Prof Derek Clements-Croome - Climate Change: Sustainable and green architecture

CLIMATE CHANGE:
SUSTAINABLE and GREEN
ARCHITECTURE
Professor Derek Clements-Croome
University Reading
www.derekcroome.com

Climate chaos: mode! predictions
for the increases in drought and
flood conditions due to greenhouse
gas emissions, for 1965 and 2050.
By 2050, with a temperature rise of
4 .C, severe
droughts (red) would become
frequent in the tropics and middle
latitudes
Impact of
40 C Rise
1965-2050
David Rind, NASA Goddard Institute for
Space Studies, N.Y. New Scientist May 6th
No: 1976, 1995

MSNBC News Environment www.msnbc.msn.com
Among the Floes , Thomas D.
Mangelsen
Global warming is melting the sea
ice on which polar bears depend.
www.biologicaldiversity.org

Sustainability Issues
 Almost 1/3rd of the global burden of disease for
all ages ca n be attributed to environmental risk
factors.
 20% children in the poorest part of the world
will die before the age of five.
 More than 2m children died from respiratory
disease in 2000; 60% of the deaths were
associated with indoor air pollution and other
environmental factors.
 Word-wide unsafe drinking water causes over
5m deaths per year.
 Population now 7 bn grows to 9+bn in 2050

Brundtland Report 1987 systems for Sustainability
Agenda
 A political system that secures effective
participation in decision making.
 An economic system that can generate services
and technical knowledge on a self- reliant and
sustained basis.
 A social system that provides solutions from the
tensions arising from disharmonious development
 A production system that respects the obligation
to preserve an ecological base for the
development.
 A technological system that can search
continuously for new solutions.
 An international system that fosters sustainable
patterns of trade and finance
 An administrative system that is flexible and has
the capacity for self-correction.

Sustainable Development
Driver is sustaining for future generations
A development of individual human and
social potential that protects and regenerates
the natural environment

Year Agreement
1972
1979
1980
1983
1983
1987
1987
1990
1992
1994
1995
1996
1997
2000
2002
2003
2005
2009
Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment (UN)
Geneva Convention on Air Pollution (UN)
World Conservation Strategy (IUCN)
Helsinki Protocol on Air Quality (UN)
World Commission on Environment and Development (UN)
Montreal Protocol on Ozone Layer (UN)
Our Common Future (Brundtland Commission) (UN)
Green Paper on the Urban Environment (EU)
Earth Summit Rio de Janeiro (UN)
International Conference on Population & Development
World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen
Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in Istanbul (UN)
Kyoto Conference on Global Warming (UN)
The Hague Conference on Climate Change (EU)
World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg
Third Water Forum in Japan
Kyoto Agreement begins for 141 nations
Copenhagen

Sustainability Characteristics
 goals that are rooted in a respect for
both the natural environment and
human nature and
 the use of technology in an appropriate
way;
 the placement of high values on quality
of life;
 respect for the natural environment;
 diffusion of technology with purpose;

Social Issues
Fuel Poverty
Effects of Global Warming on People
Employment and Job Creation
Community Lifestyle - Living Space
Transport Preferences

Sector Sustainability Indicators
Economy
Energy
Water resources
Climate change
Ozone layer
depletion
Acid Rain
Air Quality
Waste
Employment, inflation, Government borrowing and debt
Energy consumption, use of fossil fuels, renewable fuel use.
Rainfall, demand and supply of public water
Global temperature change, greenhouse gas emissions
Measured ozone depletion, CFC’s consumption
Power Station or road transportation emissions of sulphur
dioxide and oxides of nitrogen
Pollutant emissions, money spent on air pollution reduction
Private household and industrial waste, recycling, landfill waste

The Climate System
Courtesi N Noreiks, L. Bengtsson, MPI

The Greenhouse Effect
http://www.crystalinks.com/greenhouseffect.html

Gas
Greenhouse
Gas
Emissions
(%)
Key sources
Carbon dioxide
(C02)
84 Fossil fuel energy used (households,
commerce industry, transport, power stations), land use
change
Methane (CH4) 8 Agriculture, waste, coal mining,
Natural gas distribution
Nitrous oxide (N20) 7 Agriculture, industrial processes, fuel combustion
Hydrofluorocarbos
(HFCs)
1 Refrigerants, general aerosols, solvent cleaning,
firefighting
Perfluorocarbons
(PFCs)
0.1 Electronics, refrigeration/air conditioning
Sulphur
hexafluoride (SF6)
0.2 Electrical insulation, magnesium smelting, electronics,
training shoes
(DETR 2000a; Fawcett 2002)
Greenhouse Gases

Global Carbon Cycle (GtC)
Pathways, pools, and fluxes in the global carbon cycle. Note that the actual numbers vary slightly
with different estimates, and are used here only as guides to the levels of fluxes and pools.

Global Carbon Stocks (Fawcett 2002)
Carbon Stock (GtC)
Deep ocean
Land
Atmosphere
Upper ocean
Fossil Fuel
40,000
2,000
750
1000
5000

Climate Change 2001 - The
Scientific Basis (Summary
for Policymakers)
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/external.php#sus

Predictions of annual average
temperature in the UKCIP02 global
climate model runs up to 2100

CIBSE- Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation. TM36:2005
Global carbon dioxide increases
(UKCIP02 Scientific Report)

World Carbon Emissions 1850-2300

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the Developing
World, 1990 1999 2010 and 2020
765 669 1131
1683670 693
1008
1330
246 249
394
611
541 547
745
1000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1990 1999 2010 2020
Million Metric Tons Equivalent
Middle East /Africa
Central and South America
Other Developing Asia
China
Sources: 1990 and 1999 Energy Information Administration (EIA) International Energy Annual
1999. DOE/EIA -0219(99) (Washington DC Jan 2001)”010 and 2020 EIA Wold Energy Projection

