The document discusses various aspects of software project planning and scheduling. It defines project planning as a process of estimating, scheduling and assigning project resources to deliver a quality product on time and within budget. The key steps in project planning discussed are: defining project scope and requirements, quality planning, activity definition and sequencing, estimating time/effort/resources, risk identification, schedule development, and change management planning. Project planning helps facilitate communication, monitor progress, provide documentation, and ensure project goals are achieved as scheduled and budgeted.

1. 1-what are the basic features of an operating system?how do these efffect performance and stability of an os?make a brief comparision between MS-windows and linux? <br />Ans : for operating system -- type 1 <br />a) They are supplied by the manufacturer of the hardware or purchased as utility from a software company. b) They assist in running other programs c) They serve as intermediaries between the hardware and application programs d) They simplify the use of the hardware e) They control the operations of the hardware<br />Type 2<br />Periferal management <br />Memory menagemnet<br />Process managenent<br />Multi tasking<br />Type 3<br />Os are devised to optamized the man machine capabilities.an os is defined as an integratd sysytem of proggammes which supervises the operation of cpu.controls the input and output function of computer system and provides various support and services.without loading the os in the memory of computer,the computer cannot be used.the iperating system are usually the creation of the computer manufacturer s who design these to suit the capabilities of the particular computer.some famous os is ms –os unix windows -98/xp and os/l.<br />Features :-<br />1.job scheduling- os decides the sequence in which different jobs are excuted using priorities established by the orgnaisation<br />2.manage hardware and software- os helps in loading the application proggame into the primary memory and then causes the various hareware units to performs as specified in the application programe.<br />3.maintain system security – os identifes the authoried users by recogniseing the password entered by the user and authories the user to have access to the system<br />4.enable multiple user resource sharing- os can handale the scheduling and execution of the application proggame for many users at he same time a feature called multiprogamming <br />5.handles interrupts – an interrupt is a technical used by the operating sysytem to temporarily suspend the processing of the program in order to allow other progame to be executed.interrupts are issued when a program requests an operation that does not require the cpu i.e. input/output devices or when the program exceeds the predefined time limit.<br />6. maintain usage record – os can keep track of the amt of the time used by each user for each resoures <br />- processor,memory,input/output devices.such information is usually maintained for the purpose of charging users deparments for the use of the organisation’s computing resources. <br />Topic Linux Windows PriceThe majority of Linux variants are available for free or at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows.Microsoft Windows can run between $50.00 - $150.00 US dollars per each license copy.EaseAlthough the majority Linux variants have improved dramatically in ease of use, Windows is still much easier to use for new computer users.Microsoft has made several advancements and changes that have made it a much easier to use operating system, and although arguably it may not be the easiest operating system, it is still Easier than Linux.ReliabilityThe majority of Linux variants and versions are notoriously reliable and can often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted.Although Microsoft Windows has made great improvements in reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it still cannot match the reliability of Linux.Software Linux has a large variety of available software programs, utilities, and games. However, Windows has a much larger selection of available software.Because of the large amount of Microsoft Windows users, there is a much larger selection of available software programs, utilities, and games for Windows.Software CostMany of the available software programs, utilities, and games available on Linux are freeware and/or open source. Even such complex programs such as Gimp, OpenOffice, StarOffice, and wine are available for free or at a low cost.Although Windows does have software programs, utilities, and games for free, the majority of the programs will cost anywhere between $20.00 - $200.00+ US dollars per copy.HardwareLinux companies and hardware manufacturers have made great advancements in hardware support for Linux and today Linux will support most hardware devices. However, many companies still do not offer drivers or support for their hardware in Linux.Because of the amount of Microsoft Windows users and the broader driver support, Windows has a much larger support for hardware devices and a good majority of hardware manufacturers will support their products in Microsoft Windows.SecurityLinux is and has always been a very secure operating system. Although it still can be attacked when compared to Windows, it much