lack political representation, they are likely to become
more excluded over time, leading to an erosion of trust in democratic
institutions. Addressing this problem will have practical benefits for
region X and contribute to understanding of this widespread
phenomenon.
Step 3: Set your aims and objectives
Finally, the problem statement should frame how you intend to address
the problem. Your goal should not be to find a conclusive solution, but
to seek out the reasons behind the problem and propose more effective
approaches to tackling or understanding it.

6. The aim is the overall purpose of your research. It is generally written in
the infinitive form:
 The aim of this study is to determine…
 This project aims to explore…
 I aim to investigate…
The aim of this research is to investigate effective engagement strategies
to increase voter turnout in region X. It will identify the most significant
factors in non-voting through surveys and interviews, and conduct
experiments to measure the effectiveness of different strategies.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.
Here the researcher tells out exactly what he or she intends to do by
specifying the focused variable that is intention for conducting the study.
What should be achieved.
In short under this section you just take the research title.
Example:
“THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY IS TO ASSESS THE
CONTRIBUTION OF IFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIN TOWARD
ATAINMENT OF ORGANIZATION GOALS IN TANZANIA.
1.5 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
There are general objective and specific objectives.
Are the specific issues within the scope of the study that the researcher
want to focus on or issues that the researcher will deal with.
Research objective should specify what you will do on your study.

7. Forexamlple: “THE CONTRIBUTION OF IFFECIVE
COMMUNICATION TOWARD THE ATTAINMENT OF
ORGANIZATIO GOALS IN TANZANIA”
Complete title.
“TO ACCESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF IFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATIN TOWARD ATAINMENT OF ORGANIZATION
GOALS”
1.5.1 General Objective
 The general objective it is all about research title.
For example
“THE GENERAL OBEJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY IS TO
ACCESS THE COTRIBUTION OF EFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATION TOWARD THE ATTAINMENT OF
ORGANIZATION GOALS IN TANZANIA”
1.5.2 Specific Objectives
The specific objectives are;
 To identify the barriers of effective communication for the
attainment of organization goals
 To access the impacts of effective communication for the
attainment of the organization goals.
 To find out possible ways for effective communication at the work
place.
 In writing research objectives, we use research language like:
To examine
To access
To determine.
To find out.

8. To suggest etc.
Normally (specific objective) may be three, four, or five.
Normally; The last objective is to find out the solution of the study.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
These are the questions that the researcher would want to be
answered by the proposed study.
The number of question to be contracted should be equal to the
number of the research objectives i.e. specific objectives.
And also each objective must construct its question
For example
I f you have four objectives you will have four questions.
“TO ACCESS THE CONTRIBUTION OF IFFECTIVE
COMMUNICATIN TOWARD ATAINMENT OF ORGANIZATION
GOALS”
 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
(i) What are the barriers of effective communication for the
attainment of organization goals?
(ii) What are the impacts of effective communication for the
attainment of organization goals?
(iii) What are the possible ways for effective communication at
the work place?

9. Assignment:
1. Go and create five research titles
2. Identify variables for each title
3. Formulate general objective and three specific objectives for
each title
4. Formulate research questions
1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.
This part is followed after the research questions.
You can say how the organization, society, and individuals can
or will benefits from your study.
Example:
1.8 SCOPE AND DELIMINATION OF THEN STUDY.
(i)Here the researcher should show the boundary of the research
is going to be focused.
(ii)What type of information will be obtained and investigated.
(iii)Show the population of your study.
(iv)You state the methodologies that will be used in your study.
Example:
The scope of the study is for primary schools of Mbeya City
.The study will include standard seven graduated, Primary
School teachers and school committee.
 The study will focus on performance of pupils on primary
school living examination.
 The study will not dealt with the pupils who did not sit for
primary school living examination.
1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY.

10. Limitation of the study refers to constraints or problem a
research may encounter or face during conducting a study.
 Language problem
 Transport problem
 Believes and culture. Eg Religion.
 Limitation budget
 Whether condition
 Economic activities of the respondents e.t.c
 It is very important for research to state why he/she
think that will be the limitation of this or her study
end.
 How he/she will tackle each limitation encounter
with.
1.10 CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK OR THEORETICAL FRAME
WORK.
 Is broader idea of a research that contains key concept
and issues which a researcher want to investigate in the
study.
 Is a basic structure or a research containing of certain
abstract idea and concepts that a researcher want to
observe, do experience or analyze.
 The researcher also can base on a certain theory.
 But this part in the research for lower level education is
not necessary but for masters level is must.