The Kaya Identity uses an intuitive approach to
relate carbon emissions (C) to primary energy (E),
the gross domestic product (GDP) and population
size (POP) (Bruce et al 1996) so that:
where = carbon intensity; highest for coal, then oil then
gas; lowest for nuclear sources then ultimately
renewables.
= energy intensity of economic activity; energy use
usually increases with economic growth.
= economic growth is related to population
change; the biggest changes are occurring in
the eveloping world.
xPOP
POP
GDP
x
GDP
E
x
E
C
C 


















E
C
GDP
E
POP
GDP

Predicting Climate Change
Scenarios from population, energy,
economics models
Carbon cycle and chemistry models
Gas properties
Coupled climate models
Impact models
Emissions
Heating Effect
Climate Forcing
Concentrations
CO2, methane etc
Climate Change
Temp, rain, sea-level etc
Impacts
Flooding, food supply, etc

Economic allocation of Carbon Dioxide
and Methane Emissions for the UK 1999
Note: each sector includes fossil fuel derived electricity and gives more realistic picture
than the geographical allocation
Sector
Carbon Dioxide and Methane
Emissions (MtC)
Households 51.6
Manufacturing 42.2
Services 34.5
Extraction & Production Processes 24.4
Public Administration 8.9
Waste Management 4.5
TOTAL 166.4
(Fawcett 2002)

Life cycle impact (IL) can be defined
as:
IL = IE + ΣI
L
Where factors are embodied impact
(IE); sum of recurring impacts (ΣI) and
service life (L).

Concrete 12,480 3,460 2,595 1,298
Steel 19,300 5.363 4,022 2,011
Timber 4, 150 1,150 862 431
GJ KWh(000’s) t m3
Energy CO2 Emission
Embodied Energy

Summary
 Human activity is major cause of global warming
 Global temperature rise of 1.5 to 5.5 C by 2100
 UK warming 1.5 -2 deg C by 2050 (central
estimate)
 More winter rainfall; less summer rainfall in south
 Frequency of heavy rain days set to increase
 Sea level rise about 0.5m; more high water
events
 Cooling from Gulf Stream switch-off not predicted
 Great uncertainty; challenge is to quantify this

Sustainable Architecture
The principal issues are:
 Pollution
 Recycling of construction materials
 Decreasing energy consumption both in the use
of materials and in its use in buildings
 Utilisation and disposal of waste
 Water conservation and treatment
 Indoor Climate

Green Architecture
 Context –refers to both place and climate
 As what we need by simpler means –(less
is beautiful). (Schumacher Small is
Beautiful)
 Considering a building as living
organism –how it feels, how it behaves,
what it consumes, what and how much
waste is embodied in it and what it leaves
behind one day when it is gone.
 Designing Healthy Buildings –which
are resource effective using long term
ecological principles

Green Intelligent Buildings
Most of our lives are spent in
buildings and they, together with
people, provide the stimuli to which
our senses respond.
They can enhance or dull our
creative endeavour; they can aid or
hinder productivity.

Buildings consume immense human,
materials, water and fossil fuel resources
in their production and operation.
They deplete resources and also produce
pollution and waste during operation. The
impacts on the biosphere are well
documented.

Green Architecture is about hidden
dimensions, the maze of intricate
balances, the unending mesh of profound
and important issues, that - apart from
being of vital importance to mankind – are
in themselves beautiful and wonderful
constraints and starting blocks for creative
design.

The future will concentrate on developing
naturally responsive buildings with a
discriminant use of high technology.
Healthy buildings, low energy
consumption and good management are
virtuous cluster which will distinguish
green intelligent buildings.

Green Architecture
The design process must consider:
 Scale
 Position, context and
orientation
 Shape, compactness or
openness
 Response to climate and
time
 Treatment of the skin of
the building as a
harvester or protector
from sun, wind, water and
noise
 Mass of building as a storer
and redistributor of energy
 Energy consumption
 Pollution
 Light
 Quality of air
 Materials used and their
embodied energy
 Production of waste
 Life cycle analysis of whole
construction

Intelligent Buildings
Intelligent
Buildings
Green
Building
Flexible
Building
Smart
Building
Responsive
Building

Benefits of Intelligent
Buildings
 Minimise building operation costs
 Increase flexibility space use
 Improve the quality of the work environment
 Provide maximum physical and data security
 Provide effective functionality
 Use innovation where appropriate
 Reduce the rate of obsolescence
 Enhance environmental conscientiousness
 Reduce churn cost

Buildings largely shaped by the
following issues
Value for money
Water conservation
Occupant well-being, health and
productivity
Renewable Energy
Energy Efficiency and Effectiveness

IBE Model of Building Intelligence
Intelligent
Building Goals
Building Management Space Management Business
Management
Intelligent
Building
Tasks
Environmental
control of
building
Management
of change
(capacity
adaptability
flexibility
manageability)
Processing, storage and
presentation of
information
Internal and external
communications
Intelligent
Building
Attributes
Building Autorotation Systems
(BAS)
Computer Aided Facility
Management systems (CAFM) Communications
(including office
automation, A/V and
business systems)
User control
of building
systems
Minimisation
of operating
costs
Design strategies and building shell attributes
Facilities management strategies

Drivers
Impacts
Micro-
environment
Local
environment
Global
environment
Location and
architectural value
Building services
Human productivity
and comfort
Thermal comfort
Acoustical comfort
Indoor air quality
Visual comfort
Safety
Security
Spatial comfort
Outdoor noise
Waste disposal
Façade friendliness
Traffic occurrence
Heat emission/
Dissipation
Water consumption
Density of built
Environment
Energy efficiency
Environmental
impact
Matrix Relationship to Measure and Classify Building
Intelligence(Tan et al 2002)

Buildings for Change
 Open building philosophy (modularity,
adaptability and changeability of building along
its life cycle)
 Simply building verses hi-tech (buildings should
be easy to use and understand)
 Intelligent use of building by occupants
 Intelligent buildings are responsive buildings
 A new look for cost is needed which considers
the value of environment on increasing
productivity

Defining User Needs
 Easy to use and maintain
 Flexible (layout, structure, technology)
 Open for extra services and connections (link to
the infrastructure)
 Responsive to senses (users should feel good in
the building)
 Give user individual environmental control
 Give feedback not only control system but also to
the users of the buildings (mobile feedback in the
future)

Intelligent Buildings
Passive Environmental Design Building
form, mass, internal layout and orientation all
characterise how a building will react to airflow,
heat loads, daylight and sound. These measures are
the essence of passive design which allow the
building to naturally harmonise with its surrounding
s whilst providing acceptable conditions for work
and living. Beyond this, active mechanical and
electrical services control the provision of criteria at
the levels chosen within an acceptable band. Often
a hybrid solution which mixes passive and active
modes is more realistic. A passive approach offers
durable systems that are quiet, consume little
energy and require little maintenance.

