I made this for Sociolinguistics class..about Kinds of Languange Varieties..such as what is dialect, accent, lingua franca, slang, argot, African American Vernacilar English, etc

1. SOCIOLINGUISTICS
LANGUAGE VARIETIES AND
MULTILINGUAL
BY:
KINKIN SUSANSI

2. LANGUAGE VARIETIES
• Specific language used by a particular community. In sociolinguistics a variety, also called a lect, is a
specific form of a language or language cluster.
• Language itself is a system of arbitrary signals:
- voice sounds - gestures - written symbols
which communicate thoughts or feelings
• Factors that influence language varieties:
(a)Dialect (b)Style (c)register
• Dialect is variety of a language used by people from a particular geographic area, differing in
pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary.
• There 2 kinds of dialect :
1) Regional dialect 2) social dialect
• For example: dialect  standard English
Y’all or yawl You all
Ain’t  is not, has not
Lil’  little
Ol’ buddy  old friend

3. ACCENT, STYLE AND REGISTER
• Accent is differences in pronunciation of the same language because of
geographic and social differences of the speaker as their typicall
way of speaking that describe where they are from.
American and the British have typicall accent that differ them. From their accents,
we can guess which one is the American and which one is the British.
Javaness and Sundanese have their typicall accents.
• Style analyzed from its level of formality and situational factors.
Variables that influence style:
(a)Addressee
(b)Social class
(c)Context and social roles
(d)Ethnics groups
• Register is speech related to a certain speciality.
• It is sets of vocabulary items associated with different occupational group
or groups of people with common interests or jobs.
For example:
the language used by airplane pilots, surgeons, bank managers, jazz fans, commentators, etc.

4. SLANG, JARGON, AND ARGOT
• Slang is language of a low and vulgar used by a low or disreputable character or gang’s group as their
identity that separate them from society who are not part of their group.
For example: Glaslow slang
crap-bag  coward
peter  police or prison cell
snide gear  unfashionable clothes
• Current slang is the linguistic prerogative of young people and generally sounds
odd in the mouth of an older person.
For example: spiffing, topping, super, groovy, fab, etc.
• Argot is French slang, arose in the 17th century, a speech variety used by French beggars and street
merchants and later was applied to the secret language of criminals to conceal
their communication from non-members.
Examples:
Bobby, cop, and peeler are argot for a police constable
poke for an injection,
and pill shooter for a doctor.
• Jargon is a set of terms of a particular subject, idioms, and concepts that are shared
by people with a similar interest such as baseball fans, computer engineers, or athletes.
for example:
Cyberspace jargon (www, mailing list, e-mail, etc.)

5. VERNACULAR
• African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is known as Black English Vernacular or Vernacular Black
English Among sociolinguists , and commonly called Ebonics outside the academic community.
• It is the variety of the English language or English spoken by many African American and that is used in
South Africa (the characteristic language in South Africa).
• Unlike most white immigrants who eventually adopted local dialects, blacks generally remained isolated
in impoverished ghettos and as a result, retained their dialect, developed through processes of second
language acquisition.
• This physical isolation contributed to linguistic isolation and the maintenance of African American
vernacular English (AAVE). The retention of unique linguistic forms, racism, and educational
apartheid have since led to numerous misconceptions of this dialect.
• a large majority of the African American population uses AAVE.
• This kind of thing seems to have taken place in the Caribbean, at some times
in the United States. For instance Gullah or Sea Islands Creole spoken in the
Coastal Islands of South Carolina and Georgia.
• Currently, it becomes a young people's slang disseminated by rap and
popular culture. (Black slang)
Bling: flashy jewelery, wearing a lot of bold pieces
Crib: home
Hood or “the hood”: People sometimes use this to refer to a neighborhood, but
they usually are referring to a rather poor area.

6. STANDARD LANGUAGE
• A particular variety of a language that has been given legal or quasi-legal status
• the most correct dialect of a language,
• It recognized as a prestigious variety by a community.
• An abstract rule in public discourse (communication/speech/discussion) and formal situation to
adjust/adapt with the situation, uncommon applied in casual discourse.
• It can be either pluricentric (several standard dialects) or monocentric (one standard dialect).
• it is used in administrative matters, communication at Court, literature, education and economic life.
• Standardization is a historical process which is always in progress, selected and
promoted by either legal authorities or other social institutions, such as schools or
media.
Steps of standardising language
•Selection •Codification
•Elaboration of function •Acceptance
Non-standard vs standard
get outta here  get out of here I luv y’all  I love you allI
dunno  I don’t know gimme a cuppa tea  give me a cup of tea

7. LINGUA FRANCA
• A mixture of languages or a shared language of professional and commercial communities used as a medium of
communication between people whose main languages are different.
• It is first used during the Middle Ages , a language created as a combination of French and Italian that was developed
by the Crusaders and tradesmen in the Mediterranean.
Arabic was another early lingua franca to develop because of the sheer size of the Islamic Empire. Its use spread with
the empire as it expanded into China, India, parts of Central Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa, and parts of
Southern Europe.
• Today, lingua francas play an important role in global communication as a second language for communication
between groups.
Examples:
The most obvious example today is English which has become a lingua franca in many
parts of the world.
Indonesian, a language based on traditional Malay, influenced by various languages
such as Dutch, Arabic, and Portuguese, serves as a lingua franca throughout
Indonesia and East Timor, areas that are home to over 700 indigenous languages.
Arabic, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish are lingua franca.
• In lingua franca situations, most speakers of the common language are functionally
multilingual.
• Multilingual is able to communicate using several different languages.
• It is a skill or competence in language to have control over the language.