11. CHAPTE RTWO
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Is and account of what has been published on a topic by accredited
scholars and researchers.
Generally, you can define literature review as the stage or process in
which the researcher reads and critically analysis existing information
about the topic or problem of the research.
 In this stage the researcher reads various materials from
different sources. Like journal, books, news paper e.t.c.
 This should be a briefly review showing what have
been done.
 The purpose of literature review is to convey to your
reader what knowledge and ideas have been
established. We look the strength and weakness of
others.
 It is very important to write citation in a clear way.
example: The author name can start at the beginning or
at the end, :according to Mwasumbi (2018) or Juma
(2018),
Also you can start to write (Mwaipopo, 2018).
If the book is given by two authors we can cite by (Mwaipopo &
Mwambuja 2013)
If there are three author and soon we cite by
(Mwaipopo et al.2013),

12. And we select the surname of the first writer on the book.
If you use the citation of other author in the book of another author, you
write Mwaipop (2013) in Mwambuje (2017).
Categories of literature review
There are two categories of literature reviews.
 (i)Theoretical literature reviews.
 (ii)Empirical literature review.
This review intends to gather general information or theoretical
knowledge about certain phenomena.
 Is where the researcher find the general information.
Here you can read dictionaries, some books to look on the
definition.
REFERRENCING
Are all sources of materials used by a researcher.
There are several numbers of referencing style.
But for our case we use A.P.A style.(American physiological
association.
WITH ONE OUTHOR

13. Here there are 5 issues that should be considered
1. (i)The Name Of The Author; Starting With His Or Her Sir Name
Then his or her initial. (kifupi)
Example: Juma Kasekwa
We should write like(Kasekwa ,J)
Ref:Kasekwa,J(2007) Reserch method; Mombasa;MKUKI NA
NYOTA PUBLISHERS.
(ii)The date : make sure you indicate the date where the date is
indicated in the blacket.
(iii)Then you should write the title of the book.
(iv)Publication place
(IV) publisher.
A BOOK WITH TWO AUTHORS
Here you write the names of both author ,flowed by the date. The
title of the book, Day of publication,the title of the book, the
publication place then ends with the publishers.
Example:
Msekwa&mbwene(2007) research method; Mombasa: MKUKI
AN NYOTA PUBLISHER.
THREE OR FIVE AUTHORS
We write only three authors.
Msekwa,J , mbwene,T, juma,R(2007) research method; Mombasa:
MKUKI AN NYOTA PUBLISHER.
Au unaweza kufupicsha kwa

14. 6 AUTHORS
You write all of them.
Msekwa,J , mbwene,T, juma,R Mbekwa,J , Lawene,O,&
Kajuma,R (2007) research method; Mombasa: MKUKI AN
NYOTA PUBLISHER.
CORPERATE AUTHOR AND CORPERATE AUTHOR AS A
BUBLISHER:
Under here
Author neme, date,the title,the place of publication, and then the
word author.
EDITED BOOK
Write the name of the editer then in blanket write ed
(one)Kasekwa,J(ed)(2017) Research method;Mombasa:nyongwe.
(many)Kasekwa,J(eds)(2017) Research
method;Mombasa:nyongwe.
A BOOK WITH NO AUTHOR
Here the first thing is to write the title of the book then after full
stop you write the date ,then publication place and the publisher.
Example:
Research method .(2007) ;Mombasa:MKUKI NA NYOTA
A BOOK WITH NO DATE
Authors name ,then in blanket write “no date” then you write the
title of the book, place of publication and the bublishers.

15. Example:Juma,Y(n.d)………………………………….
THE SOURCE FROM INTERNENT.
Author, the date, title , place of the publication, publisher and
Example:
Mkuki na nyota publisher. Retrived from https://www.org.tz on 8th
January 2019.
If the time is required the after date you write at 2:00PM.
Example:
Mkuki na nyota publisher. Retrived from https://www.org.tz on 8th
January 2019 at 2:00PM
A BOOK WITH NO PUBLICATION OR CITY.
When no city has been identified in a print material
You have to such online and use a city for the publisher head
office.
JOURNAL ARTICLES
When deals with …...articles you have authors name followed by
year, title of article, the title of the journal , volume of tat journal
and then the pages where the article found within the journal.
Magazine article
We have the mouths magazine to include the month, 2019
january
Weekly magazine day 2019 january, 8th
ARTICLE FROM THE NEWS PAPER.
Authors name, the month, the date, title of the articles, the title of
the news paper and the page.