Prestige 620 390 22 15
Standard 420 220 14 8
Naturally Ventilated
Open plan 290 150 7 5
Cellular 240 120 6 4
OFFICES TYPICAL and GOOD
Energy Best Practice Guide 19
2000
Energy kWh/m2 Costs £/m2

Emissions (kg C02 year-1)
Space heating
Hot water
Cooking
Pumps and fans
Lights and appliances
Total
1506
864
125
96
1650
4241
C02 emissions from a typical
three-bedroom semi-detached
house built in 1995 in the UK

Annual Energy Consumption and
Costs (Woods, 1994)
Lower Watts Normal
House House
Item GJ £ GJ £
Space 30 133 217 946
Water Heating 11 49 18 79
Cooking 7 32 7 32
Lighting/electrical 10 215 24 552
Total 58 429 226 1,609

Normal house left and Passiv right

Transport
Space Heating
Hot Water Heating
Lighting
Process Use
Other
35%
26%
8%
6%
10%
15%
UK Energy Consumption 2000
(Department of Trade and Industry)

System Basis Annual Carbon
Emission (kg/m2)
CIBSE (2002)
Natural Ventilation - good
- typical
Airconditioning - good
- typical
13
12
20
20
37
Relative Carbon Emissions
(CIBSE 2002) Life Cycle Energy

The Human Ecosystem Model
Social
Environment
Lifestyle “O” Behaviour Consumption
Conformity
Capacity for adjustment
Feedback
Locus of control
Life cycle stage
Expandable income
Educational Level
Individual differences
(Physical + physiological)
Clothes drying
Use of central
Heating system
Hot water usage
Occupancy patters
Window opening
Internal door
opening
Built
Environment
Natural
Environment
Seasonal Change
Climatic Conditions
Resource Availability
Heat Transmissions
Insulation
System Efficiency
Terrace Position
House orientation
The Media
Government
Legislation
Cultural Norms
Expectations
Education
Previous
Environment
Needs
Values

Energy saving strategies
 Building location and orientation
 Building design and construction
 Building services systems
 Control of pollution sources
 Building operation and maintenance

Carbon dioxide emissions from
power stations (tonnes per GWh)
Conventional coal-fired
Oil-fired plant
4
5
7
8
484
304
726
964
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Gas-fired plant
57
Ocean thermal energy conversion
Geothermal steam
Nuclear (boiling water reactor)
Wind power
Photovoltaics
Large hydropower

Fuel Carbon Dioxide
Emission
(kg/kWh delivered)
Electricity 0.832
Gas 0.198
Coal 0.331
Petroleum 0.392

World Energy Demand
Source : Greenpeace fossil-free energy scenario

Thermal equivalent annual contributions (1 Exa Joule = 1018 J=EJ)
Energy Source 1990 2025 Long term
Hydro-electricity* 21 35-55 >130
Geothermal <1 4 >20
Wind - 7-10 >130
Ocean - 2 >20
Solar - 16-22 >2,600
Biomass 55 72-137 >1.300
Total 76 130-230 >4,200
* Hydropower accounts for about 19% of the world electricity supply; largest
producers are Canada, US and Brazil.
Global Renewable Energy Potentials
(Kirkwood 1998)

Source
Total use of renewables
(Thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
1990 2000 2001 2002
Active solar heating and photovoltaics
Wind and wave
Hydro (small and large-scale)
Landfill gas
Sewage gas
Wood (domestic and industrial)
Waste combustion
Other biofuels
6.4 12.0 14.2 17.1
0.8 81.3 83.0 108.4
447.7 437.3 348.7 411.7
79.8 731.2 835.8 892.1
138.2 168.7 168.4 183.7
174.1 502.8 468.8 469.8
119.1 610.1 665.8 726.1
64.7 287.4 388.9 392.6
Total 1,102.7 2,830.5 2,973.5 3,201.1
In 2002, biofuels and wastes accounted for 83% of renewable energy sources with most of the
remainder coming from large-scale hydro electricity production. Hydro accounted for 12% and
wind power contributed 3½%. Of the 3.2 million tonnes of oil equivalent of primary
energy use accounted for by renewables, 2.5 million tonnes was used to generate electricity
and 0.7 million tonnes to generate heat. Renewable energy use grew by 8% in 2002 and has
almost tripled in the last 12 years.
Renewables accounted for 3% of electricity generated in the UK in 2002. (1 Thousand toe =
41.868 TJ = 11.63 GWh)
UK Use of Renewables (DTI 2003)

UK Installed Renewables 2006—2012

"Costs of low-carbon generation technologies", Mott MacDonald (Committee on Climate Change), May 2011
Estimated levelised costs (pence/kWh) of low-carbon electricity
generation technologies
Technology 2011 estimate 2040 central projection
River hydro (best locations) 6.9 5
Onshore wind 8.3 5.5
Nuclear 9.6 6
CCGT with carbon capture 10.0 10
Wood CFBC 10.3 7.5
Geothermal 15.9 9
Offshore wind 16.9 8.5
Energy crops 17.1 11
Tidal stream 29.3 13
Solar PV 34.3 8
Tidal barrage 51.8 22