more secure.Although Microsoft has made great improvements over the years with security on their operating system, their operating system continues to be the most vulnerable to viruses and other attacks.Open SourceMany of the Linux variants and many Linux programs are open source and enable users to customize or modify the code however they wish to.Microsoft Windows is not open source and the majority of Windows programs are not open source.SupportAlthough it may be more difficult to find users familiar with all Linux variants, there are vast amounts of available online documentation and help, available books, and support available for Linux.Microsoft Windows includes its own help section, has vast amount of available online documentation and help, as well as books on each of the versions of Windows<br />2-at what levels are redundancies created in a data centre?explain with the help of suitable examples? <br /> 3-discuss the utility of the following in MS office a]conditional formatting in MS- exel <br />Conditional Formatting (CF) is a tool that allows you to apply formats to a cell or range of cells, and have that formatting change depending on the value of the cell or the value of a formula. For example, you can have a cell appear bold only when the value of the cell is greater than 100. When the value of the cell meets the format condition, the format you select is applied to the cell. If the value of the cell does not meet the format condition, the cell's default formatting is used. (By quot;
default formattingquot;
, I mean the formatting that you set up using the normal formatting tools, not necessarily the worksheet's default font and font size.)<br />A cell can have up to 3 format conditions, each with its own formats, in addition to the default value of quot;
no formattingquot;
. This allows you to have different formats depending on the value of the cell. For example, if the value was greater than 200, you can display the text in red, but if the value is between 100 and 200, display the text in green. <br />Remember that Conditional Formatting is the same as adding one or more formulas to each cell in which you use it, so applying Conditional Formatting to a large number of cells may cause performance degradations. Use caution when applying to to large ranges.<br />b]name range in MS exel <br />Naming ranges in Excel can save you lots of time and repetitive work. Let’s say you have a range of cells that you are including in many different formulas or you have a block of cells that you are using a lot to produce various charts and/or pivot tables. If you name the range, you can easily select that range anytime you need it. Using a named range in a formula also negates the need to make the range an absolute reference because it will always point to the correct range, no matter where you copy the formula. <br />c]goal seek in MS exel <br />Goal Seek can be used when you know the result of a formula, but not the input value required by the formula to decide the result, reverse calculation. You can change the value of a specified cell until the formula that is dependent on the changed cell returns the result you want. Goal Seek is found under the Tools menu, and is perfect for mortgage or loan queriesd]mail merge in MS word <br />3-short notes on a]enterprise resource planning <br />Corporate Enterprise Outsourcing Companies providing IT services have to clearly know what enterprise resource is planning before thinking of implementing them.The catch word of ERP implementation is speed.Bedrock Energy Development, Inc., is a Denver, Colorado based independent oil and natural gas company specializingin the acquisition and development of domestic oil and natural gas fields. The faster it is implemented the quicker and better are the advantages and delivery in terms of results. For example, cheap no teletrack payday loans as well as small business credit cards are issued much faster, teleconferencing with the help of online credit card application forms and verifying through teleconferencing._This early process has another hold on liquidation. The returns are sought at a shorter period. This deviation from the conventional practice has become the order of the day as far as many companies are concerned for legal recruitment._According to Curtis Pope, business process reengineering played a vital role with respect to implementation. It is important to know the promotional product of Enterprise resource planning .Merely defining enterprise resource planning will not help in this. This naturally paved way to development of gaps between the actual results and the one derived during the process of foreseeing<br />See link given here http://www.erpfans.com/erpfans/erpdefinition/erp001.html<br />b]automisation/computerisation of a process <br />c]computer networking <br />A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of computers and devices connected by communications channels that facilitates communications among users and allows users to share resources with other users. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics. This article provides a general overview of types and categories and also presents the basic components of a network<br />A computer network is a system in which computers are connected to share information and resources. The connection can be done as peer-to-peer or client/server. This web site reviews the techniques you can use to set up and possibly manage a network for home or a small business.