Goat keeping manual Nepali

स्वागतम तथा नमस्कार
बाख्रा पालन
तयारी तथा संकलन: कपुर भुसाल

ljifo;"lr
qm=;
+=
ljifo sIff;+Vof
! tflndsfkl/ro,p2]Zo/ afv|fkfngsf]kmfO{bf/ a]kmfO{bfx? !
@ afv|fsf]hft/ hftsf]ljj/0f !
# cfxf/fJoj:yfkg–kf}li6stTj,xl/of]3fF;,bfgftyfljleGg pd]// cj:yfsfafv|fx?sf]x]/rfx ug]{af/]hfgsf/L !
$ vf]/ Joj:yfkg/ afv|fsf]nflucfjZoskg]{ 7fpFaf/]hfgsf/L !
% afv|fsf]k|hggJoj:yfkg–k|hggljlw tyfpd]// cj:yfcg';f/ afv|f5gf}6ug]{tl/sf !
^ :jf:YoJoj:yfkg–lg/f]uL/ /f]uLafv|fdfleGgtf, cf}iflwk|of]uug]{ tl/sf/ v;L kfbf{sf]kmfO{bf af/]
hfgsf/L
!
& afv|fsf]afXotyfcfGtl/s k/lhjLaf/]hfgsf/L !
* afv|fsf]ckr,c?rL,k]6km'Ng],5]/f}6Laf/]hfgsf/L !
( afv|fsf]af+emf]kg,lgdf]lgof,5 df;]/ d'cfnf]/f]uaf/]hfgsf/L !
!) afv|fsf]lk=lk=cf/=/ vf]/]t/f]uaf/]hfgsf/L !
!! afvfkfngdfclen]v Joj:yfkg,h}ljs;'/Iff / ahf/Joj:yfkg !
!@ tflndl/Eo"/ ;dfkg !

s[ifsx?sf] nfluafvfkfng tflnd
kl/ro
g]kfndf cflbdsfnb]lv g} kz'kfng If]qsf] Ps cleGg Joj;fosf] ?kdf afv|fkfng ub}{
cfPsf] b]lvG5 . afv|fkfng Joj;fon] d'n'ssf] u|fdL0f tyf b'u{d If]qdf /x]sf s[ifsx?sf]
cy{tGqdf k|d'v e'ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] kfO{G5 To;}n] s[lif If]qdf ;+nUg s[ifsx? dWo]
%! k|ltzt 3/k/Ljf/ afv|fkfng k]zfl;t cfj4 /lx cfPsf]5 . vf; u/L afv|fkfng df;'
pTkfbgsf] nflu u/L cfPsf] eP tfklg o;af6 pTkfbg x'g] 5fnf, /f}+ -k:dLgf_, b"w tyf
x88Lx? ljleGg ;fdfgx?sf] pTkfbgdf /fd|/Lg} pkof]u e}/x]sf] kfO{G5.

-!_ afv|f d[To';Fu n8g ;Sg] Ifdtf af]s]sf] k|f0fL xf] . of]
bfgf k.gLsf] sdL, cToflws udL{ vKg ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{
cfo cfh{g ug{df Ps cToGt pkof]uL hgfj/sf] ?kdf lnOPsf]
5 . ;fy} ;fy} kl/jlt{t hnjfo', df};d tyf tfkqmd / kxf8L
e"lddf klg afv|fkfng ug{ ;lsg] ePsf]n] c? kz' eGbf
afv|fnfO{pRrk|fyldstfdf/flvPsf]xf] .

-@_ afv|fsf] k|hgg hDdf % dlxgfsf] x'g], jfnL nufpg hlxn] klg
;lsg] / o;n] w]/}h;f] h'DNofxf lbg] ePsf]n] nlIft p2]Zo cln
l56f] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
-#_ ! j6f ufO{ e};L kfNgsf nfuL rflxg] 7fpF / nufgLaf6 ^ j6f ;Dd
afv|f kfNg ;lsg] ePsf]n] afv|f kfngnfO{ul/asf] ufO{klg elgG5.

-$_ jfv|fh:tf] klg 3fF; vfg] ePsf]n]x'sf{pg ;d:of gx'g] /
;fy} o:sf]uf]j/, dnd'qs[lifpTkfbga9fpg
kmnbfoL dn x'G5 .
-%_ sd >daf6pRr k|ltkmncfpg] .

dxTj M
!= /f}+, klZdgf
@= ul/jsf]ufO{,ul/jsf]a}+s
#= o;sf] df;'df&^=* k|ltzt kfgL,@=^ k|ltzt af];f],
!(=^ k|ltzt k|f]l6g /! k|ltzt vlgh kfOg] .
$= o;sf] b'wdf 6o'j/s'lnAofl;n;eGg] ;'Idlhjf0f'k|foM
b'n{ex'g]x'Fbf :jf:Yosf]nflunfebfos
%=afv|fsf] b'waf6lgld{tlrhsf] dfFu cToflws ePsf].
^= ;fdflhsk/Dk/f cg';f/laz]if dxTj
&= dnsf] nflu
*=yf]/} k"hL/ ;lhn}:ofxf/;';f/ug{ ;lsg] .
(= s"n afv|f(!=*^nfv /x]sf] / s"n df;'pTkfbgdf @) k|Ltztof]ubfg /x]sf] .

afv|fkfngsf]kmfObftyfa]kmfObfx?
kmfO{bfx? a]kmfO{bfx?
 sd nufgLdf ug{ ;lsg] .
 5f]6f] cjlwdf w]/} ;+Vofdfkf7fkf7L pTkfbg
x'g] .
 Pp6f e}+;Lsf] nflu rflxg] 3fF;bfgfaf6 sl/a *
b]lv ( j6f afv|f kfNg ;lsg] .
 :j/f]huf/ x'g] .
 c?dnsf] t'ngfdf afv|fsf] dn a9L dlnnf] x'g] .
 afv|fsf] b"w kf]lifnf] / ;lhn} kRg] vfnsf] x'G5 .
 v;Lafv|fsf] df;' ;a}hft / wd{sf] dflg;x?n]
:jLsf/]]sf] kfO{G5 .
 r/gdf afv|fx?n] emf8L tyf a'6ofgnfO{ h/}
b]lv vfO{ lbg] x'gfn] r/g dfl;g] ;+efjgf x'G5 .
 b"w lbg] afv|fnfO{ lbgdf slDtdf @ k6s
b'xg'k5{ .
 afv|fkfng ubf{ d'cfnf] / a|';]Nnf]l;; h:tf
;+qmfds /f]u dflg;df ;g{;S5 .
 prfO{ / xfjfkfgLn] afv|fkfngdf 7"nf] c;/ ug{
;S5-kfgL nfUg] cflb_ .

ef}uf]lnscj:yf cg';f/sf]afv|fkfng
t/fO{ afv|f t/fO{ tyf leqLdw]z -#)) ld6/;Dd_
v/L -kxf8L afv|f_ tNnf] Pj+ dWo–kxf8L If]q -#)) ld6/b]lv
!%)) ld6/;Dd_
l;Gxfnafv|f pRr kxf8L If]q -!%))ld6/b]lv@%))
;Dd_
Rofªu|f lxdfnLIf]q-@%)) ld6/eGbfdfly_

afv|fsf]hftx?
xfjfkfgL prfO{sf] cfwf/df g]kfndf lgDgfg';f/sf] ljleGg hftsf :yfgLo afv|fx? kfO{G5gM–
-!_Rofªu|f -@_ l;Gxfn -#_ v/L jf kxf8L afv|f -$_ t/fO{ afv|f .
:yfgLo afv|fsf] gZn ;'wf/sf] nflu ljleGg b]zaf6 pGgt gZnsf af]sf, afv|f NofO{ kfngkf]if0f u/L
ltgLx?af6 j0f{z+s/ hftsf afv|f pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 .
ljb]zL hftsf afv|fx?df hd'gfkf/L, afa]{/L, ;fgg, chd]/L / la6n kb{5g eg] xfn cfP/ af]P/ hftsf]
afv|fkfngdf j[l4 e}/x]sf] kfO{G5 .
;fgg hftsf afv|f b"w / lrh pTkfbgsf] nflu kflng] ul/Psf] 5 .

-s_:yfgLoafv|fsf]hftsf]ljj/0f
!= Rofªuf M–
dgfª, d':tfË, 8f]Nkf h:tflxdfnL If]qdf df;' /pgsf]
nflu kfnG5 .
 jo:s Rofªu|faf6aif{df @)) u|fd;Dd kl:dgf
pTkfbg x'G5 .
 k7]+ªu|L sl/a * b]lv ( dlxgf / af]sf sl/a !) b]lv
!@dlxgf pd]/k'u]kl5 k|hgg of]Uo x'G5g .
 Ps a]tdf Pp6fdfq kf7fkf7L kfp+5 .
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n @%b]lv #)s]=hL=;Dd
x'G5
/ af]sfsf] cf}ift tf}n #)b]lv $) s]=hL=;Dd x'G5
.