Type of Energy 1995 2010
Biomass
Photovoltaics
Solar Collectors
Wind
Geothermal (Heatpumps)
45Mtoe*
0.03 GW
6.5 Mm2
2.5 GW
1.3 GW
135Mtoe
3GW
100 Mm2
40 GW
5 GW
* 1Mtoe = 42GJ
A predicted expansion in renewable
energy use in EU (Edwards 2002)

Commercialising Solar PV
Rooftop solar PV cost trajectories in constant 1997 dollars

System of Hydrogen Production and use
in low temperature fuel cells
Fuel
Cells
Residential Buildings
Electricity
Heat
Fuel
Cells
Electricity
Heat
Commercial Buildings
Vehicle
Refuelling
Stations
Centralised
Hydrogen
Production
Plants
Carbonaceous
Feebstocks
Compressed
Hydrogen
Compressed
Hydrogen
Carbon Dioxide
to sequestration Fuel cell
Vehicles

Summary of Green Systems
Actions
 Passive architectural design (building orientation,
form, mass)
 Capacity modulation of HVCA systems
 Communication protocols (LAN, LON, Bacnet,
Batibus, wirefree, etc)
 Design for controls flexibility but allow personal
control
 Employ more sensors including human sense diaries
 Controls to include self learning, adaptive and
predictive control algorithms but employ fuzzy logic
 Life cycle of the building (when considering design
and cost)
 Facilities management

New and expanded environmental responsibilities for
architects within RIBA “Plan of Work”
 Brief client on new environmental duties
 Place 'environmental duty of care' within brief
 Advise on environmental consequences of site choice
 Test the feasibility of environment_friendly design
 Advise on appointment of 'green' consultants
 Investigate environmental consequences/opportunities of site
 Develop 'green' strategies in design
 Obtain approval for unusual energy use or environmental aspects of design
 Finalise environmental parameters within design
 Check the 'green' approach to design and construction against cost and legislative
controls
 Obtain final approvals for environmental design strategy
 Check 'benignity' of materials to be specified
 Undertake broad appraisal of 'Iife-cycle assessment' of components
 Ensure that design, details and specification are in line with current environmental
duties and using up to date knowledge
 Check that bills of quantities allow contractors to realise their environmental duties in
building
 Obtain 'Environmental Policy Statement' from tenderers
 Advise tenderers of environmental duties
 Advise appointed contractor of environmental duties and standards
 Monitor site operations to ensure good environmental practice is followed
 Undertake spot checks of environmental performance
 Ensure building is environmentally sound
 Check environmental controls are working and understood
 Compile Environmental Statement for building
 Monitor environmental performance of building
 Disseminate results of environmental initiatives in journals
 Prepare a user manual for all subsequent owners/occupiers
A Inception
B Feasibility
C Outline proposals
D Scheme design
E Detail design
F Production information
G Bills of quantities
H Tender action
J Project planning
K Operations on site
L Completion
M Feedback

RIBA PLAN OF WORK 2013
Now includes a section on Post -
occupancy Evaluation

Environmental Audits
Row
Materials
Materials
Manufactur
e
Product
Manufactur
e
Produc
t Use
Disposa
l
Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy
Product
Re-cycling Energy
Extraction
Reuse
Waste
Waste Waste Waste
The progression of energy and
environmental impacts
involved in the life cycle from
manufacture to disposal of
building products

Elements of Environmental Audit
What’s an environmental audit
Why are so many companies
using environmental audit as a
management tool?
What can an audit do for you?
What does an audit involve?
A rigorous environmental audit
will do more than simply ensure
legislative compliance; it will
aim to identify the Best
Practicable Environmental
Option (BPEO) for your
company. A good audit will help
you run a tighter, more efficient
company.
Who should carry out the audit?
 A systematic. objective and documented evaluation of the impact of
your business activities on the environment.
 To prepare themselves for:
 New and tougher UK and EC legislation
 Increasing corporate and personal liability
 Rising energy and materials costs
 Rapidly rising waste disposal costs
 Competitive pressures as other companies clean up their act
 Growing public pressure
 Ensure that your company is staying within the bounds of the law
 Cut effluent and waste disposal costs
 Reduce material and energy bills
 Improve your corporate image
 Assist in the formulation of an environmental policy
 Evaluating your operational practices to determine whether they can be
made more efficient in terms of resource use and waste production. or
altered to minimize risk of pollution.
 Examining the way in which your company deals with the waste it
produces to see if more effective waste management options could be
employed.
 Taking a good look at the material and energy resources your company
uses to see whether more environmentally sound alternatives could be
substituted.
 Developing contingency plans for environmental mishaps
 If you have relevant expertise in-house, set up an internal audit team.
You may wish to bring in external consultants to help.

The key aims of sustainable construction are
the minimisation of greenhouse gas
emissions, energy consumption and water
usage. Some possible solutions:
 Minimise heat loss through the fabric
 Design buildings with a high thermal mass to aid
heating and cooling.
 Avoiding deep plan buildings that utilise artificial
ventilation and lighting systems
 Using atria and stairwells for stack effect natural
ventilation.
 Orientate buildings and providing solar panels to
take advantage of the sun's natural and renewable
energy
 Consider all other renewable energy opportunities
.

 Design façades to provide the appropriate natural
shading.
 Incorporate green roofs into a building's design as a
way of providing extra insulation against extreme
temperature, and limiting run-off in periods of heavy
rain thereby reducing the pressure on drainage
systems.
 Utilise recycling systems for rainwater and grey
water.
 Use local materials.
 Use timber from sustainable sources and avoiding
tropical hardwoods.
 Specify low energy lighting.
 Install intelligent energy management systems.
 Choose natural above synthetic materials where
possible.
 Procure materials with low embodied energy and
free of or low in toxins.