17. CHAPTRER THREE
RESEARCH MATHODOLOGY
3.1 INRODUCTION
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
Is a framework of methods and technique chosen by a researcher to
combine various components of a research in a reasonably logical
manner so that a research problem is efficiently handled.
Always it provide the result in which the research will be conducted.
 Should relate with the questions that has been chosen.
CHARACTERISTCS OF RESEARCH DESIGN

18.  NEUTRALITY.
The result projected in research design should be free from
biers.
majibu yatarajiayo yasiwe an upendeleo.na amjibu
yasiangalie upande wako.
 RELIABILITY.
Should indicate how the research question can be found to
insure standard of obtained results.
 VALIDITY
There are multiple tools available for a research design but
valid measures tools are those which helps a researcher in
gauging /measure in gating result according to the objectives
of a research and nothing else.
 GENERALIZATION.
This means that the outcome of research design should be
applicable to a population and not just to a restricted some
more.
TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
A researcher must have a clearer understanding of the various
type of research design to select which type of research
design to implement for a studying.
Research design can be broadly classified into
Qualitative and quantitative research design.
QUALITATIVE.

19. Is implemented in cases where a relationship between
corrected data and observation is not established on the bases
of mathematical calculations.
QUANTITATIVE
Is implemented in cases where it is important a researcher to
have statistical conclusion to collect actionable data.
3.3 AREA OF STUDY
Area of studying is the area of your research meaning which
all categories your research falls into .area of the study it
describe an area where your research will be conducted and
the reason of selecting the area and not another one.
“This study will be conducted at……..”
Causes.
 Kuapata data kwa urahisi.
 Kawa sababu hili eneo ni lahisi kupata ukimwi.
3.4 TAGETED POPULATION
This includes the number of people or groups to whom the
researcher will conduct the study. It mentions the population
and participants of the research.
Example
“THE ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACT OF FREE
EDUCATION FUNDS IN PROVISION OF QUALITY
EDUCATION IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.”
The targeted population of this study/ participants of this
study are teachers, students from selected public school,
district officer and parents.

20. 3.5 SAMPLE SIZE AND SAMPLING TYECHNIQUES.
3.5.1 SAMPLE SIZE
Is a subset of measurement selected from the whole population of the
study. In research you have to select a sample that represents the whole
population.
Example:
“THE ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACT OF FREE
EDUCATION FUNDS IN PROVISION OF QUALITY
EDUCATION IN LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOLS.”
 The 36 respondents were selected from 5 schools.
5 head techers, 5 academic masters, 5 teachers, (5 from
school) and 15 students and also1 education officer and 5
parents.
3.5.2 SAMLING TECHNIQUES
Are the methods that will be used in selecting sample size.
Sampling techniques can be categorized into two categories.
1. Probability sampling
2. Non probability sampling.

21. PROBABILITY SAMPLING.
Are the sampling techniques that give the entire individual in the
population equal chances of being selected for the study.
That means every individual in a particular population has equal chance
of being involved in studying.
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
There are about seven types of probability sampling.
1. SIMPLE RANDOMLY SAMPLING.
In this technique each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected as subject (participant)
The inter process is done in a single step with each subject selected
independent on other member of the population.
The researcher must ensure that all the member of the population is
included in the list and they are randomly selected.
2. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING.
This is a process of selecting participant at a fixed interval.
Individuals are chosen at a regular from the sampling frame ( a list
of individuals) or targeted population.
Example
After every tenth people until you get a sample that is needed
depending on the researchers references.
For instance, If a systematic sample is to be selected from 1000
students of a school and the researcher want a sample of 100
students he or she should divide the total number of students to the
sample number required.