#=v/Ljfkxf8Lafvf
 dWo kxf8L If]qsf lhNnfx?
vf;u/L pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, tgx'+,
:ofªhf, u'NdL, c3f{vf+rL, ;'v]{t,
s}nfnL cflb lhNnfx?df df;'sf]
nflu kflnG5 .
 of] hftsf] afv|fx? ljleGg /+usf
x'G5g To;df klg sfnf] / v}/f]
/+u a9L kfO{G5 .
 k7]+ªu|L sl/a ( b]lv !) dlxgf /
af]sf sl/a !@ dlxgf pd]/ k'u]
kl5 k|hgg of]Uo x'G5.
 Ps a]tdf @ jf @ eGbf a9L
kf7fkf7L kfp+F5 / @ aif{df #
k6s;Dd JofpF5 .
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n @) b]lv
#) s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 / af]sfsf]
cf}ift tf}n @% b]lv $)
s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 .

$t/fO{afv|f
 afFs], alb{of, bf+u, wg'iff,
dxf]Q/L, lrtjg h:tf t/fO{ / leqL
dw]zsf lhNnfx?df df;' / b"w
b'j}sf] nflu kflnG5 .
 of] hftsf] afv|fx?df k|fo v}/f]
/+udf
;]tf] w;f{ x'G5 .
 k7]+ªu|L sl/a ( b]lv !) dlxgf /
af]sf sl/a !@ dlxgf pd]/ k'u]
kl5 k|hgg of]Uo x'G5 .
 Ps j]tdf ! b]lv @ eGbf a9L
kf7fkf7L kfpF5 / @ aif{df #
k6s;Dd Jofp+5 .
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n @) b]lv
#) s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 / af]sfsf]
cf}ift tf}n #) b]lv #%
s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 .

-v_lab]zL gZnsf afv|fx?
!= hd'gfkf/L
 ef/tsf]pQ/ k|b]z/fHosf]O{6fjflhNnf
pTklt:yfg xf].
 of]hftsf]afv|fdf;'/ b"wb'j}sf]nflu kflnG5
.
 of] hftsf] afv|fx? ;fwf/0ftof ;]tf] jf
xNsfv}/f]/+udfkfO{G5g.
 of]hftsf]afvfsf]gfsp7]sf],sfgnfdf]
/ nq]sf]/ v'66fnfdf]x'G5
 k7]+ªu|Lsl/a !$b]lv!*dlxgf/ af]sfsl/a
!*dlxgf pd]/k'u]kl5 k|hggof]Uox'G5.
 Ps j]tdfPs kf7fkf7Lkfp+5/ aif{dfPs
k6s;DdJofp+5.
 b}lgs b"wpTkfbg@ b]lv# ln6/;DdlbG5 .
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n %) b]lv ^) s]=hL=;Dd
x'G5 / af]sfsf] cf}ift tf}n ^) b]lv ()
s]=hL=;Ddx'G5 .

21s[ifsx?sf] nflu afv|fkfng tflnd k'l:t sf (Manual)
@= af/a]/L
 k"jL{ ckm|Lsfsf] afa]{/f zx/df pTklt ePsf]
xf]/ ef/tsf]pQ/k|b]zdfk|z:tkfO{G5.
 of] hftsf] afv|fx?df ;]tf]df xNsf
v}/f]
/+usf]6f6fx'G5t/ slxn]sflxsfnf]6f6f klg
kfO{G5.
 of]hftsf]afv|fsf]5f]6f]v'66f, vFlbnf]z/L/
/ ;fgf]/ 5f]6f]sfgx'G5.
 k7]ªu|L sl/a ( b]lv !) dlxgf / af]sf sl/a !@
dlxgfpd]/k'u]kl5k|hgg of]Uo x'G5 .
 Ps j]tdf k|fo @ kf7fkf7L kfp+5 / @ aif{df #
k6s;DdJofp+5.
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n @% b]lv #)
s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 / af]sfsf] cf}ift tf}n #) b]lv
$)s]=hL=;Ddx'G5 .

#= ;fgg afv|f
 :jL6h/n}08sf] ;fgg pkTosfdf ljsf;
ul/Psf]afv|fxf].
 of] hftsf] afv|f b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu
kflnG5.
 b}lgs @b]lv % ln6/ b"wpTkfbgx'G5 eg]
lrNnf]kbfy{# b]lv $k|ltztx'G5 .
 of]hftsf]afv|fx?sf]/+u k|fo;]tf]/ qmLd
/+usf]x'G5 .
 of]hftsf]afv|fsf]z/L/df5f]6f]/f}+/ bfx|L
x'G5t/ l;Ë gx'g klg ;S5.
 k7]ªu|Lsl/a* b]lv( dlxgf/ af]sfsl/a
!) b]lv !@dlxgfpd]/k'u]kl5k|hgg of]Uo
x'G5.
 Ps j]tdfk|fo!kf7fkf7Lkfp+5/ @ aif{df #
k6s;DdJofp+5.
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n %) b]lv ^%
s]=hL=;Dd x'G5 / af]sfsf] cf}ift tf}n ^%
b]lv() s]=hL=;Ddx'G5 .

$= l;/f]xL÷chd]/L afv|f
 ef/tsf]/fh:yfgdfljsf;ul/Psf]afv|fxf].
 of] hftsf] afv|f df;' / b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu
kflnG5.
 Pp6f afv|faf6 b}lgs ! ln6/;Dd b"w pTkfbg
ug{ ;lsG5 .
 of] afv|fsf] z/L/sf] aflx/L] /Ë v}/f] / To;df
xNsf sfnf]v}/f] /Ësf] 6f6f x'G5 eg] sfg
kftnf]/ nfdf]x'G5 .
 k7]+ªu|L sl/a !# b]lv !$ dlxgf pd]/ k'u] kl5
k|hggof]Uox'G5.
 Ps j]tdf! b]lv @ uf]6f kf7fkf7L kfpF5 / k|fo
aif{df!k6s;DdJofp+5.
 afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n @#—@% s]=hL=/
af]sfsf] cf}ifttf}n%)s]=hL=;Ddx'G5.
 of]hftsf]afv|fdf/f]u;xg]zlQma9L x'G5.

%= af]P/ afv|f
 of]afv|fblIf0fclk|msfdfljsf;ul/Psf]xf].
 of] hftsf] afv|f df;' / b"w pTkfbgsf] nflu
kflnG5.
 of]hftsf]afv|fx?sf]/+u k|fo;]tf]/ lj|md
/+usf]x'G5 .
 k7]+ªu|L sl/a * b]lv ( dlxgf / af]sf sl/a !)
b]lv !@ dlxgf pd]/ k'u] kl5 k|hgg of]Uo
x'G5.
 Ps j]tdf k|fo @ kf7fkf7L kfp+5 / @ aif{df #
k6s;DdJofp+5.
 jo:s afv|fsf] cf}ift tf}n &) b]lv *) s]=hL=;Dd
x'G5 eg] jo:s af]sfsf] cf}ift tf}n () s]=hL=
eGbfa9Lx'G5 .
 b}lgs @ ln6/;Dd b"w pTkfbg x'G5 eg]
b"wdf lrNnf] kbfy{ sl/a * k|ltzt x'G5 t;y{
kf7fkf7Lx'sf{pg]Ifdtfa9Lx'G5 .
 k7]+ªu|L sl/a ( b]lv !) dlxgf / af]sf sl/a !)
b]lv !@ dlxgf pd]/ k'u]kl5 k|hgg of]Uo
x'G5.

cfxf/f Joj:yfkg
-s_ cf j Zos kf}li6s tTjx?–
cfxf/fdf kf]ifs tTjsf] sdL eof] eg] zf/Ll/s a[l4 gx'g], pTkfbgdf sdL cfpg], ;dodf efn] gvf]Hg], sdhf]/ kf7fkf7L hGdg, /utsf] sdL
x'g], /ftL cf+vf gbVg]] h:tf ;d:ofx? b]vf kb{5g . z/L/nfO{ sfjf]{xfO{8«]6;, k|f]l6g, lrNnf] kbfy{, vlgh kbfy{, le6fldgx? / kfgL
cfjZoskb{5.
!=sf j f]{xfO{8«]6 ; –
 o;n]z/L/nfO{tfk/ zlQmlbG5 .
 vfPsf]3fF;tyfbfgfkfgLnfO{krfpgdf;xof]uub{5.
 ;f;km]g]{k|s[of/ d'6';+rfngsfo{df;xof]uub{5.
 ds},sf]bf],ux'+,hf},gn,k/fn,pv'h:tf]a:t'dfal9kfO{G5.
@=k|f]l6g–
 zf/Ll/stf}n/ pTkfbga9fpgdf;xof]uub{5.
 a9b}u/]sf],x's{b}u/]sf]/ ule{0fLnfO{k|f]l6gal9rflxG5.
 sf]if]8fn]3fF;,u]8fu'8L/ sf]if]e'O{3fF;dfal9k|f]l6gx'G5 .
 df5fsf]l;b|f,df;'sf]w"nf],xl88sf]w"nf],/utsf]w"nf]k|f]l6gsf]>f]txf].
#=lr Nnf] kbfy{–
 z/L/dftfkk}bfub{5.

 lrNnf]kbfy{n]dl:tisnfO{tfhfagfp5.
 tf]/L,ltn,abfd,;"o{d'vLsf]km"n,e6df;sf]lkgfcflbdfw]/}lrNnf]kbfy{kfO{G5.
 lrNnf]kbfy{n]sfjf]{xfO{8«]]6;n]eGbf b'O{u'0ffal9tfkk}bfub{5.
$= vlgh kbfy{–
 zf/Ll/sa[l4dfd2tub{5.
 b"wpTkfbg,;Gtfg pTkfbg,xl88 alnof]agfpgd2tub{5.
 /f]ulj?4 n8g ;xof]uub{5.
 sf]z]3fF;,lkgf, kz'hGokbfy{x?dfof]al9 kfO{G5.
%= le6fldgx?M –
 zfl//Lsa[l4/ ;GtfgpTkfbgdfclt cfjZos kb{5.
 /f]ul;tn8g]/ k|hggIfdtfdfa[l4ub{5.
 sdLePdft'lxg]],/ftLcf+vfgb]Vg],/fd|/Lzfl//Lsa[l4gx'g] / /utsf]sdLh:tf;d:ofx?b]vf kb{5.
 xl/of]3fF;dfk|z:tle6fldgx?kfO{G5.