Energy Actions Summary
 Free energy audits for companies
 Tax concessions on investment in new
energy saving equipment
 Credit for conservation measures,
including co-generation schemes
 Low interest loans from the Housing
Finance Corporation to help pay for
insulation and efficient water heaters.
 Use of Green Deal and other Government
initiatives

Energy Actions Summary
 Certification of carbon dioxide emissions
from buildings caused by energy use.
 Billing heating airconditioning and hot water
costs on a basis of consumption not flat
rate tariffs.
 Thermal insulation of the buildings
 Regular inspection of building services plant
 Energy audits of businesses

Residential building Office building
WCs 35% 43%
Urinals 20%
Kitchen sinks &
dishwashers
19% 10%
Washing machines 12%
Handbasins 8% 27%
Outside taps 6%
Baths 15%
Showers 5%
Water use in Homes and Offices
(Rawlings 1999)

Municipal Waste Management in EU
Country Recycling and
Composting
Incineration Landfill
Denmark 42% 48% 10%
Netherlands 43% 41% 16%
Austria 62% 15% 23%
Belgium 52% 18% 30%
Sweden 27% 46% 27%
France 15% 25% 60%
Finland 32% 3% 65%
Spain 25% 10% 65%
Italy 15% 7% 78%
UK 12% 8% 80%
Portugal 8% 7% 85%
Greece 6% 0% 94%
(Environment Agency, Municipal Waste Management, July 2002; Davies)

The Future
 Sustainability
 Social, demographic and political changes
 Intelligent buildings
 Passive Design
 Simple forms of construction
 Robotics
 Automated construction systems
 Planned preventative maintenance
 Smart materials
 Integrated IT and communication systems
 Standardisation of computer systems

The Future
 Standardisation and Prefabrication
 Designers, contractors and manufacturers:
concurrent approach
 Pollution control
 Low energy consumption
 Waste utilisation and disposal
 Water conservation
 Recycling
 Indoor climate and well-being
 Whole life cycle economics
 High quality education and training system

Edkins (2000) emphasises the
importance of the following
technological issues:
 embedded sensors and automatic
controllers which will allow buildings and
other inanimate objects to have intelligence
 biomimetics and bio-technology will be a
major force in developing new materials
 nanotechnology may allow new materials,
processes and inventions to be developed that
could revolutionise health, eliminate pollution,
provide super intelligence and super resource
efficiency

 energy production will use new
technologies to meet the more stringent
demands imposed by the needs for
sustainability
 chip implants can be envisaged which will
allow direct transfer of electronic
information
 information and communication
technologies will govern the information
and knowledge scenario, and will allow
greater virtual interaction and virtual
modeling; e-business is evolving rapidly

GREEN DEAL
The Green Deal is UK government
policy and was official launched in
January 2013 by the Department
of Energy and Climate Change to
permit loans for energy saving
measures for properties in Great
Britain.
One example only of low carbon
initiatives

Some other energy deals
 Renewable Heat Initiative-
subsidy over 20 years for customers
that have systems generating and
using renewable heat
 Energy Companies Obligation-
legal onus on energy suppliers; help
for people on certain welfare benefits
 Feed in Tariffs-finance for
customers generating electricity from
renewables e.g. solar photovoltaics

GREEN DEAL
 Energy-saving improvements to
homes or business mainly by:
– insulation - e.g. solid wall, cavity
wall or loft insulation
– draught-proofing
– double glazing
– renewable energy generation - e.g.
solar panels or heat pumps or fuel
cells

Challenges for Green Deal
 Government must give good incentive to
building owners and providers
 Loan interest rates need to be low over a
long period of time
 Need accredited green deal assessors -
refer to PAS 2030 certification and training
 Education of supply and demand
stakeholders to get a full commitment from all
 False Perceptions and misunderstandings
 Landlords need lessees/rental tenants
agreement

UK Green Building Council activity
 The Energy and Climate Change Select
Committee’s Inquiry into the Green Deal
covering:
 public awareness and communications,
take up levels, value for money, access to
the Green Deal and ECO, customer
satisfaction, supply chain and job creation.
 UK GBC Green Deal Finance Task Group report
examines the Green Deal interest rate and
suggests how lower rates could help increase
the number of measures eligible under the
scheme.

UK Green Council Activity
 DECC Green Deal workshop
UK-GBC hosted a DECC workshop on
30 January exploring future developments
for the Green Deal.
 The economic case for domestic
retrofit
UK-GBC coordinating work on the
economic benefits of domestic energy
efficiency to create a comprehensive set of
economic benefits associated with retrofit.

Retrofit Research Centre
 The University of Cambridge’s Centre
for Climate Change Mitigation
Research based in the Department of
Land Economy
 Has expertise on how to ensure that
low energy building retrofit projects
have access to the latest science,
technology, policy, business, social,
finance, planning and real estate
research.

Research to support retrofits
 An evidence base for low carbon
retrofits throughout Cambridge
 Assessment toolkits for energy use
and emissions
 A heat demand and property Google
map of Cambridge
 The Cambridge Community model of
carbon emissions from all building
sectors, and the influence of retrofits
on those emissions

Example results of the Centre's assessment of the carbon
reduction potential of candidate heat reduction retrofit
measures in Cambridge buildings---see next slide
Cambridge Retrofit Study

Cambridge Retrofit Study cont.
 Loft Insulation A - 17% CO2
 Loft Insulation B - 5
 Enhanced Glazing - 15
 Cavity Wall Insulation - 15
 Internal Wall Insulation - 45
 External Wall Insulation - 50
 Floor Insulation - 5
 Draught proofing - 5
 Boiler upgrade - 17

Low Carbon Retrofit Toolkit
1. Set clear corporate retrofit goals
to include energy saving and carbon reductions, introduction of new
technologies and accelerated replacement of inefficient services equipment
2. Designate roles and define processes
to ensure that a dedicated individual within the organisation is given the
responsibility and authority to assess retrofit opportunities across the
property portfolio
3. Prioritise buildings most suitable for retrofit
by analysing portfolios against key selection criteria
4. Engage occupiers
to determine common goals, identify barriers and formulate

Low Carbon Retrofit Toolkit
5. Agree financing arrangements
between owner and occupier typically via the service charge using an
exceptional expenditure clause to repay costs through the Hard Services
portion or through a sinking fund.
6. Select appropriate technology
best-suited to the constraints of the building and which minimise the level
of disruption to the occupiers.
7. Delivery
using a trusted supply chain
8. Evaluate
performance in-use

Retrofit London’s buildings
 RE:FIT London public sector buildings
responsible for 80 per cent of the
capital's carbon emissions - with
measures such as--
 photovoltaic solar panels, low energy
lighting systems and new, efficient
boilers
 boosts economy and creates new
jobs.

