Its about forest

1. FOREST

2. FOREST :
A FOREST IS AN AREA
OF LAND WITH MANY TREES.
MANY ANIMALS NEED FORESTS
TO LIVE AND SURVIVE. FORESTS
ARE VERY IMPORTANT AND
GROW IN MANY PLACES AROUND
THE WORLD. THEY ARE
AN ECOSYSTEM WHICH
INCLUDES MANY PLANTS AND
ANIMALS.

3. IMPORTANCE OF FORESTS
FORESTS AND BIODIVERSITY
IS KEY TO ALL LIFE FORMS.
THE RICHER THE DIVERSITY
OF LIFE, THE GREATER THE
OPPORTUNITY FOR MEDICAL
DISCOVERIES, ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT AND ADAPTIVE
RESPONSES TO SUCH NEW
CHALLENGES AS CLIMATE
CHANGE.

4. FORESTS SERVE AS A
WATERSHED. THIS IS BECAUSE
ALMOST ALL WATER ULTIMATELY
COMES FROM RIVERS AND LAKES
AND FROM FOREST-DERIVED
WATER TABLES. SOME RIVERS
RUNNING THROUGH FORESTS
ARE ALSO KEPT COOL AND FROM
DRYING OUT.
Watershed

5. Watershed

6. HABITAT AND ECOSYSTEMS
FORESTS SERVE AS A HOME (HABITAT) TO MILLIONS
OF ANIMALS. THINK OF THE MANY TYPES OF REPTILES
(SNAKES AND LIZARDS) WILD ANIMALS, BUTTERFLIES
AND INSECTS, BIRDS AND TREE-TOP ANIMALS AS
WELL AS ALL THOSE THAT LIVE IN THE FOREST
STREAMS AND RIVERS.
ANIMALS FORM PART OF THE FOOD CHAIN IN THE
FORESTS. ALL THESE DIFFERENT ANIMALS AND
PLANTS ARE CALLED BIODIVERSITY, AND THE
INTERACTION WITH ONE ANOTHER AND WITH THEIR
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT IS WHAT WE
CALL ECOSYSTEM. HEALTHY ECOSYSTEMS CAN
BETTER WITHSTAND AND RECOVER FROM A VARIETY
OF DISASTERS SUCH AS FLOODS AND WILDFIRES.

7. Habitat and Ecosystems

8. ECONOMIC BENEFITS
FORESTS ARE OF IMMENSE
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE TO US.
FOR EXAMPLE, PLANTATION
FORESTS PROVIDE HUMANS WITH
TIMBER AND WOOD, WHICH IS
EXPORTED AND USED IN ALL
PARTS OF THE WORLD. THEY
ALSO PROVIDE TOURISM INCOME
TO INHABITANTS (PEOPLE LIVING
IN OR CLOSE TO FORESTS) WHEN
PEOPLE VISIT TO SEE THE BEST
OF NATURE.

9. Economic benefits

10. CLIMATE CONTROL
CLIMATE CONTROL AND ATMOSPHERE
PURIFICATION IS KEY FOR HUMAN
EXISTENCE. TREES AND SOILS HELP
REGULATE ATMOSPHERIC
TEMPERATURES THROUGH A
PROCESS CALLED
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION. THIS HELPS TO
STABILIZE THE CLIMATE.
ADDITIONALLY, THEY ENRICH THE
ATMOSPHERE BY ABSORBING BAD
GASES (EXAMPLE CO2 AND OTHER
GREENHOUSE GASES) AND
PRODUCING OXYGEN. TREES ALSO
HELPS TO REMOVE AIR POLLUTANTS.

11. Climate Control

12. THE THREE MAJOR FOREST BIOMES ARE :
1) CONIFEROUS FOREST
2) DECIDUOUS FORESTS
3) TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
1) CONIFEROUS FORESTS
EVERGREEN CONIFEROUS FORESTS STRETCH
ACROSS CANADA, ALASKA, NORTHERN ASIA,
AND NORTHERN EUROPE. THEY ARE COMPOSED OF
CONIFERS WHICH PRODUCE SEEDS IN CONES.
THE WEATHER DURING THE WINTER IS COLD, BUT THE
SNOW MELTS COMPLETELY IN THE SPRING, TURNING
SOME PARTS OF THE FOREST INTO SWAMPS. THERE
ARE ONLY EIGHT TYPES OF TREES IN THE
CONIFEROUS FORESTS, INCLUDING BALSAMS, FIRS,
AND BLACK SPRUCE. THERE ARE NOT MANY
DIFFERENT TYPES OF TREES IN CONIFEROUS
FORESTS BECAUSE OF THE COLD WEATHER, AND THE
POOR SOIL.