bfgf agfpg] tl/sf
hGd]sf]& lbg k5fl8af6v'jfpg -lqmkcfxf/f_ x's]{sf]kf7fkf7Lsf]nflu-u|f]c/cfxf/_
l;=g+= sRrf kbfy{ sRrf kbfy{sf]k|ltzt
!= ds} @) !%
@= h}jf hf} $% $)
#= tf]l/sf]lkgf @) @)
$= df5fsf]w"nf] !) !)
%= v'bf] – !)
^= ux'Fsf]rf]s/ @ @
&= vlgh @ @
*= g"g ! !
(= s"n !)) !))
l;=g+
=
sRrf kbfy{ sRrf kbfy{sf]k|ltzt
!= ds}sf]
RofFVnf÷9'6f]
!)
@= bfnsf]rf]s6 #) @@
#= hf}sf]bfgf #) #%
$= ux'Fsf]rf]s/÷slgsf – %
%= tf]l/sf]lkgf & %
^= v'bf]÷e]nL & %
&= ldg/n ld>0f @ @
*= g"g ! @
(= s"n !)) !))
;fef/Mafv|fkfngk'l:tsf,k=;]=tyfk|=lg=@)&@

jo:s afv|fsf]nflu3/]n' bfgfsf]
l;=g+= sRrf kbfy{ sRrf kbfy{sf]
k|ltzt
s}lkmot
! @
!= ds}sf] RofFVnf #% #@
@= h}sf] bfgf #% #@
#= ux'Fsf] rf]s/ !$ !%
$= ;f]oflag ldn !% @)
%= g"g ! !
s"n !)) !))
k|f]l6gsf] k|ltzt !^ !*

-s_ xl/of] e'O{ 3fF;
!= al;{d
 of] lxp+b] sf]z] 3fF; cflZjgb]lv sflt{s;Dd
nufO{G5 .
 of] 3fF; t/fO{ b]lv dWo kxf8;Dd nufpg ;lsG5 .
 k|lt x]S6/ @)–@% s]=hL=;Dd aLp cfjZos
kb{5 .
 aLp 5/]sf] %)–^) lbgdf klxnf]k6s xl/of] 3fF;
sf6g ;lsG5 .
 /fd|/L nufPsf] cj:yfdf $–% k6s;Dd 3fF; sf6g
;lsG5 .
 k|lt x]S6/ cf}ift xl/of] 3fF; &))–*)) SjL06n
;Dd pTkfbg x'G5 .

@= h}
 of] lxp+b] 3fF; cflZjg b]lv sflt{s;Dd nufO{G5 .
 of] 3fF; t/fO{ b]lv dWo kxf8;Dd nufpg ;lsG5 .
 k|lt x]S6/ !))–!@)s]=hL=;Dd aLp cfjZos kb{5 .
 aLp 5/]sf] ^) lbgdf klxnf] k6s xl/of] 3fF; sf6g ;lsG5 .
 /fd|/L nufPsf] cj:yfdf #k6s;Dd 3fF; sf6g ;lsG5 .
 k|lt x]S6/ cf}ift xl/of] 3fF; #))–%))SjL06n;Dd
pTkfbg lng;lsG5 .

#= :6fO{nf]
 of]ax'aif]{]3fF; h]7b]lvcfiff9;DdnufO{G5.
 of]3fF;t/fO{b]lvdWokxf8;Ddnufpg;lsG5 .
 k|ltx]S6/$–%s]=hL=;DdaLpcfjZoskb{5.
 aLp5/]sf]^)–() lbgdfklxnf]k6sxl/of]3fF;sf6g ;lsG5 .
 /fd|/LnufPsf]cj:yfdf$–%k6s;Dd3fF; sf6g;lsG5 .
 k|ltx]S6/cf}iftxl/of]3fF; %))–^)) SjL06n;DdpTkfbg x'G5 .
$=abfd]
 of]ax'aif]{]3fF; cfiff9b]lv>fj0f;DdnufO{G5.
 of]3fF;t/fO{b]lvdWokxf8;Ddnufpg;lsG5 .
 k|ltx]S6/sl/a!)))) sl6Ë -ltg cf+VnfePsf] 6'qmf_jf
!)–#) s]=hL=;Dd aLp cfjZos kb{5 . aLp eGbf sl6Ë
nufpga9LJojxfl/s x'G5.
 sl6ËnfO{Ps Psld6/sf]km/sdfnfO{gagfO{/f]Kg'kb{5.
 3fF; nufPkl5 sl/a$ O{Gr-!) ;]G6Lld6/_cUnf] eP kl5sf6g ;lsG5 .
 k|ltx]S6/cf}iftxl/of]3fF; ^)–^%SjL06n;DdpTkfbgx'G5.
:6fOnf]

%= g]lko/
 h]7÷cfiff9df nufOg] of] ax'aif]{ 3fF; e";+/If0fsf] nflu
klg pkof]uL dflgG5 .
 of] 3fF; t/fO{b]lv dWo kxf8;Dd nufpg ;lsG5 .
 k|lt x]S6/ !@)));]6; -uf+h jf h/fsf] 6'qmf_ cfjZos
kb{5 .
 ltg cf+Vnf ePsf];]6; 58s] kf/L Ps
csf]{l;t sl/a ! ld6/sf] km/sdf /f]Kg' kb{5 .
 3fF; nufPsf] sl/a ()lbg kl5 klxnf] k6s xl/of] 3fF; lng
;lsG5 .
 /fd|/L nufPsf] cj:yfdf &–* k6s;Dd 3fF; sf6g ;lsG5
.
 k|lt x]S6/ cf}ift xl/of] 3fF; !@))–!%))SjL06n;Dd
pTkfbg x'G5 .

-v_xl/of] 8fn] 3fF;
afv|fsf] nflu aif}{e/L xl/of] 3fF; pTkfbg u/L v'jfpg ;s]sf] v08df dfq xfdLn] ;f]r] cg';f/sf] pTkfbg k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 . afv|fsf] cfxf/f k"lt{ ug{df xl/of] 8fn] 3fF;sf] of]ubfgnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5 . afv|fsf] nflu pkof]uL
8fn] 3fF;x?df 6f+sL, sf]O{/fnf], s'6ld/f], as}gf, a8x/, b'lwnf], v;|', vGo', k}o"+, baba], :ofnkm''';|f], O{lkn
O{lkn, lrp/L, afF; cflb kb{5g . oL 3fF;x? cfnL, sfGnf, kfvf] tyf v]/ uPsf] hldgdf nufO{ xl/of] 8fn] 3fF;
pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_bfgf–
 afv|fnfO{ kf7fkf7Lsf] :6f6{/÷qmLk cfxf/f, x's{g] /f;g /lkmlg;/ bfgf u/L ltg lsl;dsf] bfgf k|of]u ul/G5 .
 dfpsf] ljuf}tL b"w 5'6fP kl5 kf7fkf7LnfO{ qmLk cfxf/f # dlxgf;Dd v'jfO{G5 .
 x's{bf] kf7fkf7LnfO{ !%s]=hL= tf}n k|fKt ubf{;Dd x's{g] /f;g v'jfO{G5 .
 kf7fkf7Lsf] tf}n !% s]=hL= ePkl5 lkmlg;/bfgf v'jfO{G5 .
 pd]/ / zf/Ll/s cj:yf cg';f/afv|fnfO{ cfxf/fsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kb{5 .
 ;fwf/0ftof afv|fnfO{ zf/Ll/s tf}nsf] ! k|ltztn] ;Gt'lnt bfgf lbg' kb{5 .
 Jofpg] /JofPsf] dfpnfO{ b}lgs @%)b]lv $))u|fd ;Gt'lnt bfgf v'jfpg' kb{5.
 v;LnfO{ b}lgs !%)b]lv @%)u|fd;Dd b}lgs ;Gt'lnt bfgf v'jfpg' kb{5 t/a9L bfgf ePdfz/L/df af];f]sf]
dfqf a9b5 .
 aLp af]sfnfO{ b}lgs #))b]lv%))u|fd;Dd ;Gt'lnt bfgf v'jfpg' kb{5 .