CASE STUDY
 Background
– A six-story office and retail building in a major
UK city
– Property comprises 13,000 square feet of
retail and 67,000 of
– office space
 Occupier and lease environment
– Single public sector office tenant and three
retail occupiers
– No breaks
– 12-year lease

Case study.. Continued..
 Retrofit technology
– Strategy for lighting, plant improvement/replacement and
air conditioning controls
 Financing arrangements
– Typically, Climate Change Capital will fund or share costs
50/50 with occupiers
– Public sector occupier was able to access EU funding to
support their contribution
 Commercial factors
– Five-year payback for retrofit
– Capital expenditure formed a basis for joint funding
– Independent consultant provided evidence that the paybac
period was achievable

Empire State Building Retrofit
2011-2013
 Reduce energy by 38%; save CO2 emissions
 Payback 3 years :$4.4m per annum saving
 Retrofit energy measures $13.2 m
 Existing glass + sashes create triple glazing
 Radiator insulation
 Improved lighting
 Occupancy sensors
 Chiller upgrade
 Integrated controls upgrade

Common Retrofit Technologies
Other technologies adopted on offices retrofit:
Rainwater harvesting
Thermostaic valves
On-site generation
Boiler upgrades
Optimise faciltiies management
Voltage optimisation

Tall Buildings Retrofit
 retrofitting of our huge existing stock
of buildings helps the move to make
our cities green and sustainable by
careful retrofitting and
insertions.
 tall building need efficient and rapid
ways to make existing cites green by
converting their energy systems into:

Tall Buildings and Green Cities
 community renewable energy systems,
 closed-cycle water management systems,
 citywide sustainable urban drainage,
 link the city’s green areas with suburban
natural landscapes to make the region’s
ecology whole,
 develop a network of localised food
production,
 reduction of urban pollution and
 reduction of waste by recycling, and other
innovative technologies

Reduction of carbon emissions
Reduction in cost per kg/CO2
Reduction in fuel poverty
Reduce disruption
Increase speed of installation as well as
rollout
Reduce the carbon footprint of retrofits
Greater Manchester Low Carbon
Retrofit Housing programme

Delivering a low carbon
economy through retrofit in
Greater Manchester
next 3 slides by
Mark Atherton – GM Director of
Environment
Michael O’Doherty – Low Carbon
Buildings Lead
GM Low Carbon Hub

Greater Manchester retrofit
challenge (O’Doherty)
 2.6 million people living in 1.1 million households
Around 9,000 hard-to-treat social homes save 6 m
tons of CO2 by 2015
 Deliver £650 million of economic benefits,
supporting 34,800 jobs
 Deliver 75 per cent of basic energy efficiency
measures - lofts and cavity wall insulation
 Make ‘in-depth behavioural change advice’
available to all households by 2015
 Roll out smart meters in every home

Housing Retrofit Strategy
Low Carbon Housing Retrofit
Greater Manchester( O’Doherty)
 Current average home
EPC rating D;
 90% must shift to EPC
rating B by 2035
 1--0.9m homes built pre-
1975 – will need
additional insulation by
2050.
 2--Behavioural Change
and Carbon literacy
 3--Incorporation of heat
and renewable energy
strategy

Influencing behaviour and long-term
habits (O’Doherty 2013)
– GM Carbon Literacy
– Consistent messages
– Influence at key
decision points
– Rewards and
Incentives
– Community champions
/ show homes &
streets

SOME INNOVATIONS
 CONNECTIVITY— link occupant, systems
and building with wireless sensor systems
 FEEDBACK– Smart metering of all spaces;
post-occupancy evaluation; intelligent
building management systems
 MATERIALS – Nano coated or embedded
materials; self-cleaning; self-healing; smart
glazing; phase change materials; bio-facades

SOME INNOVATIONS
 SYSTEMS — passive environmental control;
ground source cooling with heat pumps; fuel
cells
 RENEWABLES — nano solar cells to give 48%
efficiency; developments in wind, tidal, biomass,
geothermal and hydro power
 CARBON NEGATIVE BUILDINGS — see
Dreosti Memorial Lecture 2013 by Clements-
Croome (presented at Seoul National
University,Depatment Architecture February 11th
10.30am )

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Maximise passive environmental design
 Invest in renewables — South Korea proposes
about 12% by 2022; 18% by 2030; and 60% by
2050
 Legislate but prudently
 Keep abreast of innovations across sectors
 Use co-ordinated and comprehensive data
management systems to increase understanding

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Commitment at all levels but led by
Government
 Integrated Design and Management Teams
with systems and holistic approach
 Increase Awareness across population
 Provide Incentives to engage everyone
 Educate all ages; use sustainable schools as
learning experiences for children

RECOMMENDATIONS
 Intelligent and Smart Infrastructures
 Comprehensive Sustainability Strategy for
Energy, Water, Waste and Pollution
 Balance Human Needs and Environmental-
Economic ones
 Intended outcomes often not achieved in
practice because of poor Facilities
Management and effects of occupancy
behaviour.

SUMMARY
 COMMITMENT
 INTEGRATED TEAM and PROCESS
 INCENTIVES TO MOTIVATE
 AWARENESS
 COMMUNICATION
 HOLISTIC THINKING
 HUMAN and SOCIAL VALUES
 OPEN and INNOVATIVE DESIGN

Our Aim is to Benefit the
Human World
Will projects like Songdo in
South Korea achieve this?