22. That is
Example
1000 divide by 100 where is equal to 10 students.
To ensure against any possible human bias the researcher should
select the first individual at randomly.
3. CLUSTER RANDOMLY SAMPLING.
In cluster randomly sampling, the total population is divided into a
number of relatively small sub-division and then some of this
cluster is randomly selected for inclusion in the study.
(Or to divide population into groups.)
This is done when simple random sampling is almost impossible
because of the size of population.
It is used in large population.
For example:
In the university, the researcher can divide student into cluster that
corresponds to their diploma program.
e.g
ODIT,ODHRM,ODBA,ODCD,ODLIS,ODL,ODJMC,ODAF,O
DPSM,ODNM. etc
From these programs some of this program can be randomly
selected.
3. STRATIFIED SAMPLING.
When the population consists of the number of sub-groups or strata
that may differ in characteristics being studied, it is often desirable
to use stratified sampling. Under this sampling technique the
researcher divide the group in the several groups and then

23. randomly select the final subject proportionally. If it is ten (10)
then from each group he or she should select the respondent.
Stratified random sampling involves dividing the potential
samples into two or more mutually exclusive groups based on
categories of interest in the research.
The purpose is to organize the potential samples into
homogenous subsets before sampling. For example, you could
divide the potential samples based on gender, race or
occupation. You then draw a random sample from each subset.
Stratified random sampling is common because it ensures that
each subgroup of the larger group is adequately represented in
the sample.
For example:
One can divide the student pursuing community development, into
basic technician students, diploma one student. And from each
class the researcher can pick 50 students for inclusion in the study.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STRATIFIED SAMPLING AND
CLUSTER RANDOMLY SAMPLING.
1. Under cluster sampling we divide population under small
groups by random sampling.
And under stratified we divide population under small groups and
then you chose the participants from each group.
5. AREA SAMPLING
6. MULT STAGE RANDOMMLY SAMPLINGE
7. DISPROPORTIONATE SAMPLING

26. 5.AREA SAMPLING
Is a type of cluster sampling that a population is divided according
to the geographical population.
Eg

27. According to zone, region, district, etc.
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6.MULTSTAGE RANDOMY SAMPLING
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7. DISPPROPOTIONALNATE SUMPLING
This sampling method divide the population into sub-group or
strata but employees’ sampling fraction that is not similar.
Each subgroup may have its sample.
For example some subgroup are over sampled relatives to other.
NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Under non probability sampling sample are selected based on basis
of their accessibility, purpose personal judgment of the researcher.
That means is the researcher who select depending on the personal
judgment .Here there is no an equal chances of being selected.
TYPES OF NON PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1. QUATARY SAMPLING.

28. In this method the researcher’s interviews as many people in each
category anthill he or she has filled his or her quarters.
2. PURPOSE SAMPLING
This method involves purposely hand picking individuals from
the population based on the authorities or researchers knowledge
and judgment.
This is typically used when focused in the
Respondent are selected according to their merit and their
professional .
The researcher choose the sample based on who, the sick would be
appropriate for the studies.
This is when the researcher choose a participants from who he or
she sick can provide the required information and who have
information due to his or her title.
e.g
head teacher, academic teacher, academic master ,parents and so
on.
4.CONVINIENCE OR ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING
In this type of sampling member of the study are chosen based on
their relative access. That means interviewing the first individual
will encounter.
Here researcher does not ask the individual interviewed to show or
choosing another individual but researcher just use his or effort to
find another respondent
Sometime is called accidental sampling, opportunity sampling, or
grab.

29. 5. SELF SELECTION SAMPLING.
This involves a personal him or herself deciding to register so as to
participate in the study or one select him or herself for studying rather
than being selected.
QUESTION
Discuss the charateria that one should use in selecting a sample.
3.SNOWBALLING SAMPLING

30. This method involves the researcher asking the initial of first
subject to nominate , or choose another personal with the same
characteristics the researcher then observed the chosen subject
and continue in the someway until he or she obtain the enough .
number of respondent.
The first respondent refers to friend with the same
characteristics. Example
First or DHRM student.
After being selected he or she shows him his or her DHRM for
second.
It is always used to unknown participants.
3.6 METHODES OF DATA COLLECTION.
Is the instrument used by researcher to collect the required data.
Also it refers to tools instruments or technique used by
researcher to gather or collect important data or information.
1. Questionnaires
2. Observations
3. Interview
4. Telephonic
5. Focus group discussion
6. Documentary review