afx|}dlxgf xl/of] 3fF; pknAwug]{ tl/sf
3fF; afnLsf] gfd aLp 5g]{ ;do aLpsf] dfqf k|lt x]S6/ -
x]=_
3fF; sf6g] ;do
xl/of]
3fF;
pTkfbg -
x]=_
l6cf];]G6L(Teosenti) r}q– a}zfv #) – $) s]=hL= aLpm 5/]sf]^) – &% lbgkl5 *)–*%6g
af]8L (Cowpea) r}q– a}zfv @) – @% s]=hL= aLpm 5/]sf]^) lbgkl5 @) –#) 6g
ds} (Maize) h]i7– c;f/ @% – #) s]=hL=
5/]sf]^) lbgkl5jf 3fF;sf] prfO{
@lkm6eGbf a9L ePkl5 #% –$) l6g
al;{d (Berseem) c;f]h – sflt{s @)– @% s]=hL=
klxnf]sl6Ë aLpm 5/]sf] @
dlxgfkl5
/ To;k5!÷! dlxgfsf] km/sdf
!))– !@)6g
h}(Oat) sflt{s – d+l;/ *_ – !)) s]=hL=
klxnf]sl6Ë aLpm 5/]sf] @
dlxgfkl5
/ To;kl5!÷! dlxgfsf] km/sdf
%) –^) 6g
n';g{(Lucern)
-ax'jlif{o #÷$ jif{;Dd_ sflt{s – d+l;/ !% – @) s]= hL= klxnf]sl6Ë ^) – &%lbgkl5 ^% –*) 6g
g]lko/ (Napier) h]i7– c;f/ !)– !@xhf/ 6'j|mf -;]6;_ /f]k]sf]@ – # dlxgfkl5 #)) 6g
:6fOnf] (Stylo) a}zfv – h]7 % s]=hL= klxnf]sl6Ë @ – @=% dlxgkl5 %) –^) 6g

-3_ le6fldg / ldg/n–
 afv|fnfO{ le6fldg P, 8L, O{ sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
 le6fldg P xl/of] 3fF;kft / ds}af6, le6fldg O{ ux'+, ux'+sf] rf]s/, cGg/ xl/of] 3fF;kftaf6 / le6fldg 8L
;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 pknJwx'g ;Sb5 .
 afv|fnfO{ SoflN;od, km:kmf]/;,tfdf, kmnfd, h:tf, sf]jfN6 / cfof]l8gsf] sdL x'g ;Sb5 .
 afv|fdf SoflN;od / km:kmf]/;sf] sdLn] x88L sdhf]/ x'G5 /tfdf, kmnfd /sf]jfN6sf] sdLn] /utsf] sdL
x'g ;Sb5 .
 bfgfdf x88Lsf] w"nf] jf l;kLsf] w"nf] ld;fP/ v'jfpgfn] SoflN;od / km:kmf]/;sf] sdL x'glbb}g .
 le6fldg / ldg/n ldS:r/x? ahf/df lsGg kfO{G5 .

pd]/ / cj:yf cg';f/ afv|fsf]x]/rfx
ev{/ hGd]sf] kf7fkf7Lsf] x]/ rfx–
 hGdg] lalts} gfssf] hfnf] x6fO{ lbg' k5{ .
 gfO{6f]df l6Gr/ cfof]l8g jf l6Gr/ a]Ghf]O{g nufO{ lbg' k5{ .
 ev{/hGd]sf] kf7fkf7LnfO{ & lbg;Dd dfpsf] ljuf}tL b"w v'jfpg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ kf7fkf7Ldf /f]u
k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; x'G5 .
 ljuf}tL b"w lbgsf] # k6s;Dd v'jfpg' kb{5 .
Jofpg] dfpsf] x]/ rfx–
 Jofpg' eGbf sl/a ! xKtf cufl8 Jofpg] 7fpFdf g/d ;f]Q/sf] Joj:yf u/L a]Un} /fVg' kb{5 .
 ule{0fL afv|fnfO{ s'6g], nv]6g] ug'{ x'+b}g .
 ule{0fL afv|fnfO{ k|z:t kf]lifnf] 3fF; / dfp x]/L b}lgs @%) b]lv#)) u|fd;Dd;Gt'lnt bfgf lbg' kb{5 .
 Jofpg' eGbf sl/a !% lbg cufl8 h'sfsf] cf}iflw v'jfpg' kb{5 .

JofPsf] dfpsf] x]/rfx–
 JofPsf] dfpnfO{ Gofgf] 7fpFdf /fvL dg tftf] vf]n] lbg'kb{5 .
 JofPsf] dfpnfO{{ k|z:tkf]lifnf] 3fF; vfg lbg'kb{5 .
 JofPsf] @÷#kl5af6 dfp x]/L b}lgs #)) b]lv $)) u|fd;Dd ;Gt'lnt bfgf lbg' kb{5 .
aLp af]sfsf] x]/ rfx–
 aLp af]sfnfO{ k|z:t;kmf kfgL / kf]lifnf] xl/of] 3fF; v'jfpg' kb{5 .
 af]sfnfO{ k|hggsf] nflu k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf yk bfgf v'jfpg' kb{5 .
 ^.^ dlxgfdf gfDn] / h'sfsf] cf}iflw v'jfpg' kb{5 .
 jLp af]sfnfO{ $ jif{ gf3]kl5 aLpsf] nflu k|of]u ug'{ Tolt pko'Qm x'+b}g .
 af]sfnfO{ df]6f] x'g lbg'x'+b}g /;+w} km'lt{nf] agfO{ /fVg' k5{ .
 af]sfsf] v'/sf] lgoldt x]/ljrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

vf]/ Joj:yfkg
 afv|fsf] vf]/ agfp+bf ;'Vvf,kfl/nf] / xfjf v]Ng]
7fpF 5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
 vf]/ agfp+bf hldgaf6 sl/a ! ld6/ cUnf] x'g] u/L
agfpg' kb{5 .
 afv|fsf] hft, ln+u, pd]/, 7fpFsf] prfO{ /
xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df vf]/sf] ;fO{hs]xL km/s x'g
;S5 .
 vf]/sf] e+'O{ tof/ ubf{ sf7 jf af+; k|of]u u/L
a8sf}+nf
;lhn} l5g]{ u/L 6fF8 agfpg' kb{5 .6f+8sf] Kjfn
w]/} 7"nf ePdfv'66f l5/]/ ef+lrg ;S5 .
 ev{/hGd]sf] kf7fkf7L, afv|f, Jofpg] dfp /
af]sfnfO{ a]Unfa]Un]} vf]/df /fVg' kb{5 .

 afv|fsf] pd]// cj:yf cg';f/cfjZos kg]{ cg'dflgt 7fpFM
–# dlxgf;Ddsf] kf7fkf7LnfO{ !kmL6 nDafO{ ! kmL6 rf}8fO{ 7fpF rflxG5 .
–& kmL6 nDafO{ / ^ kmL6 rf}8fO{ ePsf] 7fpFdf !)j6f;Dd kf7fkf7L /fVg
;lsG5 .
–k7]u|LnfO{ # kmL6 nDafO{ / @ kmL6 rf}8fO{ ePsf] 7fpF rflxG5 .
–jo:s afv|fnfO{ ;/b/% kmL6 nDafO{ / $ kmL6 rf}8fO{ 7fpF rflxG5 .
–dfp afv|fnfO{ ^ kmL6 nDafO{ / % kmL6 rf}8fO{ 7fpF rflxG5 .
–jo:s af]sfsf] nflu * kmL6 nDafO{ / & kmL6 rf}8fO{ 7fpF kb{5 .
–@%kmL6 nDafO{ / !% kmL6 rf}8fO{ ePsf] 7fpFdf @) uf]6f;Dd afv|f
kfNg ;lsG5 .
lkm8/ / kfgLsf] efF8f] –
 vf]/df bfgf / kfgL vfg] efF8f]sf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
 afv|fsf] 3f+6L tGsfP/ 3fF; vfg] afgLx'g] x'Fbf 3fF; e'm08fP/ Vjfpg] Joj:yf
ug'{ kb{5 .
 3fF;v]/gkmfnL /fd|/L vfgsf] nflu 6f6gf] agfO{ lbg'kb{5 .

k|hgg Joj:yfkg
k|hgg l j lw–
 a9Lkf7fkf7Llbg], :j:y / 7"nf];fO{hsf:yfgLoafv|fx?5gf}6u/Lk|hgg u/fpg'kb{5.
 k|hgg of]Uo afv|fnfO{ k|hggu/fpFbfpGgt hftsf]af]sfk|of]uug'{ kb{5.
 @% b]lv#) uf]6fafv|fsf]nflu Pp6faLpaf]sfk|of]uug{;lsG5 .
 aLpaf]sfsf]pd]/^ b]lv &aif{sf]eP kl5 k|hggsf]nflu k|of]u
ug'{ x'+b}g.
 dfpafv|fnfO{%÷^ j]tkl5pTkfbgIfdtfx]/Lx6fpg'kb{5.
 glhssf]gftfkg]{afv|f/ af]sfljr slxn]klg k|hgg u/fpg'x'+b}g
.
 pd]/gk'usf]k7]u|L / af]sfnfO{k|hggsf]nflu k|of]uug'{ x'Fb}g .
 afv|fsf] Ct'sfnrqm @) lbgsf] x'G5 / o;n] af]sfvf]Hg]
;do@ b]lv# lbg;Dd /xG5.
 afv|fn] af]sf vf]h]sf] bf];|f] lbgdf af]sfl;t ld;fpg' k5{.
 afv|fn] af]sf vf]h]df– s/fO{ /xg], ;'t /ftf] x'g] / ;'lGgg],
;]kkmfNg],csf]{afv|faf]sfdflyr9g], vfg dggug]{ nI0f
b]vfpF5.
 afv|fsf]ue{wf/0fcjlw !$*b]lv !%@lbg -;/b/ !%) lbg_sf]x'G5 .

