The document discusses the history and principles of democracy in several contexts: - It describes the origins of the term "democracy" from ancient Greek roots meaning "rule by the people." It defines democracy as a form of government where all people have an equal say. - It discusses early forms of democracy in ancient Greece, including in Sparta where political power was divided between kings, councils, representatives, and assemblies with citizens over 30 voting. - It also mentions milestones prior to the 18th century like the rise of democratic parliaments in England/Scotland and the development of political parties around the English Civil Wars. - Several passages discuss the emergence and evolution of democratic movements in different modern countries and

3. ?
O The term Democracy comes from the
Greek word “dēmokratía” meaning,
"rule by the people" which was coined
from “demos” meaning "people" and
“Kratos” meaning “power“. Thus
democracy is a form of government in
which all people have an equal say in the
decisions that affect their lives.

4. Why we prefer democracy
We felt that
democracy is better
because it
 Promotes equality among
citizens;
 Enhances the dignity of
the individual;
 Improves the quality of
decision making;
 Provides a method to
resolve conflicts; and
 Allow room to correct
mistakes.

7. In order to present before you the Mesopotamian
model of democracy Thorkild Jacobson have
studied the pre-Babylonian mesopotamia using
sumerian myth, epic and historical records.
Critics said that mesopotamian democracy has
a limited meaning having power struggle
between the primitive monarchs and the nobles.
The common people had the status of pawn in
the hands of armed personnel.

8. For our country INDIA historian dates back to 6th century
BC as evidence of democratic rulers. They have shown
co-existence of monarchs, rajas as well as varnas or
ganas in the so said democratic patern. Scholar again
differed over this aforesaid view . Some facts are
revealed by going through Kautilyas, Arthasastra which
includes injunctions on manipulating the noble leaders,
yet it does not mention how to influence the mass of the
citizens – a surprising omission if democratic bodies,
not the aristocratic families, actively controlled the
republican governments.

9. I n Spar t an gover nm , t he pol i t i cal pow w di vi ded
ent er as
bet ween f our bodi es: t w Spar t an K ngs (m
o i onar chy),
ger ousi a (C ounsi l of G ont es (El der s), i ncl udi ng t he t w
er o
ki ngs), t he ephor s (r epr esent at i ves w ho over saw t he
K ngs) and t he apel l a (assem y of Spar t ans).The t w
i bl o
ki ngs ser ved as t he head of t he gover nm . They r ul ed
ent
si m t aneousl y but cam f r om t w separ at e l i nes. A l a,
ul e o pel
t he m ost dem at i c el em , w
ocr ent as t he assem y w e
bl her
Spar t ans above t he age of 30 el ect ed t he m ber s of t he
em
ger ousi a and t he ephor s, and accept ed or r ej ect ed
ger ousi a's pr oposal s.

11. Pre-eighteenth century milestones
 Rise of democratic parliaments in England and Scotland
 The idea of the political party with factions took form in Britain around the
time of the English Civil Wars of the 1640s and 1650s.
 Simon de Montfort in 1265 introduced the idea that powerholders are
responsible to an electorate
 Renaissance humanism was a cultural movement in Europe beginning in
central Italy (particularly Florence) in the last decades of the 14th century.
 The humanist philosophers looked for secular principles on which society
could be organized, as opposed to the concentration of political power in
the hands of the Church
 Norman Davies notes that Golden Liberty, the Nobles' Democracy
(Rzeczpospolita Szlachecka) arose in the Kingdom of Poland and Polish-
Lithuanian Commonwealth

16. A f ar as dem at i c m ent i n nepal i s
s ocr om
concer n, t he em gence of w ch w i n 1990 as
er hi as
JA A A D LA agai nst t he r oyal f am l y of t he
N NA N i
count r y. A pol i t i cal shape i n t he f or mof
dem at i c m ent agi t at i ng agai nst t he ki ng
ocr om
G yanendr a f l our i shed i n 2006 cal l ed JA AN
A D LA 2. R
NA N esul t of w ch t he w l d has seen
hi or
l i ve t el i cast by t he ki ng up cal l i ng upon 7
par t y al l i ance t o enshoul der m t y par t y
ul
dem acy on 24t h A i l 2006.
ocr pr

17. While we talk about democratic moment in Libya
we can go back up to the year 1969 where Colonel
Gaddafy and his 12 fellow army officer steered,
combined the completely overhauled Libyen
political system and economy from then to early
2011 the politics of libya has been determined by
Gaddafy who had been in power scince his coup
against the king. Today the country is in the phase
of assassination of Gaddafi on 20th oct,2011 at
SIRTE Libya.

19. The C nese dem acy m
hi ocr ovem ent r ef er s t o a ser i es of
l oosel y or gani zed pol i t i cal m ovem s i n C na agai nst
ent hi
t he cont i nued one-par t y r ul e by t he C m st Par t y. O
om uni ne
such m ovem ent began dur i ng t he Bei j i ng Spr i ng i n 1978 and
w t aken up agai n i n t he Ti ananm Squar e pr ot est s of
as en
1989. I n r esponse t o t he gr ow ng cor r upt i on, t he econom c
i i
di sl ocat i on, and t he sense t hat r ef or m i n t he Sovi et
s
U on and East er n Eur ope w e l eavi ng C na behi nd,
ni er hi
t he Ti ananm Squar e pr ot est s er upt ed i n 1989.I n t he
en
1990s, C nese dem acy m
hi ocr ovem s under w
ent ent a decl i ne
bot h w t hi n t he Peopl e's R
i epubl i c of C na and over seas,
hi
and ar e f r agm ed and not consi der ed by m
ent ost anal yst s t o
be a ser i ous t hr eat t o pow t o t he gover nm
er ent t i l l dat e.

20. The freedom which we enjoy in our
government extends also to our ordinary life.
But one factor of liberty is to govern and be
governed in turn. the popular principle of
justice is to have equality according to
number, not worth, and if this is the principle
of justice prevailing, the multitude must of
necessity be sovereign and the decision of
the majority must be final and must constitute
justice.Each of the citizens ought to have an