13. FALLEN BRANCHES, NEEDLES, AND DEAD ANIMALS DO
NOT DECAY AS FAST AS IN WARMER REGIONS. THIS IS
WHY THE SOIL IN CONIFEROUS FORESTS IS NOT VERY
FERTILE. ALSO, ONLY THOSE TREES THAT HAVE
ADAPTED TO COLD WEATHER AND POOR SOIL HAVE
BEEN ABLE TO SURVIVE. THESE TREES HAVE FLEXIBLE
BRANCHES THAT SUPPORT HEAVY SNOWFALLS. LESS
WATER EVAPORATES FROM THEIR LEAVES BECAUSE
OF THE SHAPE OF THEIR NEEDLES.
MANY CONIFEROUS TREES SHADE LARGE PARTS OF
THE SOIL BELOW THEM, WHICH KEEPS MANY PLANTS
FROM GROWING ON THE FOREST GROUND. SOME
ANIMALS THAT LIVE IN THE CONIFEROUS FORESTS
ARE PINE,MARTENS, DEER, BEARS, CARIBOU, MOOSE,
LYNXES, BEAVERS, AND BIRDS SUCH AS GREY
OWLS, CROSSBILLS, AND WARBLERS.

14. CONIFEROUS FORESTS

15. 2) DECIDUOUS FORESTS
DECIDUOUS FORESTS GROW IN NORTH
AMERICA, EUROPE AND ASIA. THEY HAVE A MODERATE
CLIMATE DURING THE SPRING, SUMMER, AUTUMN
(FALL) AND WINTER, WITH RAINFALL OF AT LEAST
500MM A YEAR. SUMMERS ARE WARM AND WINTERS
ARE COLD, BUT NOT AS COLD AS THE NORTHERN
CONIFEROUS FORESTS. IN THE WINTER, SNOW
COVERS THE GROUND AND THE DECIDUOUS TREES
AND PLANTS LOSE THEIR LEAVES. THE DECAYING
LEAVES HELP MAKE THE SOIL RICH IN NUTRIENTS.
MANY INSECTS, SPIDERS, SNAILS, AND WORMS MAKE
THEIR HOMES IN THIS RICH SOIL. WILD FLOWERS
AND FERNS GROW ALMOST EVERYWHERE IN THE
SPRING. NEW LEAVES CAPTURE THE ENERGY OF THE
SUN AND SPROUT BEFORE THE TALL TREES SHADOW
THEM.

16. DURING THE WINTER, MANY BIRDS MIGRATE TO
WARMER CLIMATE. MANY SMALL
ANIMALS HIBERNATE OR AESTIVATE, IN OTHER
WORDS, SLOW DOWN THEIR METABOLISM AND SLEEP
OR STAY IN THEIR BURROWS. SOME OF THE OTHER
ANIMALS JUST SLOW DOWN THEIR METABOLISM AND
EAT FOOD THEY STORED DURING THE SUMMER AND
FALL MONTHS. THE TREES IN WINTER ARE BARE, BUT
WITH THE COMING OF SPRING, LEAVES SPROUT,
BIRDS RETURN, ANIMALS ARE BORN, AND ALL THE
FOREST ANIMALS GET BUSY WITH THEIR LIVES.
ANIMALS THAT WE MAY SEE OR HEAR IN THIS BIOME
INCLUDE BEARS, DEER, RACCOONS, OTTERS,
BEAVERS, FOXES, FROGS, SQUIRRELS, SNAKES,
SALAMANDERS, AND BIRDS SUCH
AS WOODPECKERS, ROBINS, OWLS, BLUE JAYS AND
THE SMALL BIRDS USUALLY CALLED TITS.