31.  In this section a researcher is explaining how is going to collect
data .and which instruments will be used and required.
 It is important for a researcher to explain how the particular
research method will be used in facilitating data collection
process.
 The researcher has to indicate which method was used or will be
used. To which respondents and why?
Eg: This study will employee questionnaire method of data
collection.
I. You must state to whom and why
For example:
If it is for students then you must state why to student and not
for parents.
The reason for using questionnaire may be because some
parents cannot read and write.
Fore stance the researcher has to specify who were given the question
and why?
Or who were interviewed and why, who were involved to group
discussion and why.
The selection of appropriate method of data collection emphasized by
many factors.
I. i.Nature and scope of study.
II. ii. Availability of resources.

32. III. Money, people, labors
IV. iii. Time factor
V. iv. Nature of the participants.
Example: sexual behavior
VI. v. Data required.
I.QUESTIONNARES METGHOD
Is a written list of questions that are answered by a number of
people with the aim of collecting information.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
We have two types of questions in questionnaire
1. Open ended questions (questionnaire.)
Under opened questions the researcher asks the respondents to
provide answers by using their words.
Are the questions that allow the respondents to writer in his or
her own words.
He or she is free to explain in or her words.
1. Close ended question.
Is a type of question that give a respondent a choice of answers
to select form.
e.g. answers is like “YES OR NO”
“AGREE OR DISAGREE”
ADVANTAGES OF CLOSE ENDED QUESTION
(i) It saves time. Especially when you have the large size of respondents.
(ii) It can cover a large population at a time.
(iii) It is easy to construct answer

33. (iv) It is bets when the specific data is needed.
(v) Results are reliable.This means the consistence of your answers and
provides quality answers.
DISADVANTAGES:
(i) It is expensive; some time it use papers, printing cost and
distribution.
(ii) It cannot be used only used to only people who can be able to
read and write.
(iii) Can provide the wrong information. Because you cannot
question anything because you are no
(iv) Sometime questionnaire can be lost.
(v)If not well contracted it may face language failure.
You have to use the simple language and clear language.
INTEWVIEW METHOD
Is a private meeting in which researcher asks a respondents question
in order to collect information.
And it is a face to face conversation in which a researcher asks an
answered.
This can be structured or unstructured.



34.  Structured
Is the one where the questions is prepared and asked according to
ascending order.
ADVANTAGES.
(i) A researcher is in position to clarify on his or her
position.
(ii) It provides immediately feedback. because it is an
instant conversation.
(iii) The researcher can easily to identify the wrong
information by looking body language of the
respondent.
(iv) It also provides a wide range of data.
That means a lot of information can be collected.
Unstructured.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
OF FINDINGS.

35. Is all about organizing data and breaking it down into easy
understood parts.
Ones data are collected the next stage is to analyze this section a
researcher will indicate how he or she analyze the data and
presents a results in line with a researcher objective and
hypothesis related to the study.
So when analyze data make sure you analyze in line with
research objective prepared.
ISUES TO CONSIDER WHEN YOU ANALZE DATA.
1. Assign a unique identifier to each individual in your database
.
That means that to choose a code to each item to be used in
your research.
Example.
Numbe, names.
Eg.
In this study one will
1-will be ues for boys
2-will be used for girls.
Moja ni mwanaume
Mbili ni mwanamke.
2. Includa all information about an individual in one row of
your database rather than having the same person appeared in
multiple places.
(Hakikisaha data za mtu mmoja hazijirudidriudii.)

36. 3. Inter data in consistence format such as always using 1- to
refract female gender.
TABLE 3.3 Respondant of the effect answered by shortage of free
fee education in provision of quality education.
Effect
of
shorta
ge of
free Feer fund Valid Cumulative
Frequen
cy
Percen
t Percent Percent
Shortage of
physical resources. 4 5.6 5.6 5.6
Shortage of
teaching
33 46.5 46.5 52.1

37. ,materials
resoureces.
Shortage of
fund 7 9.9 9.9 62.0
Shortage of
girls
equipment 26 36.6 36.6 98.6
1 1.4 1.4 100.0
Total 71 100.0 100.0
Effects of shortage of free education fund in provision of
quality education.
How does shortage of free fee education fund effect the
provision of quality education.?
Shortage of physical resources the friends reveals that 20%
of the respondent viewed that shortage of free fee education
fund Leeds to shortage of physical resources such as
classroom, desks.
2/2/2019
OBJECTIVE

