Intelligence meets buildings

Intelligence meets Buildings
Dr. Khaled Ali Youssef
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Arab League Center, Crowne Plaza Dubai Deira
Dubai - 2016
Presentation 1

Table of Contents
1. Human Intelligence
• Definitions
• Theories
• Measuring Human Intelligence
2. Intelligence in Relation to Architecture
• Definitions of Intelligent Buildings (IBs)
• Perspectives to IBs
• Evolution of IBs
• Features and performance indicators of IBs
• Intelligent buildings and green buildings
3. Structure of IBs
4. Examples of IBs
• Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong
• The EDGE, Amsterdam
• Bright Green Buildings: Examples

HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
• Definitions
• Theories
• Measuring Human Intelligence

Definitions of ‘Human Intelligence’
Is there a unified/standard
definition of …
‘Human Intelligence’?
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In their research titled “A Collection of Definitions
of Intelligence”, Shane Legg & Marcus Hutter
(2006) collected 71 definitions of ‘Human
Intelligence’, including:
“The capacity to acquire and apply knowledge.”
(The American Heritage Dictionary, fourth edition, 2000)
“The ability to use memory, knowledge,
experience, understanding, reasoning,
imagination and judgement in order to solve
problems and adapt to new situations.”
(All Words Dictionary, 2006)
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“. . . ability to adapt effectively to the
environment, either by making a change in
oneself or by changing the environment or finding
a new one . . .
…. intelligence is not a single mental process, but
rather a combination of many mental processes.”
(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2006)
“An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or
to create products, that are valued within one or
more cultural settings.”
(H. Gardner, 1993)
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Summing up with a new definition of ‘intelligence’
by the authors themselves:
“Intelligence measures an agent’s ability to
achieve goals in a wide range of environments.”
(S. Legg and M. Hutter, 2006)
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72definitions of ‘Human Intelligence’

Theories of ‘Human Intelligence’
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner (1983)
• Linguistic intelligence
• Logical-mathematics intelligence
• Spatial intelligence
• Musical intelligence
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
• Interpersonal intelligence
• Intrapersonal intelligence
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• Linguistic intelligence
• Logical-mathematics intelligence
• Spatial intelligence
• Musical intelligence
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
• Interpersonal intelligence
• Intrapersonal intelligence
• Naturalistic intelligence
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Theory of Successful Intelligence
Robert Sternberg (1985)
• Analytic intelligence
• Creative intelligence (when a person is
confronted with a challenge)
• Practical intelligence (adaptation to, selection
of, and shaping of the environment)
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PASS Theory of Intelligence
Alexander Luria (1966)
• Planning (selection/construction strategies)
• Attention (maintaining alertness)
• Simultaneous processing (integrating items into
whole units of information)
• Successive processing (organizing separate
items in a sequence)
These four processes are functions of four areas
of the brain
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Measuring ‘Human Intelligence’
IQ (Intelligent Qutient)Test
• The ‘g’ (general intelligence factor) is the core of human
intelligence.
• Broad abilities include:
o Short-term memory (Gsm)
o Long-term storage and retrieval (Glr)
o Decision/reaction time/speed (Gt)
o Visual processing (Gv)
o Quantitative reasoning (Gq): quantitative concepts and
numerical symbols
o Fluid intelligence (Gf): solve problems using novel procedures
o Crystallized intelligence (Gc): previously learned experiences
o Reading & writing ability (Grw)
o Auditory processing (Ga)
o Processing speed (Gs)
Dubai - 2016

Measuring ‘Human Intelligence’
IQ Test
• Intelligence tests are widely used in
educational, business, and military to predict
behavior.
• IQ (intelligence quotient) and g (general
intelligence factor) are correlated to with
important social outcomes (divorce, welfare,
and education).
Dubai - 2016

INTELLIGENCE IN RELATION TO ARCHITECTURE
• Definitions of Intelligent Buildings (IBs)
• Keywords to identify Intelligent Buildings
• Evolution of Intelligent Buildings
• Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Intelligent Buildings
• Intelligent Buildings and Green Buildings (Bright Green Buildings)

