This PPT links the Research with Publication and mentions Supervisor/ Student relationship.

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Dr. Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Associate Professor
Department of Biological Sciences
Faculty of Science
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA
RESEARCH TO PUBLICATION:
A JOURNEY

2. Lecture Outline
• Introduction
• Biological research- Current Challenges and avenues
• Student and Supervisor Relationship
• Publication
Why to Publish
How to Publish
Publication ethics
• Conclusion

3. • “Research is an Endeavour to
discover, develop and verify
knowledge –Rumnell
• Scientific research is a
systematic and objective
effort to offer solutions
to problems
-Wernher von Braun-
l

4. The world is changing
• Population growth
• Resource consumption
• Climate change
• Pollution
• Rapid decline of biodiversity
• Habitat loss and fragmentation
• Invasive pests
• New Diseases
• Drug Resistance

5. Biology is changing
• Collaborative
• Multi-disciplinary
• New technology
• Next generation DNA sequencing
• Massive amounts of data
• New analytical methods
• Reproductive technologies
• Genetic manipulation
• Synthetic biology

6. Keys to success in modern biology
• Shift from specific knowledge to generic skills
• Shift from specialisation to multi-disciplinary collaboration and
synthesis of ideas
• Shift from particular technological approaches to strategies for
learning and adapting new techniques
• Ability to integrate knowledge from different areas
• Research skills, philosophy of science, how to make and record
observations, ask questions, construct testable hypotheses, design
experiments, analyse results, make inferences, communicate
findings, etc.
• Information literacy, finding and assessing the quality of
information, critical thinking, critical literacy

7. What should a student consider before He/She start?

8. Do I want to spend
the next 3-4 years
of my life on this
research??
Am I motivated enough to
last such a long research?
My family and friends.
Do I have their
support??
How about the financial
support??
Are you ready to join the research ?

9. Whatever you do, do it with all your heart!
“Great works are performed not by
strength, but by Perservance”

10. Student/Supervisor Nature of Relationship
 “Junior colleague in research“
 The relationship between the student and the supervisor is
unequal and hierarchical.
 Both professionals in the same discipline with one being
mentored by the other.
 Both have expectations and responsibilities from the
relationship
 Both benefit in different ways.
 The supervisor plays many roles as"boss", "teacher", "advisor",
“father”,"friend", "principal investigator”,etc.
 This multiplicity of roles may lead to conflict.

11. Conflict between student & supervisor
• Although such cases are mercifully rare, serious tensions
occasionally develop between postgraduates and their
supervisors/promoters.
• Conflict of whatever nature is best handled
diplomatically as the relationship with your supervisor is
an important one.
• If you are experiencing such problems, it is often worth
mentioning them to your supervisor/promoter in the
first instance;
• It might well be that supervisor is unaware of the
problem, and is quite willing to cooperate fully in sorting
it out.

12. • To assist the student in
identifying a suitable research
topic and (where appropriate)
setting up a program of study.
• Monitor student progress time
to time
• Guide students on what to do
and explain the reason
behind it
• To assist the student in the
interpretation of research
finding/output.
• Make students aware of their
responsibilities and
supervisor’s expectations
• Consult and advise when
student have a personal
problem
• Promising a MSc and PhD for
student
Role of Supervisor Role of Student
• Research topic must be choose with
the help of supervisor, which the
supervisor considers to be suitable
and which he/she is competent to
supervise.
• To work systematically and within
agreed deadlines, as far as possible, in
order to meet the program deadlines
• To be well prepared for meetings with
the supervisor.
• To give serious attention to the advice
and direction of the supervisor
• To realize that the supervisor has
duties and commitments
• To perform the research as per the
supervisor’s directions

13. Managing a Good Student-Supervisor Relationship
 Begin by laying out all milestones in your
program
 Attach dates and expectations for both
 Revise as needed but do so together
 Keep track of all discussions and decisions
 Retain all emails, notes, etc
 Send and save email summaries to
supervisor