k|hggsf] nflu5gf}6 ljlw
kf7fkf7Lsf]5gf}6–
 x]bf{ :j:y, km'lt{nf] / rgfvf] x'g'k5{ .
 /fd|/L 3fF;, bfgf tyf kfgL vfg] x'g'k5{ .
 xnSs a9]sf] tyf ayfgdf jf h'DNofxf ;fyL
eGbf xnSs a9]sf] x'g' k5{ .
 z/L/sf] s'g} klg c+u e+u gePsf] jf ljs[lt
gePsf] x'g'k5{ .
 /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg] dfp tyf
h'DNofxf kf7fkf7L Jofpg] dfps]f
;Gtfg x'g'k5{ .

k7]u|Lsf] 5gf}6–
 x]bf{ :j:y, km'lt{nf] / rgfvf]
x'g'k5{ .
 :yfgLo xfjfkfgLcg';f/ kfNg;lsg]
x'g'k5{ .
 ^ dlxgfsf] pd]/df sl/a !%
s]=hL=;Dd tf}n ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
 v'§f 5f]6f], df]6f], uw{g 5f]6f]
/ 7"nf z/L/ ePsf] x'g'k5{ .

dfpafv|fsf]5gf}6–
 /fd|/L 3fF;, bfgfkfgL vfg] / pu|fpg]
x'g'k5{ .
 :j:y, km'lt{nf] / rgfvf] x'g'kg]{
x'g'k5{ .
 e/;s h'DNofxf kf7fkf7L kfpg]
x'g'k5{ .
 /fd|f]tf}n k'u]sf]kf7fkf7LhGdfpg]]
/ x'sf{pg] x'g'k5{ .
 @ aif{df # k6s;Dd Jofpg] x'g'k5{ .
 kf7fkf7L gt'xfpg]/ k6s
k6s plN6g]
;d:ofgePsf] x'g'k5{ .

afv|fs[lqduef{wg
 af]o/, af/a]/L / hd'gfkf/L af]sfsf] jLo{{ k|of]u u/Lcf=j= @)&)÷@)&!df g]kfndf klxnf] k6s afv|fdf
s[lqd uef{wfg
-s[=u_ ug]{ sfo{ z'? ul/Psf] xf] .
 To;kl5 /fli6«o kz' k|hgg s]Gb|, kf]v/fn] ef/tsf] k'0f] -k'gf_af6 af]sf lemsfO{ ;f]sf] jLo{{af6 hd]sf]
jLo{{pTkfbg u/Ls[u sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/t lbFb} cfPsf] 5 .
 pQm s]Gb|n] af]o/, ;fgfg, hd'gfkf/L, af/a]/L hftsf af]sfaf6 pTkflbt jLo{{af6 hd]sf] jLo{{ pTkfbg u/L
ljt/0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
 xfn ls;fgsf nflu aLp lahg nufot ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx?n] ljb]zaf6 pGgt af]sfx? / hd]sf] jLo{{ lemsfO{
afv|fdf s[lqd uef{wfg ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of; ul//x]sf 5g
 afv|f s[lqd uef{wfg ;]jf ;~rfng ug]{ lgsfox?M
-s_ lhNnf kz';]jf sfof{no÷kz' ;]jf s]Gb|x?
-v_ afv|f ljsf; kmfd{x?
-u_ afv|f cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
-3_ ;fd'bflos kz' k|hgg s]Gb|x?

aLp af]sf 5gf}6–
 slDtdf @ j6f kf7fkf7L hGdfpg]
dfpsf]
;Gtfg x'g'k5{ .
 xnSs a9]sf], :j:y, km'lt{nf],
rgfvf], alnof] x'g'k5{ .
 hftLo u'0f k|i6 b]lvg] x'g'k5{ .
 rf}8f 5ftL ePsf], alnof] v'6f
ePsf] / rf/} v'6fn] a/fa/ 6]Sg]
x'g'k5{ .
 b'a} c08sf]if a/fa/ ePsf] x'g'k5{
.
 !@ dlxgf b]lv sl/a $ aif{sf] pd]/
ePsf] x'g'k5{ .
 xf8gftf gkg]{ x'g'k5{{ .
 w]/} b'Anf] jf df]6f] x'g'x+b}g .

:jf:Yo Joj:yfkg
afvfkfngdf :jf:Yo Joj:yfkg Ps k|d'v kIf xf] . :j:y afv|faf6 dfq ;f]r] cg';f/ pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 h;n] ubf{ Joj;fo
kmfO{bfd"ns x'G5 . :j:y ?kdf afv|fkfng ug{nfO{ afv|fsf] :jf:Yodf cfpg] ljleGg ;d:ofx? af/] hfgsf/L lng'
cfjZos x'G5 .
/f]uL / lg/f]uLdf leGgtf–
lg/f]uL /f]uL
 k'mlt{nf]/ z/L/x[i6k'i6x'g] .  b''Jnf],emf]qmfP/a:g] .
 3fF;,bfgfkfgL/fd|/Lvfg] / pu|fpg].  dg nufP/gvfg]/ gpu|fpg].
 cf+vfrlDsnf],sfgxNnfpg].  cf+;'sr]/faufpg]/ sfg nqfpg].
 /f}+Psgf;sf]x'g] / 5fnfrlDsnf]x'g].  5fnfkm';|f],v;|f]x'g] / /f}+7f8f]x'g] .
 y't'gf]/l;nf] x'g].  y't'gf];'Vvf x'g], gfsaf6l;+ufg aUg] .
 a8sf}+nf,lk;fjdfv/faLgb]lvg] .  5]g]{/ lk;fjug{dfsl7gfO{x'g].
 pd]/cg';f/ zf/Ll/sa[l4x'g] .  ga9g], df;'gnfUg], Vofp6].
 3fF; tyfbfgf/fd|/LrkfP/vfg] .  vfgg;Sg], d'vdf 3fp/ vl6/f x'g] .
 z/L/df3fprf]6gePsf] .  nË8fpg]jf lx+8gdg gug]{ .
 ayfgdfldn]/a:g] .  ayfgaf6cnu a:g dgug]{.

cf}iflw k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf–
 d'vaf6.
 ;'O{af6.
 z/L/sf]aflx/LefudfnufP/.
 kf7]3/df;'O{ lbP/.
 cf+vf,gfs,d'v,sfgdfdnxd/ emf]ncf}iflwnufP/.
v ; Lkfbf{ x'g] kmfO{bfx? –
 v;L kf/]sf]af]sf÷y'df;/n/ zfGt:jefjsf]x'G5 .
 df;'sf]pTkfbg/ u'0f:t/dfa[l4x'G5 .
 xf8gftfk|hggx'gjf6/f]lsG5.
 v;L, kf7Ltyfdfp;+u}r/fpg;lsG5 .
 sd;nvfnsf kz'x?sf] ;+Vofdf a[l4 x'g kfpF+b}g .
 kf7fnfO{ sl/a@ dlxgfsf] pd]/df v;Lkfg'{ kb{5.
 v;L kf/]sf]kf7fnfO{!@–!*dlxgfsf]pd]/dflaqmLug'{
pko'Qmx'G5.

afv|fsf] :jf:Yo ;d:of / /f]ux?
afv|fx?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf afXo k/lhjL, cfGtl/s k/lhjL, c;+qmfds / ;+qmfds /f]ux? nfUg]
x'Fbf afv|fkfns s[ifsx? hlxn] klgo; k|lt ;hu /xg cfjZos b]lvG5 .
!= kfrg k|0ffnLsf; d:ofx?
-s_ ckr–
 kfrg k|s[ofdf u8a8 x'g' cyjf vfPsf] s'/f gkRg' g} ckr xf] .
 a9L k|f]l6g ePsf] bfgf jf s'lxPsf] jf 9';L k/]sf] bfgf a9L vfPdf jf bfgfsf] u'0f:t/ PSsf;L
kl/jt{g ePdf ckrsf]
;d:of x'g ;Sb5 .
 la/fdL kz'n] emf]qmfpg], vfg dg gug]{, gpu|fpg] / k]6 km'Ng]x'G5 .
 lb;f gx'g] jf sd x'g] / lk;fasd ug]{ ub{5 .
 kz' ;]jf k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ ;dodf g} pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

-v_ c?rL–
 afv|fsf] :jf:Yodf c;fdfGo l:ylt pTkGg ePsf] s'g} klg cj:yfdf c?rLx'g ;S5 h:t}M
–d'vdf 3fp ePdf.
–d'vsf efux?df kIf3ft ePdf.
–cfGtl/s k/lhjL nfu]df .
–;+qmfds /f]u nfu]df .
–3fF;kft gdL7f] ePdf.
–vlgh nj0fsf] sdL ePdf.
-u_ k]6 k'mNg] –
 eF'8L leq cTolws xfjf pTkGg eO{aflx/ lg:sg g;s]sf] cj:yfdf k]6 km'Nb5 .
 w]/} kf]lifnf] 3fF; jf a9L cGg jf u]8fu'8L vfPdf x'G5 .
 ljiffn' emf/kft vfPdf x'G5 .
 k]6 km'n]df kz'56k6fpg], ;f; ufx|f] u/Lkm]g]{ / a]nfa]nfdf s/fpg] ub{5 .
 k]6 9fl8Psf] b]lvG5 /afofFk§L lxsf{pFbf 8ofd 8ofd cfjfh cfp+5 .
 kz' ;]jf k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfxcg';f/;dodfg} pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