17. DECIDUOUS FOREST

18. 3) TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
TROPICAL RAINFORESTS GROW IN SOUTH AMERICA,
THE CONGO, INDONESIA AND SOME NEARBY
COUNTRIES, HAWAII, AND EASTERN AUSTRALIA. TROPICAL
RAIN FORESTS ARE APTLY NAMED, AS IT RAINS HERE ON
ABOUT HALF THE DAYS. THE ONLY SEASON IN A TROPICAL
RAIN FOREST IS SUMMER, SO PLANTS GROW FOR ALL 12
MONTHS OF THE YEAR. TREES ARE TALL AND THICK IN THE
RAIN FOREST AND THEY GROW SO CLOSE TOGETHER THAT
THEY SEEM TO FORM A BIG UMBRELLA OF GREENERY
CALLED A CANOPY. THIS BLOCKS OUT MOST OF THE
SUNLIGHT. THE AIR IS MUGGY AS IT FILTERS THROUGH THE
DENSE CANOPY COVER OF THE TREES. THE LIGHT THAT
FILTERS THROUGH THIS TREE COVER IS DIM AND GREEN.
ONLY ALONG RIVER BANKS AND IN PLACES THAT HAVE
BEEN CLEARED DOES ENOUGH SUNLIGHT ALLOW PLANTS
TO GROW ON THE FOREST GROUND.
MILLIONS OF SPECIES OF PLANTS AND ANIMALS LIVE IN THE
WORLD'S TROPICAL FORESTS. LIFE IN THE RAIN FOREST
EXISTS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OR LAYERS IN THE TREES.
EACH OF THESE LAYERS HAVE A SPECIAL NAME, SUCH AS
'EMERGENT', 'CANOPY', 'UNDERSTORY', AND 'FOREST
FLOOR. ANIMAL LIFE IS FOUND ON ALL LEVELS.

19. Tropical rain forests

20. TEMPERATE NEEDLE LEAF
TEMPERATE NEEDLE LEAF FORESTS MOSTLY
OCCUPY THE HIGHER LATITUDE REGIONS OF
THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE, AS WELL AS HIGH
ALTITUDE ZONES AND SOME WARM TEMPERATE
AREAS, ESPECIALLY ON NUTRIENT-POOR OR
OTHERWISE UNFAVORABLE SOILS. THESE FORESTS
ARE COMPOSED ENTIRELY, OR NEARLY SO, OF
CONIFEROUS SPECIES (CONIFEROPHYTA). IN THE
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PINES PINUS,
SPRUCES PICEA, LARCHES LARIX, FIRS ABIES,
DOUGLAS FIRS PSEUDOTSUGA AND
HEMLOCKS TSUGA, MAKE UP THE CANOPY, BUT
OTHER TAXA ARE ALSO IMPORTANT. IN
THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE, MOST CONIFEROUS
TREES (MEMBERS OF
THE ARAUCARIACEAE ANDPODOCARPACEAE) OCCUR
IN MIXTURES WITH BROADLEAF SPECIES, AND ARE
CLASSED AS BROADLEAF AND MIXED FORESTS

21. Temperate needle leaf

22. TEMPERATE BROADLEAF
AND MIXED
TEMPERATE BROADLEAF AND MIXED
FORESTS INCLUDE A SUBSTANTIAL COMPONENT OF
TREES IN THE ANTHOPHYTA. THEY ARE GENERALLY
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE WARMER TEMPERATE
LATITUDES, BUT EXTEND TO COOL TEMPERATE ONES,
PARTICULARLY IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. THEY
INCLUDE SUCH FOREST TYPES AS THE MIXED
DECIDUOUS FORESTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND
THEIR COUNTERPARTS IN CHINA AND JAPAN, THE
BROADLEAF EVERGREEN RAINFORESTS OF
JAPAN, CHILE AND TASMANIA,
THE SCLEROPHYLLOUS FORESTS OF AUSTRALIA,
CENTRAL CHILE, THE MEDITERRANEAN AND
CALIFORNIA, AND THE SOUTHERN
BEECH NOTHOFAGUS FORESTS OF CHILE AND NEW
ZEALAND.

