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3e ch13 lecture
1.
psychology
third edition CHAPTER 13 theories of personality Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
2.
Learning Objectives •
LO 13.1Personality from various perspectives • LO 13.2Freud’s historical views of personality • LO 13.3Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • LO 13.4How does modern psychoanalytic theory differ from Freud • LO 13.5Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • LO 13.6How humanists explain personality • LO 13.7The history and current views of the trait perspective • LO 13.8Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality • LO 13.9Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
3.
Personality
LO 13.1 Personality • Personality - the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave. • Character - value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior. • Temperament - the enduring characteristics with which each person is born. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
4.
Four Perspectives in
Study of Personality LO 13.1 Personality • Psychoanalytic • Behavioristic (including social cognitive theory) • Humanistic • Trait perspectives Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
5.
Sigmund Freud
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
6.
Sigmund Freud
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Europe during the Victorian age. – Men were understood to be unable to control their "animal" desires at times, and a good Victorian husband would father several children with his wife and then turn to a mistress for sexual comfort, leaving his virtuous wife untouched. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
7.
Sigmund Freud
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Europe during the Victorian age. – Women, especially those of the upper classes, were not supposed to have sexual urges. – Backdrop for this theory. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
8.
Divisions of Consciousness
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Preconscious mind - level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious. • Conscious mind - level of the mind that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
9.
Divisions of Consciousness
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Unconscious mind - level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are not easily or voluntarily brought into consciousness. – Can be revealed in dreams and Freudian slips of the tongue. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
10.
Figure 13.1 Freud’s
Conception of the Personality This iceberg represents the three levels of the mind. The part of the iceberg visible above the surface is the conscious mind. Just below the surface is the preconscious mind, everything that is not yet part of the conscious mind. Hidden deep below the surface is the unconscious mind, feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness. While two of the three parts of the personality (ego and superego) exist at all three levels of awareness, the id is completely in the unconscious mind. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
11.
Freud’s Theory: Parts
of Personality LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Id - part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious. – Libido - the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society’s standards for behavior. – Pleasure principle - principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
12.
Freud’s Theory: Parts
of Personality LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Ego - part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical. – Reality principle - principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
13.
Freud’s Theory: Parts
of Personality LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Superego - part of the personality that acts as a moral center. – Ego ideal - part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior. – Conscience - part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how well behavior matches or does not match the ego ideal. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
14.
Defense Mechanisms
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Psychological defense mechanisms - unconscious distortions of a person’s perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety. • Denial - psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
15.
Defense Mechanisms
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Repression - psychological defense mechanism in which the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind. • Rationalization - psychological defense mechanism in which a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
16.
Defense Mechanisms
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Projection - psychological defense mechanism in which unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
17.
Defense Mechanisms
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Reaction formation - psychological defense mechanism in which a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others. • Displacement - redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
18.
Defense Mechanisms
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Regression - psychological defense mechanism in which a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations. • Identification - defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
19.
Defense Mechanisms
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Compensation (substitution) - defense mechanism in which a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area. • Sublimation - channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
20.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Fixation - disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage. • Psychosexual stages - five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
21.
Psychology, Third Edition
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
22.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Oral stage - first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
23.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Anal stage - second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops. – Anal expulsive personality - a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
24.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Anal stage - second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops. – Anal retentive personality - a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
25.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Phallic stage - third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. – Oedipus complex- situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
26.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Phallic stage - third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. – Identification - defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
27.
Freud’s Theory:
StagesLO 13.2Personality Development of Freud’s historical views of personality • Latency - fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways. • Genital – sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
28.
Freud’s Psychoanalysis
LO 13.2 Freud’s historical views of personality • Psychoanalysis - Freud’s term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
29.
Neo-Freudians
LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Neo-Freudians - followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis. – Jung developed a theory of a collective unconscious. • Personal unconscious - Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
30.
Neo-Freudians
LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Collective unconscious – Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species. • Archetypes - Jung’s collective, universal human memories. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
31.
Neo-Freudians
LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Adler proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
32.
Neo-Freudians
LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Horney developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy. – Basic anxiety - anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults. – Neurotic personalities – maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney’s theory. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
33.
Neo-Freudians
LO 13.3 Jung, Adler, Horney, and Erikson’s modifications • Erikson developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
34.
Modern Psychoanalytic Theory
LO 13.4 Modern psychoanalytic theory • Current research has found support for: – Defense mechanisms – Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior • Other concepts cannot be scientifically researched. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
35.
Behaviorism and Personality
LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • Behaviorists define personality as a set of learned responses or habits. – Habits - in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic. • Social cognitive learning theorists – theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people’s behavior and of a person’s own expectancies on learning. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
36.
Behaviorism and Personality
LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • Social cognitive view – learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models. • Reciprocal determinism - Bandura’s explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
37.
Behaviorism and Personality
LO 13.5 Behavioral and social cognitive explanations of personality • Self-efficacy – individual’s perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (NOT the same as self-esteem). Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
38.
Figure 13.2 Reciprocal
Determinism In Bandura’s model of reciprocal determinism, three factors influence behavior: the environment, which consists of the physical surroundings and the potential for reinforcement; the person (personal/cognitive characteristics that have been rewarded in the past); and the behavior itself, which may or may not be reinforced at this particular time and place. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
39.