-3_ 5]/f}6L–
 5]/f}6L /f]u geO{ laleGg
sf/0fx?af6 -a9L s'lxPsf] jf 9';L
k/]sf] bfgf jf ljiffn' emf/ kft
vfPdf jf cfGtl/s k/lhjL jf hLjf0f',
laiff0f' cflb_ kfrg k|0ffnLdf
kg]{] ;d:of xf] .
 5]/f}6L nfu]df afv|fn] l5gl5gdf
kftnf] lb;f ub{5 .
 dnåf/, k'R5/ / of]gLdf lb;f
6fFl;Psf] x'G5 .
 kz'sf] glhs} hfg] xf] eg] k]6
s/fPsf] cfjfh cfp+5 .
 kz' ;]jf k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/
;dodf g} pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

@= k|hggk|0ffnLsf;d:ofx?
-s_ afv|fdfafFemf]kg
afv|fx?df uef{wfggx'g'jf l9nf] uef{wfgx'g'nfO{af+emf]kgelgG5 .
k|hggcËdf u8a9L, w]/} df]6f] ePdf, xfdf]{gsf] u8a9L, aflx/L jftfj/0f,
;+qmfds /f]u, le6fldg, ldg/nsf] sdL / Joj:yfkgdf sdhf]/Lsf] sf/0fn]
af+emf]kgx'G5 .
afv|f w]/} ;do;Dd yf/f] /xg] jf ue{{wf/0fgx'g]jf af]]sf gvf]Hg] x'G5 .
Ps k6s JofO{ ;s] kl5 w]/} nfdf] ;do kl5 dfq af]sf vf]Hg] tyf jfnLhfG5 .
kz' k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ le6fldg,ldg/n, ;Gt'lntbfgf / xl/of]3fF; v'jfpg'
kb{5 .

#= k/hLjLaf6x'g] ; d:of t yf /f]ux?
afXo k/lh j L–
afxok/lhjLx? -plkof+ / h'd|f_n]z/L/sf] aflx/L
efudf a;]/ /ut r';L z/L/nfO{ sdhf]/ agfp+5 .
afv|fx? lj:tf/} b'Jnfp+b} hfG5 / pTkfbgdf sdL
cfp+5 . o;/L k/lhjLx?n] cfqmd0f u/]sf] 7fpdf
afv|fn] af/Daf/ sGofpg] ub{5 . ;dodf lgoGq0f
/ pkrf/ gu/] 5fnfdf3fpv6L/f e};d:ofx'g] ePsf]
n] kz' ;]jf k|fljlwssf] ;xof]udf afXo k/ lhjL
lgoGq0fsf] nflu cf}iflw tyf ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ jf
afv|fx?nfO{l8lkªug'{ kb{5.
-s_ n' t f]
 n'tf]sf]z'Idls6f0f'-dfO{6_n]5fnfleq k|j]z
u/L];d:ofpTkGgug]{]ub{5.
 k/lhjLn] 5fnf leq a;]/ 3fp agfpg] ePsf]n]
5fnf lrnfpg], /ftf] x'g], kmf]sf lg:sg], kmf]sf
kfs]/ km'6g], 5fnf v;|f] eP/ kfk|f lg:sg],
/f}+emg]{ub{5.
 n'tf]nfu]sf]afv|fn]vfg dg gug]{, b'Anfpb}
hfg]/ zfl//Lstf}n36g]ub{5.

 afv|fdf n'tf] nfu]sf]] yfxf kfpgf ;fy kz' ;]jfk|fljlwssf] ;xof]u lnO{ /f]syfd / lgoGq0fsf] k|efjsf/L pkfox?
ckgfpg' kb{5 .
 afv|fsf] vf]/nfO{ lgoldt ;/;kmfO{ ug'{ kb{5 .
- v_ l8kLª -afXok/lh j L dfg]{ l j iffbL 3f]ndf kz'x?nfO 8'jfpg] k|lqmof_
afxo k/lhjL lgoGq0f ug{sf] nflu l8kLª -kz'x?nfO{ k/lhjL dfg]{
ljiffbL 3f]ndf 8'jfpg] k|lqmof_ Pp6f Jojxfl/s tyf sd vlr{nf] pkfo
xf] . aif{sf] @ k6s vf; u/L r}q / cflZjg dlxgfdf l8kLª ug'{ /fd|f]
x'G5.
l8kLªubf{Wofglbg'kg]{s'/fx?–
 df};d;kmf ePsf] jf3fdnfu]sf] lbgdf l8kLª ug'{ kb{5.
 l8kLª ug'{ cufj}afv|fx?nfO{ k|ofKt kfgL lkpg' lbg' kb{5.
 ueL{0fLdfpx?nfO{;fjwfgLk"j{sl8kLªu/fpg'kb{5.
 l8kLªu/fpFbf;do;dodflaiffbLo'St3f]nnfO{rnfO{
/fVg' kb{5.
 l8kLªu/fp+bfslDtdfcfwfldg]6;Dd8'jfpg' kb{5.
 l8kLªkl5 afv|fsf]z/L/af6ljiffbLo'QmkfgLgts]{;Ddr/gdfk7fpg'x'+b}g.
 l8kLªsfo{;s] kl5af+sL/x]sf]ljiffbLemf]nnfO{glhs} vf8nvgL k'/Llbg'kb{5.
 l8kLªsfo{kz';]jfk|fljlwssf];xof]udfug'{kb{5.
l8lkª ug]{ kf]v/L

cfGtl/s k/lhjL–
afv|fsf]cfGtl/s k/lhjLn]]afv|fsf]z/L/leq
/x]/ afv|fn]] vfPsf] kf}li6s kbfy{ tyf /ut cflb
vfO{ z/L/nfO{ gf]S;fgL k'¥ofp+5 h;n] ubf{
afv|fsdhf]/x'g'sf];fy}pTkfbg;d]t 36b5.
 uf]nf]h'sfn]afv|fsf]z/L/leqcfGb|f,k]6df
a;Lz/L/nfO{gf]S;fgk'¥ofp+g]ub{5.
 vfgdg ub}+gjf 5fg]/ dfqvfg]] / la:tf/}
b'Jnfp+b}hfg]ub{5.
 kftnf]tyfb'u{lGwtlb;f ug]{{/ slxn]sf+lx
lb;fuf]6fkg]{ub{5.
 k]6km'Ng],a9Lltvf{pg]/ /f}+emg]{ ub{5.
 vf]/sf];/;kmfO{dfWofglbg' kb{5.
 kz';]jf k|fljlwssf];Nnfxcg';f/ ^÷^ dlxgfdf
h'sfsf]cf}iflwv'jfpg] ug'{ kb{5.

h'sfsf]hLjg rqm
/f]uLsf] lb;f;+u} h'sfsf] k'mn aflx/ cfp5 .
oL k'mnaf6 pko'Qm jftfj/0fdf aRrf -
nfef{_ lg:sG5 / 3fF;df 6f+l;P/ a:5 . :j:y
kz'n] h'sfsf] aRrf ;lxtsf]] 3fF; vfPdf
3fF;;+u} h'sfsf] aRrf afv|fsf] k]6df k'Ub5 /
Toxf+ ljsl;t e} jo:s x'G5 . o:tf h'sfx?sf]
;+Vof k]6df w]/} ePkl5 /f]usf] nIf0f b]vf
kb{5.
afvf|df uf]nf] h'sfsf] pkrf/÷lgoGq0f ug{
lgDgadf]lhd h'sfsf] cf}iflw v'jfpg] ug'{
kb{5M
 aiff{ofd z'? ePsf] ! dlxgfkl5
cna]G8fhf]n jf d]a]G8fhf]n h:tf
cf}ifwL!dfqfv'jfpg]
 To;sf] !—!=% dlxgfkl5 csf]{ ! dfqf
cf}ifwLv'jfpg]
 To; kl5 sflt{s dlxgfsf] cGolt/ csf]{ !
dfqfcf}ifwLv'jfpg]

- v_ gfDn] -df6]_
 gfDn]sf]k/lhjLn]sn]hf]dfc;/ ub{5.
 /f]uLn]dg nufP/gvfg] jf5fgL5fgLvfg] / ;'Vvf a:t'
vfgdg ub{5.
 lj:tf/}b'Jnfp+b}hfg],Rofk';'lGgg] / 5fnfkm';|f]x'g]]
ub{5.
 z'?dfslJhot eP klg kl5uP/ b'u{lGwtkftnf] 5]g]{
ub{5.
 vf]/sf];/;kmfO{dfWofglbg' kb{5.
 kz';]jf k|fljlwssf];Nnfxcg';f/ ^÷^dlxgfdf
-c;f]h/ r}qdf_gfDn]/f]ula?4cf}iflwv'jfpg]
ug'{kb{5.
 cf}iflwv'jfpFbf lgDgcf}ifwLk|of]uug{ ;lsG5M
-s_clS;snf]hfgO8–!%ld=ln=u|f=÷s]=hL=zfl//Ls tf}n
cg';f/
-v_/]kmf]s;fgfO8– &=% ld=ln=u|f=÷s]=hL=
zfl//Ls tf}ncg';f/
-u_ cna]ghf]n–!%ld=ln=u|f=÷s]=hL=zfl//Ls
tf}ncg';f/

gfDn]sf] hL jg rqm
jo:s gfDn]sf] k/lhjLn] sn]hf]df a;]/
k'mn kfb{5 . Tof] k'mn afv|fsf] lb;fjf6
aflx/ lg:sG5 / xl/of] lr;f] 7fpFdf ljsf; e}
k'mnjf6 aRrf aflx/ lg:sG5 . o;/L aflx/
lg:s]sf] gfDn]sf] aRrf z+v] sL/f leq
k;]/ c? ljsl;t x'G5 . To;kl5 z+v] sL/faf6
aflx/ lg:s]/ lr:ofg tyf kfgL ePsf]
7fpFsf] 3fF;kftdf 6f+l;P/ a:b5 . o;/L
a;]sf] cj:yfsf] gfDn] sf] aRrfnfO{
afv|fn] 3fF;l;t vfof] eg] k]ml/ afv|fsf]]
z/L/ leq k'u]/ x's{G5 . o;/L gfDn]sf]]
hLjg rqmrln/xG5.
pkrf/ //f]s yfd ug]{ tl/sf
 o;}n]z+v]ls/fsf]lgoGq0f ugf{n]
afv|fdf gfDn] /f]u lgoGq0f
ug{
;lsG5 .
 kfgLhDg]÷l;d;f/dfafv|fr/fpg'
x'Fb}g.