14. What are the stresses on student ?
• Deadlines
• Poor direction
• Finding something
novel
• Trying to
understand the
problem
• Feeling not
getting anywhere
• Alone in the dark
• Insecurity
• Fear of failure
• Too many
directions at once
• Supervisors
• Guidelines keep
changing
• Want the
experience to be
positive
• Being
unappreciated
Here comes the role of Supervisor to be the friend and mentor to detentionize the stress
among students

15. Supervisor Classification
• Professor Never There
• Dr Slave Labour No Research
• Dr No New Ideas Since1995
• Professor Changes Direction
• Dr Lone Worker
• Dr Over bearing Interferer
• Dr Test till you Break
• Dr Never Satisfied
• Dr Happy to be Mediocre
• Prof Different planet
• Prof Perfect Supervisor
Supervisors are humans too….

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17. What are your personal reasons for publishing?
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18. Trends in publishing
•Rapid conversion from “print” to “electronic”
1997: print only
2009: 55% e-only (mostly e-collections) 25% print only 20% print-
plus-electronic
2012: 95-98% electronic access (dependent on subject area)
•Changing role of “journals” due to e-access
•Increased usage of articles
at lower cost per article
•Electronic submission
Increased manuscript inflow
•Experimentation with new publishing models
E.g. “author pays” models, “delayed open access”, etc.

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RESEARCH IMPACT
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah

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RESEARCH IMPACT
King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah

22. What to publish ?
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What to publish:
•New and original results or methods that advance the knowledge and understanding in
a certain scientific field
•Reviews or summaries of particular subject or field
Do NOT consider to publish:
•Results with lack of scientific interest
•Outdated work
•Duplication of work already published
•Incorrect data or conclusions not supported by data
You need a STRONG manuscript to present your contributions to the
scientific community

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Choose the right journal
Do not just “descend the stairs”
Top journals
Nature, Science, Lancet, NEJM, ......
Field-specific top journals
Other field-specific journals
National journals

26. The process of writing – building the article
Title & Abstract
Conclusion Introduction
Methods Results Discussion
Figures/tables (your data)

27. General Structure of a Research Article
Title
Abstract
Keywords
Main text (IMRAD)
Introduction
Methods
Results
And
Discussions
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Supplementary Data
Make them easy for indexing and
searching! (informative, attractive,
effective)
Journal space is not unlimited,
more importantly, your reader’s
time is scarce.
Make your article as concise as
possible.

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Authorship
Policies regarding authorship can vary
One example: the International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (“Vancouver Group”) declared that an author must:
1.substantially contribute to conception and design, or acquisition of
data, or analysis and interpretation of data;
2.draft the article or revise it critically for important intellectual
content; and
3.give their approval of the final full version to be published.
ALL three conditions must be fulfilled to be an author!
All others would qualify as “Acknowledged Individuals”

30. Authorship
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 All authors need to approve the final version and agree to its submission for publication
 All co-authors sign on to take responsibility and credit for the entire manuscript
 Changes to authorship after submission are strongly discouraged
Corresponding Author Co-authors Acknowledgment
• Often a senior author
• The contact person for the
publisher, and future readers
• Ensures that all appropriate co-
authors and no inappropriate co-
authors are included on the paper
• Ensures that all co-authors
have agreed to the manuscript
and its publication
All those that have made a
significant contribution to
the conception, design,
execution ,or
interpretation of the
reported study
)International Committee of
Medical Journal Editors –
EJMCI)
Others who have
participated in certain
substantive aspects of
the research project.
Include individuals who have assisted you in
your study:
Advisors
Financial supporters
Proofreaders
Typists
Suppliers who may have given materials
Abuses to be avoided
• Ghost Authorship: leaving out authors who should be included
• Gift Authorship: including authors who did not contribute significantly