38. Time recommended for the government to disburse fund at
school.
Teachers were asked and to suggest time for the government
to disburse fund to school and results were shown in table 4.0
below.
Table 4.0 Respondents recommendation on the time for tha
gvnt to disburse the fund at school.
Recommended time Frequency Percentage
At the beginning of
the mouth
32 89
At the middle of the
mouth
2 5.5
At the end of the
mouth
2 5.5
TOTAL 36 100
Source : Field data 2019
Discussion
Respondents were asked to give their opinion on what time
government should disburse fund for free fee at school
Table 4.0 about 32(89%) of respondent suggested that free
education fund should be received at the beginning of each
mouth so as to get required equipment per student, while
2(5.5) of the respondent suggested that fund should be
disburse at the middle of the mouth.
The same with those who suggested that fund should be
disbursed at the end of the mouth.
conlusion

39. This means that the majority of teachers need government to provide
fund for fee free easy so as that the required resources for each student
should be available all over the beginning and ending process.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This is chapter five in research project under this chapter five there are
three things that is summary, conclusion and recommendation
SUMMARY

40. Under summary the following are included;
1. The purpose of your study
2. Research objectives
3. Area of the studying
4. Research design used
5. Sample and sampling used.
5. Methods of data collection used
6. Data analysis procedure used
All these issues should appear in one paragraph.
CPONLUSION
Here the researcher establish conclusion basing on the research
objectives or research themes .(maudhui).
The number of conclusion will be determined by the number of the
research objectives or research themes.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The number of recommendation will base on the research findings.
Her you write your ideas on what should be done .
We have two types of recommendation
One is
Recommendation for action: Here researcher writes the
recommendation feeling that his or her studying is going to solve the

41. current problems. This is all about what should be done by various]s
group like government, schools, individual, EGOs etc.
Recommendation for farther studies: Here the researcher recommend
Shorty what should be done by others researchers. It is a suggestion on
what should be done on the same problem.
APPENDIX (viambatanisho)
This are the different thing the]at should be attracted with research work.
For example
1. Research tools or research instruments questionnaire
Focus group discussion guide line, check list,
Time table:

42. that shows all activities done from the first day to the last day of your
study
Time activity achevemengt
RESEARCH LESSENS.
I s a permission letter from the respective institution like the college or
university for instance you will need to have permission from UDSM
before conducting your study.
DRAWINGS
Diagram, photograph
FORMAT OF RESERCH PROJECT.
Here we mean how to write the preliminary pages .
Under this section the following will be observed,
1.COVER PAGE:

43. Should appair in a hard paper and should involve the main title of the
research project in capital letter of 14 font size.
Shold be bolded and centered.
RESERCHERS FULL NEME:
Startin with first name , middle name and surname and should be
boldedn with 14 font size and centered.
TITLE PAGE:
Contains the following;
1.title of the study in capital letter,bolded in 14 font size and centered.
It also include a researchers full name, and should be centered, and
boldered.
The words should be added.
“A research project submitted to the university of dar ess salam in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of ordinary
diploma in Information and communication Technology(ODIT) of
UDM.”
Then write the time of submition:
Example: February .6. 2019.
CERTIFICATIO
Here copy from another research project but change the name

44. I decrare that this research is my original work;
COPPYRIGHT
Here we copy from another project
AKNOLOGMENT.
I thanks my god,my parents and so on.
DEDICATION.
Here you dedicate any body you need example father,mother, etc
AN ABSTRACT
Is a short summary of your own work that is from chapter one up to
chapter five in a single page. Abstract is in a single space line.
TABLE OF CONTENT,
Should show the main and sub content of your project , it can be
manually or by using automatic formulated also contains the list of
figures, like charts, photo etc, also contains appendix and references.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Here we try to explain that has been used on your research.
FONT SIZE;
All work/ text should be written I times new roman with 14 font size,
Except for tables and figures whose font size should be 10 or 12 font
size.

45. MARGIN
Should be 4 cm from the left, 4 cm from the top, 2.5 cm from the right,
and 2.5 cm from the bottom of page.
PAGINATION.
All preliminary pages should be in lower case roman numerals and the
last should appear in Arabic numerals.