-u_ lkmQ] h'sf
 cfGb|fdfkfO{g]of]h'sfv08 v08k/]sf]]lkmQfcfsf/sf]]/ ;]tf]/Ësf]x'G5.
 /f]uLafv|fn]vfgdg gug]{],b'Jnfp+b}hfg],/Qm cNktfx'g]/ kftnf]lb;f ug{]ub{5.
 /f]uLsf] lb;faf6 eftsf] l;tf h:tf lkmQ] h'sfsf v08x? aflx/
lg:sg] ub{5.
 s]lx lkmQ] h'sf s's'/af6 afv|fdf ;g]{ ub{5 . o:tf h'sfaf6
u|l;t s's'/sf] lb;fl;t n;k; ePsf] 3fF;kft afv|fn] vfPdf afv|fsf]
k]6df 3fF;;+u} h'sfsf km'nx? klg k]6df k'Ub5g . k]6df
k'u]sf h'sfsf] km'nx?af6 aRrfx? lg:sG5g / ltgLx? /utsf]
dfWodaf6lubLdf k'Ub5g.
 h'sfsf] aRrfx? lubLdf k'u]sf] cj:yfdf afv|fn] 6fpsf] k5fl8
nfg], kmg kmg 3'Dg], slxn] 56k6fpg], slxn] zfGt eP/ j:g]
/ slxn]s'g}a:t'df6fpsf]6]sfpg] ub{5.
 b'O{l;Ësf]ljr efudflyRof]eg] cln cln lylrG5.

lkmQ]h'sfsf]hL jg rqm
h'sfsf] k'mn ;lxtsf v08x? /f]uL kz'sf] lb;f;+u} aflx/L jftfj/0fdf lg:sG5 . c? afv|fn] r/gdf rbf{ 3fF;;+u} oL
h'sfsf] km'nx? vfPdf k]6df k'Ub5 / kl5 cfGb|fdf lkmQ] h'sfsf] kfgLsf] y}nf h:tf]?kdf -l;:6_ ljsl;t x'G5g .
oL lkmQ] h'sfsf] kfgLsf] y}nfsf] ;+Vofa9L ePdf nIf0fx? b]vf kb{5g.
pkrf/ / /f]s yfd ug]{ t l/sf
 lgsnf];fdfo8cf}iflw(Niclosadmaide)
!))–!%)ld=ln= u|fd k|lt s]=hL=
tf}nsf] b/n] v'jfpg] .
(Praziquental)k|flhljjN6n
cf}ifl
w
%ld=ln=u|fdk|lts]=hL=tf}nsf]b/n]v'jfpg].

$= z'Id hLjf0f'åf/f x'g] /f]ux?
-s_ lgdf]lgof–
 afv|fsf]k|d'v/f]]uxf]t/k|lts'nlr;f]df};ddfkf7fkf7Ldfof]/f]ua9Lb]lvG5 .
 cfGtl/s k/lhjL,9';L,hLjf0f',laiff0f'cflbsf]sf/0fn]of]/f]unfUb5.
 /f]uLafv|fn]bfgfkfgLvfg dg gug]{ / emf]qmfP/a:b5.
 /f]uLafv|fsf]Zjf;k|Zjf;dfsl7gfO{x'g] / 3f+6Laf6Wof/Wof/cfjfh cfp+5.
 /f]uLafv|fnfO{vf]sLnfUg],Hj/f] cfpg] / gfsaf6l;++ufgaUg] ub{5.
 kz'k|fljlwssf];Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/u/fpg'k5{.
 ;dodfpkrf/gu/] afv|fdg{;Sb5.
- v_ afv |fsf] 5 df ; ] /f]u–
 afv|fx?df;'Id hLjf0f'af6nfUg] Psk|d'v/f]uxf].
 ^ dlxgfeGbf sdpd]/sfkf7fkf7Lx?of]/f]uaf6a9Lk|efljtx'G5g .
 /f]uLn] nIf0fgb]vfO{ afv|fdg{ ;S5.
 Hj/f] cfpg],z/L/sfFKg],emf]s|fpg]/ 3fF;bfgfkfgLgvfg]u5{.
 k]6b'Vg]/ /ut ldl;Psf]uGxfpg]5]b{5.
 vf]/sf]lgoldt;/;kmfO{dfWofglbg' kb{5.

 /f]unfu]sf]z+sfnfu]dft'?Gt}pkrf/u/fpg'kb{5.
 ahf/dfpknJwePdf;a}afv|fnfO{of]/f]ulj?4 vf]knufpg] Joj:yf
ug'{ kb{5.
%= z'Id l j iff0f'åf/f x'g] /f]ux?
-s_df]xf]nf÷d'cfnf]/f]u–
 laiff0f'åf/fafv|fdfnfUg]]of]/f]un]w]/}h;f]kf7fkf7Lx?nfO{
a9L;tfp+5.
 of]/f]udflg;df;d]t;g{ ;Sb5.
 z'?dfd'vsf]jl/k/L dl;gf ljdL/fx?lgl:sg] / kl57"nf] kmf]sfdf
kl/0ftx'G5 .
 kmf]sfk'm6Lvf6f]a;]sf]3fph:tf]b]lvG5 .
 3fpdfvf6f]j;] kl5df;'knfPsf]h:tf]eP/ 3fpePsf] 7fp;'lGgG5 .
 /f]uLafv|ftyf/f]uLn]b'liftagfPsf];fdu|Lx?l;tsf]n;k;af6 of]
/f]u;b{5.
 vf]/sf]lgoldt;/;kmfO{dfWofglbg' kb{5.
 kz'k|fljlwssf];Nnfxcg';f/ pkrf/u/fpg'k5{.
pkrf/ ug]{ t l/sf
 pkrf/ ubf{ x/]s lbg 3fp 8]«l;ª u/]/ !Ü h]G;g EjfOn]6 nufpg'k5{
/ &–* lbg;Dd s'g} Ps PlG6jfof]l6s k|of]u u/L cGo /f]u nfUgaf6
arfpg'k5{.

-v_ lk=lk=cf/=/f]u–
afv|fdf dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf km}lng] lk=lk=cf/= /f]u ljiff0f'åf/f
x'g] ub{5 . xfd|f] b]zdfof] /f]usf] sf/0f aif]{gL w]/} afv|fx?
dg]{ ub{5 .
 /f]uL afv|f tyf /f]uLn] b'lift agfPsf] ;fdu|Lx?l;tsf] n;k;af6
of] /f]u ;b{5 .
 s8f Hj/f] cfpg]Ù 3fF;, bfgfkfgL gvfg]Ù emf]qmfpg] /
gpu|fpg] ub{5 .
 cfFvfaf6 kfgL aUg] / la:tf/} afSnf] lrk|f÷sr]/f nfUg] /
gfssf] kfgL afSnf] l;+ufgdf kl/0ft x'g] ub{5 .
 ;f; km]g{df sl7gfO{ x'G5 .
 d'vdf 3fp x'g] / ¥ofn sf9g] ub{5 .
 /f]uLn] kftnf] lb;f ug]{ jf5]g]{ /cGtdf db{5 .
 vf]/sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO{dfWofg lbg' kb{5 .
 kz' k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/pkrf/u/fpg' k5{ .
 /f]uaf6 arfpg ;dodfg} afv|fnfO{ lk=lk=cf/=/f]u la?4sf]
vf]k nufpg' kb{5 .

-u_ vf]/]t /f]u–
 afv|fdf dxfdf/Lsf] ?kdf km}lng] of] /f]u
ljiff0f'sf] sf/0fn] x'G5 .
 s8f Hj/f] cfpg], gvfg]], gpu|fpg] / emf]qmfP/ a:b5 .
 d'vleq / lha|f]df /ftf] /ftf] kmf]sf cfp+5, kl5
km'6]/ 3fpaGb5 / ¥ofn sf9b5 .
 v'/sf] sfkdf 3fp x'G5 /afv|f lxF8bf nË8fpF5 .
 ule{0fL afv|f t'xfp+5 / ;fgf kf7fkf7Lx? db{5g .
 /f]uL afv|f tyf /f]uLn] b'lift agfPsf]
;fdu|Lx?l;tsf] n;k;af6 of] /f]u ;b{5 .
 vf]/sf] lgoldt ;/;kmfO{dfWofg lbg' kb{5 .
 kz' k|fljlwssf] ;Nnfx cg';f/pkrf/u/fpg' k5{ .
 /f]uaf6 arfpg ;dodfg} afv|fnfO{ vf]/]t /f]u
la?4sf] vf]k nufpg' kb{5 .

afvfsf]/f]ux?lj?4nufOg]vf]kx?sf]tflnsf
/f]usf]gfd vf]knufpg]dlxgf vf]ksf]dfqf-jo:s_
vf]ksf]dfqf
-kf7fkf7L_ slxn]bf]xf]¥ofpg]<
kLkLcf/ kmfNu'0f—r}q ! PdPn5fnfd'gL ! PdPn5fnfd'gL #—#aif{df
vf]/]t a}zfv—h]i7 @PdPn5fnfd'gL ! PdPn5fnfd'gL !—!aif{df
5df;] /f]u a}zfv—h]i7 %PdPn5fnfd'gL @=%PdPn5fnfd'gL
kf7fnfO{^—^dlxgfdf/jo:snfO{
!—!aif{df
ljkm/ r}q—a}zfv l;of]n]5fnfdfuf]k]/ l;of]n]5fnfdfuf]k]/
;fef/Mafv|fkfng k'l:tsf, kz' ;]jf tflnd tyf k|;f/lgb]{zgfno, @)&@ .