31. Typical length of a full article
• Not the same for all journals, even in the same field
• “…25- 30 pages is the ideal length for a submitted manuscript, including ESSENTIAL data only.”
• Title page
• Abstract 1 paragraph
• Introduction 1.5-2 manuscript pages (double-spaced, 12pt)
• Methods 2-4 manuscript pages
• Results & Discussion 10-12 manuscript pages
• Conclusions 1-2 manuscript pages
• Figures 6-8
• Tables 1-3
• References 20-50
Letters or short communications usually have a stricter size limitation, e.g. 3,000 words and no more
than 5 figures/tables.
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32. Publishers
Choose the Good ones
• Science direct, Springer, wily, Cambridge, Taylor &Francis
• Avoid the black listed/Lesser know journals
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33. The Peer Review Process – not a black hole!
First Decision: “Accepted” or “Rejected”
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Accepted
•Very rare, but it happens
•Congratulations!
•Cake for the department
•Now wait for page proofs and
then for your article to be online
and in print
Rejected
•Probability 40-90% ...
•Do not despair
It happens to everybody
•Try to understand WHY
Consider reviewers’ advice
Be self-critical
•If you submit to another journal, begin
as if it were a new manuscript
•Take advantage of the reviewers’
comments
•They may review your manuscript for
the other journal too!
•Read the Guide for Authors of the new
journal, again and again.

34. Ethics Issues in Publishing
• Scientific misconduct
 Falsification of results
 Data fabrication
• Publication misconduct
 (Self-)Plagiarism
 Different forms/ severities
 The paper must be original to the authors
 Inappropriate identification of co-authors
 Duplicate submission
 Duplicate publication
 Inappropriate acknowledgement of prior research and researchers
 Conflict of interest
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35. Avoid plagiarism
• What is Plagiarism ? (play-juh-rih-zem)
Plagiarism is defined in dictionaries as the "wrongful
appropriation,“ "close imitation," or "purloining and
publication" of another author’s "language, thoughts, ideas, or
expressions," and the representation of them as one's own
original work.
• No Cut and paste
• Software like viper, Turnetin, IThenticate etc
• Problems associated
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36. Plagiarism Detection Tools
• Most of the publishers are participating in 2 plagiarism detection schemes:
TurnItIn (aimed at universities)
IThenticate (aimed at publishers and corporations)
• Manuscripts are checked against a database of 20 million peer reviewed articles
which have been donated by 50+ publishers, including Elsevier.
• All post-1994 Elsevier journal content is now included, and the pre-1995 is being
steadily added week-by-week
• Editors and reviewers
• Your colleagues
• "Other“ whistleblowers
• “The walls have ears", it seems ...
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37. Publication ethics – How it can end .....
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38. Academic Scandal Shakes Japan
THE CHRONICLE OF HIGHER EDUCATION JULY 6, 2014
Haruko Obokata, a researcher at the Riken Center for
Developmental Biology, at a news conference in Osaka,
Japan, in April. After having two articles published in
the journal Nature, she was accused by an investigative
panel at Riken of fabricating data (on stem cell
research) and of plagiarism.
She Claimed to develop a radical and remarkably easy
way to make cells that can grow into any tissue in the
body called STAP (Stimulus-Triggered Acquisition of
Pluripotency) cells.
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39. Her co researcher in stem cell research
scandal commits suicide

40. Former Delhi University, India’s Vice
Chancellor Accused of Plagiarism.
Mr Pental, 63, a professor of genetics
and a noted researcher, was the vice
chancellor of Delhi University in 2005-
2010. He is described as an expert in
the field of transgenics and has
reportedly published more than 60
research papers. He has also received
many awards, including one from
France.
He was put under the bars
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41. What leads to acceptance ?
• Attention to details
• Check and double check your work
• Consider the reviewers’ comments
• English must be as good as possible
• Presentation is important
• Take your time with revision
• Acknowledge those who have helped you
• New, original and previously unpublished
• Critically evaluate your own manuscript
• Ethical rules must be obey.
– Nigel John Cook
Editor-in-Chief, Ore Geology Reviews
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42. The most important way to emerge yourself as a RISING STAR is by completing your MSc or PhD
SUCCESSFULLY & make people BELIEVE IN YOU, YOUR RESEARCH ,YOUR POTENTIAL
YOUR FUTURE CARRIER !! PhD as a passport….. But full life is to LEARN and PUBLISH.
CONCLUSION

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QUESTIONS ARE
WELCOME