<br />d]software project planning<br />Software Project Planning<br />This article explores the various aspects of Software Project Planning and Scheduling. Project planning is an aspect of Project Management, which comprises of various processes. The aim of theses processes is to ensure that various Project tasks are well coordinated and they meet the various project objectives including timely completion of the project.<br />What is Project Planning? <br />Project Planning is an aspect of Project Management that focuses a lot on Project Integration. The project plan reflects the current status of all project activities and is used to monitor and control the project.<br />The Project Planning tasks ensure that various elements of the Project are coordinated and therefore guide the project execution.<br />Project Planning helps in - Facilitating communication - Monitoring/measuring the project progress, and - Provides overall documentation of assumptions/planning decisions<br />The Project Planning Phases can be broadly classified as follows: - Development of the Project Plan - Execution of the Project Plan - Change Control and Corrective Actions<br />Project Planning is an ongoing effort throughout the Project Lifecycle.<br />Why is it important? <br />“If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.” Project planning is crucial to the success of the Project. Careful planning right from the beginning of the project can help to avoid costly mistakes. It provides an assurance that the project execution will accomplish its goals on schedule and within budget.<br />What are the steps in Project Planning? <br />Project Planning spans across the various aspects of the Project. Generally Project Planning is considered to be a process of estimating, scheduling and assigning the projects resources in order to deliver an end product of suitable quality. However it is much more as it can assume a very strategic role, which can determine the very success of the project. A Project Plan is one of the crucial steps in Project Planning in General!<br />Typically Project Planning can include the following types of project Planning: 1) Project Scope Definition and Scope Planning 2) Project Activity Definition and Activity Sequencing 3) Time, Effort and Resource Estimation 4) Risk Factors Identification 5) Cost Estimation and Budgeting 6) Organizational and Resource Planning 7) Schedule Development 8) Quality Planning 9) Risk Management Planning 10) Project Plan Development and Execution 11) Performance Reporting 12) Planning Change Management 13) Project Rollout Planning<br />We now briefly examine each of the above steps:<br />1) Project Scope Definition and Scope Planning: In this step we document the project work that would help us achieve the project goal. We document the assumptions, constraints, user expectations, Business Requirements, Technical requirements, project deliverables, project objectives and everything that defines the final product requirements. This is the foundation for a successful project completion.<br />2) Quality Planning: The relevant quality standards are determined for the project. This is an important aspect of Project Planning. Based on the inputs captured in the previous steps such as the Project Scope, Requirements, deliverables, etc. various factors influencing the quality of the final product are determined. The processes required to deliver the Product as promised and as per the standards are defined.<br />3) Project Activity Definition and Activity Sequencing: In this step we define all the specific activities that must be performed to deliver the product by producing the various product deliverables. The Project Activity sequencing identifies the interdependence of all the activities defined.<br />4) Time, Effort and Resource Estimation: Once the Scope, Activities and Activity interdependence is clearly defined and documented, the next crucial step is to determine the effort required to complete each of the activities. See the article on “Software Cost Estimation” for more details. The Effort can be calculated using one of the many techniques available such as Function Points, Lines of Code, Complexity of Code, Benchmarks, etc. This step clearly estimates and documents the time, effort and resource required for each activity.<br />5) Risk Factors Identification: “Expecting the unexpected and facing it” It is important to identify and document the risk factors associated with the project based on the assumptions, constraints, user expectations, specific circumstances, etc.<br />6) Schedule Development: The time schedule for the project can be arrived at based on the activities, interdependence and effort required for each of them. The schedule may influence the cost estimates, the cost benefit analysis and so on.<br />Project Scheduling is one of the most important task of Project Planning and also the most difficult tasks. In very large projects it is possible that several teams work on developing the project. They may work on it in parallel. However their work may be interdependent.<br />Again various factors may impact in successfully scheduling a project ...........o Teams not directly under our control ...........o Resources with not enough experience<br />