The J.M Tjibaou Cultural Center (Museum of Noumea)
designed by Renzo Piano (Winner of 1998 Pritzker
prize), is a harmonious alliance of modern and
traditional Kanak architecture. Traditional thatch huts,
native to the Kanak people, inspired the design.
Piano learnt from local culture, buildings and nature.
Tall thin curved laminated iroko wood ribbed structures
supported by steel ties resist cyclones and earthquakes.
The ribs have horizontal slats which allow passive
environmental control to occur. The slats open and
close according to wind strength and direction and
admit air to a cavity which is linked to the glazed façade
of the museum.

ean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Jean Marie Tjibaou Cultural Centre, New Caledonia
Renzo Piano, 1998

Social Diversity
Ecological biodiversity
Social Hubs & Open Space
Street design
Transit Services Urbanism
Waste Management
High Performance Infrastructure
Built Form and Interrelationships
Sustainable Built Environment Tool(SuBET)
Sustainable Masterplanning
Master Planning
Sustainable Built Environment Tool
,
Al-Waer H ,Clements-Croome D J,2010,Building and Environment,45,799-807

SuBET Tool is a comprehensive, international, voluntary
sustainable rating scheme and assessment tool.
Evaluates the sustainable design and performance of a major
master plan
The tool was developed for the construction and property
industry in order to:
• Establish a common language
• Set a standard measurement
• Promote integrated design
• Recognize environmental leadership
• Encourage stakeholders involvement
• Identify building life-cycle impact
• Raise awareness of sustainable urban planning benefits
SuBET is ©Copyright of Hilson Moran Partnership Ltd, Professor Derek Clements-Croome of Reading University and Dr Hasam Al Waer of Dundee University
SuBET

Sustainability with respect to Air
Quality and Energy Demand
 Passive architectural design (building orientation, form, mass)
 Capacity modulation of HVCA systems
 Communication protocols (LAN, LON, Bacnet, Batibus,
wirefree, etc)
 Design for controls flexibility but allow personal control
 Employ more sensors including human sense diaries
 Controls to include self learning, adaptive and predictive
control algorithms but employ fuzzy logic
 Life cycle of the building (when considering design and cost)

The key aims of sustainable construction are the
minimisation of greenhouse gas emissions, energy
consumption and water usage. The route of
achieving these aims is paved with many possible
solutions
These may include
 Minimising heat loss through the walls, floors, roof and
windows of a building.
 Designing buildings with a high thermal mass to aid heating
and cooling.
 Avoiding deep plan buildings that utilise artificial ventilation
and lighting systems.
 Using atria and stairwells for stack effect natural ventilation.
 Orientating buildings and providing solar panels to take
advantage of the sun's natural and renewable energy.

 Designing façades to provide the appropriate natural
shading.
 Incorporating green roofs into a building's design as
a way of providing extra insulation against extreme
temperature, and limiting run-off in periods of heavy
rain thereby reducing the pressure on drainage
systems.
 Utilising recycling systems for rainwater and grey
water.
 Using local materials.
 Using timber from sustainable sources and avoiding
tropical hardwoods.
 Specifying low energy lighting.
 Installing intelligent energy management systems.
 Choosing natural above synthetic materials where
possible.
 Procuring materials with low embodied energy and
free of or low in toxins.

Form create sun spaces, lighting ducts, light shelves
Orientation: main glazing to face 30 degrees either side of due south
reduce north glazing
minimise tree over-shadowing
on housing estates build to a density of < 40 properties/ha
design atriums/roof lighting in accordance with the position
of the sun in both summer and winter
Fabric: fabric transmission losses may be reduced by improving
insulation or by reducing the mean inside air temperature.
Rules of Thumb for Solar Design
(Rawlings 1999).

Energy Actions
 Free energy audits for companies
 Tax concessions on investment in new
energy saving equipment
 Credit for conservation measures,
including co-generation schemes
 Low interest loans from the Housing
Finance Corporation to help pay for
insulation and efficient water heaters
 National Energy Saving Month every
February

Energy Actions
 Certification of carbon dioxide emissions
from buildings caused by energy use.
 Billing heating airconditioning and hot
water costs on a basis of consumption not
flat rate tariffs.
 Promoting third party financing of energy
efficiency investments in the public sector
 Thermal insulation of the buildings
 Regular inspection of boilers
 Regular inspection of cars
 Energy audits of businesses

The Integrated-assessment system
Physics world June 2004 The integrated assessment system p.32

Physics world June 2004 Multi actor models p.35
Multi-actor
Models

The Impact of Kyoto
Physics world June 2004 p.34

The Climate System
(Adapted from 'ACE On-Line Fact Sheet Series: Global Climate Change'
(www.doc.mmu.ac.uk/aric/ace/online_info/gcc/gcc_05.html)

Physics world June 2004 Modelling the climate system p.33
Modelling the Climate System

Radiation of Energy to and from the Earth
Boyle et. al. 2003)

UKCIPO2 climate IPCC SRES UKCIP Descriptions
change scenario emissions socio-economic
storyline scenario title
Low Emissions B1 Global Sustainability Clean and efficient technologies;
reduction in material use; global
solutions to economic, social and environmental
sustainability; improved equity; population
peaks mid-century
Medium-Low Emissions B2 Local Stewardship Local solutions to sustainability; continuously
increasing population
Medium-High Emissions A2 National Enterprise Self-reliance; preservation of local identities;
continuously increasing population;
economic growth on regional scales
High Emissions A1F1 World Markets Very rapid economic growth; population peaks
mid-
century; social, cultural and economic
convergence among regions; market mechanisms
dominate.
Characteristics of the UKCIP emissions scenarios
(from tables A.2 and A.3 of the UKCIPO2report(3)