23. Temperate broadleaf and
mixed

24. THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES
OF TROPICAL MOIST FORESTS, ALTHOUGH
MOST EXTENSIVE ARE THE LOWLAND
EVERGREEN BROAD LEAF RAINFORESTS,
FOR EXAMPLE VÁRZEA ANDIGAPÓ
FORESTS AND THE TERRA FIRMA FORESTS
OF THE AMAZON BASIN; THE PEAT SWAMP
FORESTS, DIPTEROCARP FORESTS OF
SOUTHEAST ASIA; AND THE HIGH
FORESTS OF THE CONGO BASIN. FORESTS
LOCATED ON MOUNTAINS ARE ALSO
INCLUDED IN THIS CATEGORY, DIVIDED
LARGELY INTO UPPER AND
LOWER MONTANE FORMATIONS ON THE
BASIS OF THE VARIATION OF PHYSIOGNOMY
CORRESPONDING TO CHANGES IN ALTITUDE.
Tropical moist

25. Tropical moist

26. TROPICAL DRY
TROPICAL DRY FORESTS ARE CHARACTERISTIC OF
AREAS IN THE TROPICS AFFECTED BY SEASONAL
DROUGHT. THE SEASONALITY OF RAINFALL IS USUALLY
REFLECTED IN THE DECIDUOUSNESS OF THE FOREST
CANOPY, WITH MOST TREES BEING LEAFLESS FOR
SEVERAL MONTHS OF THE YEAR. HOWEVER, UNDER
SOME CONDITIONS, E.G. LESS FERTILE SOILS OR LESS
PREDICTABLE DROUGHT REGIMES, THE PROPORTION
OF EVERGREEN SPECIES INCREASES AND THE
FORESTS ARE CHARACTERISED AS
"SCLEROPHYLLOUS". THORN FOREST, A DENSE
FOREST OF LOW STATURE WITH A HIGH FREQUENCY
OF THORNY OR SPINY SPECIES, IS FOUND WHERE
DROUGHT IS PROLONGED, AND ESPECIALLY WHERE
GRAZING ANIMALS ARE PLENTIFUL. ON VERY POOR
SOILS, AND ESPECIALLY WHERE FIRE IS A RECURRENT
PHENOMENON, WOODY SAVANNAS DEVELOP (SEE
'SPARSE TREES AND PARKLAND').

27. Tropical dry

28. SPARSE TREES AND
PARKLAND
SPARSE TREES AND PARKLAND ARE FORESTS WITH
OPEN CANOPIES OF 10–30% CROWN COVER. THEY
OCCUR PRINCIPALLY IN AREAS OF TRANSITION FROM
FORESTED TO NON-FORESTED LANDSCAPES. THE
TWO MAJOR ZONES IN WHICH
THESE ECOSYSTEMS OCCUR ARE IN
THE BOREAL REGION AND IN THE SEASONALLY DRY
TROPICS. AT HIGH LATITUDES, NORTH OF THE MAIN
ZONE OF BOREAL FOREST OR TAIGA, GROWING
CONDITIONS ARE NOT ADEQUATE TO MAINTAIN A
CONTINUOUS CLOSED FOREST COVER, SO TREE
COVER IS BOTH SPARSE AND DISCONTINUOUS. THIS
VEGETATION IS VARIOUSLY CALLED OPEN TAIGA,
OPEN LICHEN WOODLAND, AND FOREST TUNDRA. IT IS
SPECIES-POOR, HAS HIGH BRYOPHYTE COVER, AND
IS FREQUENTLY AFFECTED BY FIRE.

29. Sparse trees and parkland

30. FOREST PLANTATIONS
FOREST PLANTATIONS, GENERALLY INTENDED FOR
THE PRODUCTION OF TIMBER
AND PULPWOOD INCREASE THE TOTAL AREA OF
FOREST WORLDWIDE. COMMONLY MONO-SPECIFIC
AND/OR COMPOSED OF INTRODUCED TREE SPECIES,
THESE ECOSYSTEMS ARE NOT GENERALLY
IMPORTANT AS HABITAT FOR NATIVE BIODIVERSITY.
HOWEVER, THEY CAN BE MANAGED IN WAYS THAT
ENHANCE THEIR BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION
FUNCTIONS AND THEY ARE IMPORTANT PROVIDERS
OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUCH AS MAINTAINING
NUTRIENT CAPITAL, PROTECTING WATERSHEDS AND
SOIL STRUCTURE AS WELL AS STORING CARBON.
THEY MAY ALSO PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
ALLEVIATING PRESSURE ON NATURAL FORESTS FOR
TIMBER AND FUEL WOOD PRODUCTION.

31. Forest plantations