Definitions of Intelligent Buildings (IBs)
Is there a unified/standard definition of
‘Intelligent Buildings’?
The term ‘Intelligent Buildings’ was invented in
1981 by the United Technology Building Systems
Corporation, USA, to become a reality in 1983 in
the City Palace Building in Hartford, USA.
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The definition in USA (Intelligent Building Institute):
An IB is the building that provides a productive and
cost—effective environment through the
optimization of:
• Structure
• Systems
• Services
• Management
IBs features are: maximizing comfort,
convenience, safety, long-term flexibility and
marketability, and minimizing initial and running
cost.
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The definition of IBs in Europe:
The European Intelligent Building Group, based in
the UK, defines an IB in terms of maximizing
effectiveness of occupants, efficient management
of resources, and minimum life-time cost of
hardware and facilities.
• Occupants
• Resources
• Cost
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The definition of IBs in Singapore:
The Public Works Department of Singapore
government stated that as an IB should has:
• Automatic control systems to monitor carious
facilities
• Good network infrastructure that to enable data
flow
• Telecommunication facilities
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The definition of IBs in China:
The Shanghai, an IB should have ‘5As’:
• Communication Automation (CA)
• Office Automation (OA)
• Building management Automation (BA)
• Fire Automations systems (FA), and
• Maintenance Automation systems (MA)
So an IB is about automation in its broader sense.
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The definition of IBs in Japan:
Unlike other perspectives, an IB in Japan should be
designed to suite the Japanese ‘culture’ and
‘climate’. So an IB should:
• Serve management efficiency
• Ensure the satisfaction of occupants
• More administration with lower cost, and
• Be fast, flexible and economic.
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The definition of IBs for Asia:
According to the Asian Institute of Intelligent
Buildings (AIIB), ‘an IB is designed and constructed
based on an appropriate selection of quality
environmental modules to meet the user’s
requirements by mapping to the appropriate
building facilities to achieve a long-term building
value’.
• Green (M1)
• Space (M2)
• Comfort (M3)
• Working efficiency (M4)
• Culture (M5)
• High-tech image (M6)
• Safety and structure (M7)
• Management practice & security (M8)
• Life cycle cost (M9)
• Health and sanitation (M10)
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• Each element is an
‘assessment criteria
question’ given a certain
weight.
• Element 1.24 (thermal
comfort) under M1 (Green)
is given a weight of 5,
whereas Element 3.18 under
M3 (Comfort) weights 9.
• The score to each element
ranges from 1 (lowest score)
to 100 (highest score)
• The weight of each module
is dependent on the building
type
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M7 Safety & Structure (31 elements)
• Earthquake monitoring devices
• Wind load monitoring devices
• Structural monitoring devices
• Structural control
• Terrorist attack consideration
• Average width of corridor
• Means of escape
• Fire detection and fire fighting
• Etc.
M5 Culture (13 elements)
• Entertainment facilities within buildings
• Food and beverage supply
• Privacy
• Religious facilitation
• Etc.
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Weight of Modules according to the building type
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Priorities of ‘Quality Environmental Modules’ in IBs
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Ranking of IB according to the IBI (AIIB)
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Keywords to identify Intelligent Buildings
• End-user orientation/satisfaction
• Integration
• Environmental friendliness
• Best utilization of spaces
• Movable space elements and equipment
• Life cycle cost
• Comfort
• Convenience
• Safety and security
• Working efficiency
• Image of high technology
• Culture
• Construction process
• Long term flexibility
• Marketability
• Information intensity
• Interaction
• Service—orientation
• Promoting health
• Adaptability
• Reliability
• Productivity
• Profitability
• Technical solutions.
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Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) “What is an Intelligent
Building? Analysis of recent interpretations from an
international perspective”. Architectural Science
Review, 59(5), 338-357
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Evolution of Intelligent Buildings
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Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of Intelligent Buildings
Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) “What is an Intelligent
Building? Analysis of recent interpretations from an
international perspective”. Architectural Science
Review, 59(5), 338-357
Dubai - 2016

Intelligent Buildings and Green Buildings (Bright Green Buildings)
Green
Buildings
Intelligent
Buildings
Continental
Automated Buildings
Association
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Intelligent Buildings and Green Buildings (Bright Green Buildings)
Potential benefits
Energy savings
• Energy costs about 30% of the running cost
• The aim is to reduce energy consumption by up to 35%
- 50% - 70%
Green house gas emission
• Socially and environmentally responsible buildings
Operation and maintenance
• Operating costs represent 50 - 80% of a building’s total
life cycle costs
• 20 to 30% Return On Investment
Water conservation
Comfort and productivity
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STRUCTURE OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
• Human and Building: Analogy
• Transformation of Human Intelligence into Building Intelligence
• Intelligent Building Systems

Human and Building: Analogy
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Transformation of Human Intelligence into Building Intelligence
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Intelligent Building Systems
Concept
Self-know Self-decide Self-respond
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1- Intelligent Building Systems (IBS)
Air conditioning – Ventilation –
Lighting – Hydraulics - Access
control – CCTV - Fire detection -
Fire fighting – Lifts - Etc.
2- Intelligent Building Management
Systems (IBMS)
3- Protocols standards:
ASHRAE – BACnet – DALI – KNX –
LonTalk – Midac – OPC - ZigBee
Intelligent Building Systems
Dubai - 2016