Earth-based world power sources and possible
practical expectations
Regenerative sources
Photovoltaics 1015 W For total world land coverage:
7-10% conversion efficiency
REQUIRED: heavy duty storage system and higher
conversion efficiency
Land coverage difficulties
Visual pollution
Biomass 9 x 1012W For total world land coverage:
Land coverage and harvesting provide sociall pproblems
Wind power 6 x 1012W For total world land coverage:
REQUIRED: heavy duty storage systems
Land coverage gives technical social problems
Visual pollution
Wave power Uncertain Useful for communities near the sea:
heaviest and most expensive of engineering
Hydroelectric generation Uncertain
(perhaps to 1012W) Restricted in global application
Tidal energy Uncertain Restricted to tidal regions
Geothermal sources Perhaps 1099W Restricted to specific areas
(mid-ocean ridges very long tem1)
Source Maximum output Comments
High density source
Nuclear power 1015W or more No more than 1 K rise in environmental temperature
problems of waste disposal and of safety
Fossil fuels 109W maximum allowable Small application for special, local uses:
(some use is unavoidable) pollution extraction essential
Present world requirement of about 2 x 1013W perhaps rising to 1014W

Sustainable Solutions Capital Cost Potential Savings
on Running Cost
Solar power hot water
supply
£2,134 70%
Intelligent lighting system £1,120 35-45%
Intelligent heating system £978 10-20%
Grey water recycling £1,324 14%
Efficient taps £50-100 3%
Efficient shower heads £50-75 4%
Dual low flush WCs £200-300 9%
Some sustainable solutions

Areas of Research
New Processes and Products
– Green labelling of buildings
– Environment friendly materials
– Integration of building fabrics and systems
– Localised systems of environmental control
– High information, density, storage and
distribution of information systems
– Use of biological materials
– Total environmental approach to design.

Areas of Research
Modification of Existing Processes
– More efficient combustion processes with less CO2
– Passive and active design
– Recycling and reuse of waste.
– Effective commissioning, operating and maintenance
procedures
– Improved design and construction process
– Effective management at design, construction and in-
use strategies
– Effective control systems

Areas of Research
Clean-up Existing Technologies
– Elimination of Chlorofluorocarbons
– Improved environmental standards and codes
– Improved energy efficiency wherever possible
– Heighten awareness of industry concerning
environmental matters
– Better education and training about
environmental matters

 Energy related issues are:
– Buildings should consume as little energy ads possible
– Construction methods should consume as little energy as necessary
– Planning of buildings infrastructure and other amenities should
make it possible to reduce energy for transportation.
 Material related issues:
– Construction methods should be directed towards the employments of
materials that can be re-used.
– The use of materials that are nearly depleted should not be re-used
– The life cycle materials should be prolonged
 User related issues:
– Buildings should meet the highest quality standards and this will lead to
healthier environments. It is likely that high quality buildings last longer and
also reduce waste.

Low Carbon Innovation Programme
Monitor Focus
 Biomass for transport
Building controls
Carbon dioxide
sequestration
Fuel cells (transport,
baseload power)
Industry (alternative
equipment
 Nuclear fusion
Smart metering
Ultra-high efficiency
CCGT*
Waste to energy
Wind-onshore and off-
shore
Biomass for local heat
generation
 Building (fabric, heating,
ventilation, cooling, integrated
design)
 CHP (domestic micro,
advanced micro)
Fuel cells ( domestic CHP,
industrial and commercial)
 Hydrogen
(infrastructure-including
transport, production,
storage and distribution)
Industry (combustion
technologies, materials,
process intensification,
separation technologies)
Review Periodically Consider
 Cleaner coal combustion
Geothermal
High efficiency car
HDVC** transmission
Intermediate energy
vectors
 Low head hydro
 Nuclear fusion
 Solar thermal electric
Tidal (lagoons, barrages)
Biomass for local electricity
generation
Building (lighting)
Coal-bed methane
Electricity storage
technologies
Industry (waster heat
recovery)
 Photoconvertion
Solar photovoltaics
Solar water heating
collectors
Tidal stream
Wave (offshore,
nearshore devices and
shoreline)
* CCGT - Combined Cycle Turbine * * HDVC - High Voltage Direct Current (Carbon Trust)

Sustainability Strategy
Model
The make-up of the work force
Achievement of appropriate
competences
Percentage of employeesreceiving
appraisals
Absenteeismof our people
Reportable accidentsand incident rate
Grievance raised of an ethicalnature
(internal and external)
Corporate communityinvestment
Percentage of sustainabilitytargets
achieved
Positive/negative media commenton
environmental and community
activities
Percentage volume of materialsfrom
sustainablesources
Percentage of suppliers with ISO
14001
Customers satisfactionlevels
Customer retention
The diversityof our people
Satisfactionof our people
Health and safety
performance
Human rights
Corporate approach to
social responsibility
Energy costs
Costs of waste
Environmentalperformance
Customer satisfaction
The diversityof our people
The competenceof our
people
Satisfactionof our people
Health and safety
performance
Human rights
Energy cost
Cost of waste
Water
Pollution
Corporate approach to
social responsibility
Environmentalperformance
Customer satisfaction
Fairer treatment of people
and communities
More fulfilledpeople and
communities
Better environment to live in
More resources for future
generations
Increased business
Reduce waste
Social progress
Protectionof the
environment and prudent
use of natural resources
Economicgrowth and
Prosperity
Easier to attract high quality
people
More motivationpeople
Improved productivityand
reduced cost
Reduced risk of litigation
Improve reputation
More contented customers,
better margins and more
business
Attract, develop and
retain excellentpeople
Deliver year-on-year growth
in earnings per share
Develop market leading
position
Differentiatethrough
consistentlyexceeding
customer expectations
Group objectives What we will manageHow Carillion will benefit How society will benefit
How we will
measure performance What we will manage Sustainability objectives
Managing people
Managing cost and risk
Managing reputation
Managing customers
Sustaining prosperity
Sustaining
the environment
Sustaining
communities
Sustainability strategy model (adapted from Leiper et al, 2003, Proceedings ICE, 156 ES1, 59-66 (ISSN 147 4637)
Key Performance
indicators
Value through sustainability Value of sustainability

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