Afv|fkfngdf h}ljs ;'/Iff
 afv|fnfO{ vf]/df /fvL -a+w'jf u/L_ kfNg'kb{5
.
 afv|fkfNg] 7fpFnfO{ /fd|/L af/aGb]h ug'{
kb{5 .
 afv|fnfO{ ;kmf kfgLv'jfpg'' kb{5 .
 afv|fnfO{ bfgfkfgL lbO{g]
;fdu|Lx?nfO{ ;kmf /fVg' kb{5 .
 /fd|/L dnd"q ;kmf ug{ ;lsg] vf]/ x''g' kb{5 /
slDtdf klg & lbgdf Ps k6s lkmg]n, r'g cflb
k|of]u u/L dnd"q ;kmfug'{ kb{5.
 afv|fnfO{ lgoldt ?kdf cfGtl/s k/lhjLsf] cf}iflw
v'jfpg' kb{5 .
 afv|fnfO{ lgoldt?kdf ;+qmfds
/f]u lj?4 vf]k nufpg' kb{5 .
 afv|fsf] vf]/df cgfjZos dflg;x?nfO{ hyfefjL
k|j]z ug{ lbg' x'+b}g .

clen]v Aofj:yfkg
afv|fkfng ubf{ o;df nfu]sf] nufgL / To;af6 x'g]cfDbfgLsf] clen]v/fVg' cfjZos x'G5 .o;/L/fv]sf]
clen]vaf6 aif{e/Ldf afv|fkfngaf6 s] slt gfkmf jf gf]S;fg eof] eGg] s'/fsf] PsLg ug{ ;lsG5 .
afv |f kmfd{df /fVg' kg]{ clen] vx?
 Jofpg] dfpsf] clen]v .
 JofPsf] dfpsf] clen]v.
 kf7fkf7Lsf] clen]v.
 aLp af]sfsf] clen]v .
 k|hggsf] clen]v.
 bfgf 3fF;sf] clen]v.
 :jf:Yosf] clen]v.
 ljqmL ljt/0fsf] clen]v.
 pkrf/÷vf]k nufPsf] clen]vcflb .
 k/hLlj lj?4 8«]lGrË u/]sf] clen]v

afv|fe]8f Rofªu|fx?sf] ; +Vofsf] clen] v sf] gd"gf
s[ifssf] gfd / 7]ufgf M ;fn M dlxgf
M kz'sf] hft M
ldlt z'?sf];+Vof hlGdPsf];+Vof lsg]sf] a]r]sf] d/]sf] hDdf ;+Vof
k|hgg clen] v sf] gd"gf
s[ifssf] gfd / 7]ufgf M
s|=;+
=
afv|fsf] gfd
÷;+s]tg+
afv|fs
f]
hft
pd]/ af]sf
nfu]sf
] ldlt
af]sfs
f]
hft /
gDa/
hGd]s
f]
kf7fkf
7L
;+Vof
x's]{s
f]
kf7fkf
7L
;+Vof
kf7Lsf]
;+Vof
kf7fsf]
;+Vof

bfgfsf] clen] v sf] gd"gf
s[ifssf] gfd / 7]ufgf M ;fn M
bfgf cfk"lt{stf{sf]
gfd
ld;fO{PsftTjx?
-cfkm}n]
agfPdf_
s'g s'g kz'nfO{
v'jfO{Psf]xf]
cjlw -slxn]
b]lv
slxn];Dd_
hDdfbfgf
pkrf/ / cf}ifwLsf]clen] v sf]gd"gf
s[ifssf] gfd / 7]ufgf M ldlt M
ldlt pkrf/ /
cf}ifwL
afv|f÷e]8f÷Rofªu|fs
f]klxrfg
a]Rg gx'g]
cjlw
a]Rg gx'g] cjlw ;dfKt x'g]
ldlt
vf]k nufPsf] clen]vsf] gd"gf
l;=g+
=
ldlt nufPsf]vf]ksf]
gfd
bf]xf]¥ofpg]
;do÷dlxgf
afv|f÷e]8f÷Rofªu|fsf]klxrfg
g+a/

k/ hLl j l j?4 8«]lGr Ëu/]sf] clen] v sf] gd"gf
ldlt M
l;=
g+=
ldlt 8«]lGrËdf k|of]u u/]sf]
cf}ifwLsf] gfd
bf]xf]¥ofpg]
;do÷dlxgf
afv|f÷e]8f÷Rofª
u|fsf] klxrfg
gDa/
>lds e'S t fgL l jj /0fsf] gd"gf
l;=g
+=
>ldssf]] gfd k"/f
7]ufgf
hGd ldlt ;Dks
{
g+a
/
tna
e'StfgL
lbPsf]
dlxgf
tna e'StfgL
/sd
/sd
a'em]
sf]
ldlt
a'em]s
f]/
sd
;xL
labfsf] clen]vM ldlt=================b]lv
======================;Dd .

%) dfp afv|f kfngsf] nflukl/of]hgfsf] gd"gf -cw{ aw'jfk|0ffnL_
qm=
;+=
ljj/0f OsfO{ kl/df0f b/ ?= hDdf nfut?=
!= k|hggof]Uoafv|fv/Lb ;+Vof %) %))) @%,)))
@= k|hggof]Uoaf]sfv/Lb ;+Vof @ &%)) !%,)))
#= v]/ lgdf{0f ;+Vof !$# !%)) @!$,%))
$= l8lkª6of+slgdf{0f ;+Vof ! %),))) %),)))
%= pks/0fvr{ Psd'i6 !$# @)) @*,^))
hDdfl:y/ k"FhLnufgL %,%*,!))
klxnf]jif{sf]rfn'vr{sf]nflu cfjZos
kg]{cg'dflgt /sd #,@^,#%*
z'?nufgLhDdf *,*$,$%*

ahf/ Aofa:yfkg
!= ;/sf/L :t/df xfn;Dd # j6f afv|fsf] >f]ts]Gb| 5g h'g lrtnfª kmfd{ -;fgg afv|f_, a'l9tf]nf kmfd{ -v/L afv|f_
/ aGbLk'/afv|f cg';Gwfg s]Gb| -jf]o/, v/L, afv]/L_ hftsf afv|f x'g.
@= ( j6f ;fd'bflos afv|fsf >f]t s]Gb|x? s}nfnL, ;'v]{t, bfª, kfNkf, gjnk/f;L, dsjfgk'/, l;Gw'nL, /fd]5fk / ;Kt/L
lhNnfdf /x]sf 5g .
#=& j6f lghL afv|fsf >f]t s]Gb|dWo] af]o/afv|fsf] nflu lrtjg -hutk'/_, wflbË -s]jnk'/_, dsjfgk'/ -a;fdf8L_,
tgx'F
-a/ dGHofª_ / DofUbL lhNnfdf 5geg] hd'gfkfl/sf] j|m;sf] nflu wflbË -r/f}bL_ / af/f -sf]NjL_
lhNnfdf 5g.
$= xfn;Dd g]kfndf !&%a6f afv|f ;+sng s]Gb| ;~rflnt 5g / 7"nf ahf/sf] dfq ;+Vof u0fgf ug]{ xf] eg] hDdf
!$) j6f kz'xf6 ahf/af6 afv|f v/Lb u/LlaqmL ePsf] kfOG5 .
%= kz'kG5L ahf/ k|j4{g lgb]{zgfnosf] tYofÍ -@)&!÷)&@cg';f/b]zsf] @$ lhNnfdf dfq @)!j6f df;' k;n
;~rfng e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 . h;df af]sf÷v;L÷Rofªu|f÷e]8f aw u/L df;' laqmL ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
^= xf6ahf/ jf ;+sngs]Gb|df tf}n dfkg ug]{ d]l;g /fvL lhljt tf}nsf] cfwf/df af]sf÷v;L v/Lb laqmL
ug'{kb{5 . &= kz' 9'jfgL dfkb08cg';f/ af]sf÷afv|f÷e]8f 9'jfgL ug'{k5{ .
*= xf6ahf/ jf ;+sng s]Gb|df afv|f e]8fnfO{ ;]8, kfgL / cfxf/fsf] ;d]t Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .
(=ahf/df laqmL geO{ 3/ lkmtf{ u/]sf afv|f÷e]8fnfO{ 3/sf] ayfgdf gld;fO{ &–* lbg;Dd cnu /fvL kfng
kf]if0f ug'{kb{5 .

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