Humanistic Theories of
Personality LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality • Humanistic perspective - the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice. • Developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
40.
Roger’s Theory of
Personality LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality • Self-actualizing tendency – the striving to fulfill one’s innate capacities and capabilities. • Self-concept - the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one’s life. • Self - archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
41.
Roger’s Theory of
Personality LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality • Real self - one’s perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities. • Ideal self - one’s perception of whom one should be or would like to be. • Positive regard – warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one’s life. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
42.
Figure 13.3 Real
and Ideal Selves According to Rogers, the self-concept includes the real self and the ideal self. The real self is a person’s actual perception of traits and abilities, whereas the ideal self is the perception of what a person would like to be or thinks he or she should be. When the ideal self and the real self are very similar (matching), the person experiences harmony and contentment. When there is a mismatch between the two selves, the person experiences anxiety and may engage in neurotic behavior. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
43.
Roger’s Theory of
Personality LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality • Unconditional positive regard - positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached. • Conditional positive regard- positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
44.
Roger’s Theory of
Personality LO 13.6 How humanists explain personality • Fully functioning person – a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
45.
Trait Theories of
Personality LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Trait theories - theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior. – Trait - a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving. • Allport first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
46.
Trait Theories of
Personality LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Cattell reduced the number of traits to between 16 and 23 with a computer method called factor analysis. • Surface traits - aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
47.
Figure 13.4 Cattell’s
Self-Report Inventory This is an example of personality profiles based on Cattell’s 16PF self-report inventory. The two groups represented are airline pilots and writers. Notice that airline pilots, when compared to writers, tend to be more conscientious, relaxed, selfassured, and far less sensitive. Writers, on the other hand, are more imaginative and better able to are think abstractly. Source: Cattell (1973). Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
48.
Trait Theories of
Personality LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Source traits - the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality. – Example: Introversion - dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw from excessive stimulation. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
49.
The Big Five
Theory LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Five-factor model (Big Five) - model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. – Openness - one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences. – Conscientiousness - the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
50.
The Big Five
Theory LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Five-factor model (Big Five) - model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions. – Extraversion - dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
51.
The Big Five
Theory LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Extraverts - people who are outgoing and sociable. • Introverts - people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention. – Agreeableness - the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
52.
The Big Five
Theory LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Introverts - people who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention. – Neuroticism - degree of emotional instability or stability. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
53.
Psychology, Third Edition
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
54.
Trait Theories Today
LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Cross-cultural research has found support for the five-factor model of personality traits in a number of different cultures. – Future research will explore the degree to which child-rearing practices and heredity may influence the five personality factors. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
55.
Trait Theories Today
LO 13.7 Trait perspective • Trait-situation interaction - the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
56.
Biology and Personality
LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality • Behavior genetics - a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality. – Twin and adoption studies have found support for a genetic influence on many personality traits. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
57.
Figure 13.5 Personalities
of Identical and Fraternal Twins Identical and fraternal twins differ in the way they express the Big Five personality factors. The scores of identical twins have a correlation of about 50 percent, whereas those of fraternal twins have a correlation of only about 15 to 20 percent. These findings give support to the idea that some aspects of personality are genetically based. Source: Loehlin (1992) Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
58.
James Arthur Springer
and James LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality • Edward Lewis, otherwise known as the "Jim" twins. Although separated shortly after birth and reunited at age 39, they exhibited many similarities in personality and personal habits. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
59.
Cultural Personality
LO 13.8 Biology, heredity and cultural roles in personality • Four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures may vary: – individualism/collectivism – power distance – masculinity/femininity – uncertainty avoidance Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
60.
Measuring Personality: Interviews
LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Interview - method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion. • Halo effect – tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
61.
Measuring Personality: Projective
Tests LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Projection - defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself. • Projective tests - personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
62.
Measuring Personality: Projective
Tests LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Rorschach inkblot test - projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli. • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) - projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
63.
Figure 13.6 Rorschach
Inkblot Example A facsimile of a Rorschach inkblot. A person being tested is asked to tell the interviewer what he or she sees in an inkblot similar to the one shown. Answers are neither right nor wrong but may reveal unconscious concerns. What do you see in this inkblot? Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
64.
Figure 13.7 Thematic
Apperception Test Example A sample from the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT). When you look at this picture, what story does it suggest to you? Who are the people? What is their relationship? Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
65.
Measuring Personality: Projective
Tests LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Subjective - concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person’s perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
66.
Measuring Personality: Behavioral
Measures LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Direct observation - assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting. • Rating scale- assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
67.
Measuring Personality: Behavioral
Measures LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Frequency count - assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
68.
Measuring Personality: Personality
Inventory LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Personality inventory - paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test. – NEO-PI - based on the five-factor model – Myers-Briggs Type Indicator - based on Jung’s theory of personality types. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
69.
Measuring Personality: Personality
Inventory LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • Personality inventory - paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test. – MMPI-2 - designed to detect abnormal personality. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
70.
Personality Tests and
Internet LO 13.9 Advantages and disadvantages of various measure of personality • There are numerous personality tests available on the Internet. • Not all equal in quality, reliability, or validity. • Lack of professional interpretation of the results of such tests. Psychology, Third Edition Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
71.
Psychology, Third Edition
Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.