EXAMPLES OF INTELLIGENT BUILDINGS
• Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong
• The EDGE, Amsterdam
• Bright Green Buildings: Examples

Examples of Intelligent Buildings
Two International Finance Centre, Hong Kong
Development:
• One of the top 20 tallest buildings in the world.
• It had been the world’s 3rd highest building
when completed.
• 186,000 m2 development area
• 88 floors
• 420m height
• Gross floor area of over 180,000m2
• The project has won an array of awards for its
innovative and outstanding design, technology
and construction.
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Structure:
• Central concrete core with external mega
columns.
• Minimal structure maximizes the view from the
tower.
• On the primary faces, there is a clear 24m span
between supporting columns, creating
maximum opportunities for unobstructed views.
• The tower was designed to withstand strong
typhoons (230km/h wind speed), a major
consideration for tall buildings in Hong Kong.
• Innovative technologies saved several months
from construction time.
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Fire:
• 4 horizontal fire separation floors (7th, 32nd, 52nd
and 64th ) with 20 escape staircase.
• 2 fully fire-protected “firemen lifts” serving all
floors.
Lifts:
• 8 double deck lifts (8 m/s)
• 3 service lifts
• 2 executive express lifts
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Smart systems:
• Highly efficient security systems
• Full smart card access control
• Face recognition access control
• X-ray checking machines
• Anti-territories attack provision
• Car park patrol security
• Car parking spaces of visitors are far away from
structural elements.
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IBI audit results
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The EDGE, Amsterdam
Development:
• 40,000 m2 office building in Amsterdam
• Highest BREEAM rating score
(98.36%)_Outstanding
• The building consolidated Deloitte’s employees
from multiple buildings throughout the city into
a single working environment.
• Collaborative working environment, socialization
opportunities, comfort and productivity.
• Radical working environment enabled by
sustainable technologies.
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The EDGE, Amsterdam
Sustainability and technology:
• 70% less electricity than comparable office
buildings.
• The roof incorporates the largest array of
photovoltaic panels in any European office
buildings
• Contiguously measured occupancy, movement,
lighting levels, humidity and temperature with
30,000 sensors.
• Every employee is connected to the building via
an app on the smartphone.
• The building knows every employee; helping
him/her find a parking space, free desk,
colleagues, reports, etc. (customized services).
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The EDGE, Amsterdam
Sustainability and technology:
• Façade shading systems to reduce the heat gain
• Transparent allows external views
• Rain water is collected and used to flush toilets
and irrigate gardens
• Light over Ethernet (LoE) LED system developed
by Philips made the system computer
controllable with sensors, reduced the energy
requirement by 50%.
• Every employee can customize the temperature
and light levels.
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The EDGE, Amsterdam
Awards
• 2016 Your BREEAM Award
• 2016 British Expertise International Awards:
Outstanding International Architecture Project
• 2016 Urban Land Institute Global Awards for
Excellence 2015 AIA Continental Europe
Awards Environmental Design Award
• 2015 Blueprint Awards Best Sustainable Design
Category (Shortlisted)
• 2015 WAN Sustainable Building
Awards (Shortlisted)
• 2015 MIPIM Awards, Best Innovative
Green Building (Finalist)
Dubai - 2016

Bright Green Buildings: Examples
Ave Maria University, Florida (Converged Networks)
• 908-acre campus in Ave Maria, Florida.
• 500,000 square feet of facilities, serving nearly
500 students and 200 faculty and staff.
• Shifting integrating systems management into a
single network and avoiding unnecessary and
redundant cabling characteristic
• The University saved over $1M in building costs
• $350K savings annually in human resource costs
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Rogers Center, Toronto (Integrated Control Systems)
• A world class sports and entertainment complex
(50,000 to 60,000 spectators)
• Approximately 7,000 light fixtures over 1.4-
million square feet.
• By networking technology and advanced control
hardware and software, the electricity cost
savings reached $325K annually (from $3M
annually) after stage 2 of the development.
• When fully completed, the project is expected to
generate a 76% savings in energy expenses from
lighting.
• Annual energy reductions are equivalent to the
consumption of 400 homes in Toronto.
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The King Abdul Aziz Endowment (structured cabling
Infrastructure)
• 1.4 million square meter built area supporting
75,000 tenants.
• The use of common IP backbone enabled easy
communication, operational excellence,
minimized upfront costs, increased lifespan,
durability, and minimal maintenance costs.
• The project is estimated to generate 33%
reduction in cost (avoiding redundant cabling
and containment space, labor, scheduling, and
commissioning).
Dubai - 2016

Thanks for attention
Department of Architecture,
Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
E-mail: khaled_ali@yahoo.com
khaled.ali.youssef@gmail.com
kaali3@kau.edu.sa
Tel: 00966 53 7896 144

Intelligence meets buildings

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