" PARASITOLOGY AND MYCOLOGY" Organisms (Microsporidia, Anclyclostoma, Duodenale, Nedctar amerecanus, Toxoplasma gondii)

1. MICROSPORIDIA,
ANCYCLOSTOMA
DUODENALE,NECATAR
AMRECANUS, TOXOPLASMA
GONDII
Group 4

2. ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE:
Ancylostoma duodenale is a species of the roundworm genus
Ancylostoma. It is a parasitic nematode worm and commonly known
as the Old World hookworm. It lives in the small intestine of hosts
such as humans, cats and dogs, where it is able to mate and mature.
STRUCTURE:
It has two ventral plates
Each with large teeth that are fused at
their bases.

9. PATHOGENESIS:

12. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:

25. TOXOPLASMA GONDII:

26. MORPHOLOGY:
IT HAS THREE MORPHOLOGICAL FORMS:

29. TRANSMISSION:

30. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:

31. SEROLOGY:

32. TREATMENT:

33. PREVENTION:

34. MICROSPORIDIA:
Microsporidiosis (also known as microsporidiasis) is caused by
infection with microsporidia, which are obligately intracellular, spore-
forming parasites that belong to the phylum Microspora and the
order Microsporida. Microsporidia are eukaryotic organisms.

35. PATHOPHISIOLOGY:
Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular protozoa with
more than 1,200 species belonging to 143 genera that infect a wide
range of vertebrate and invertebrate hosts.
 They are characterized by the production of resistant spores that
vary in size, depending on the species.

36. REPRODUCTION:
Microsporidia may reproduce sexually or asexually. In asexual
reproduction, nuclear division takes place and form one or more pairs
of nuclei, and cellular division may isolate the nuclei or pair them in a
diplokaryon arrangement.

38. MICROSPORIDIOSIS:
These spores cause microsporidiosis, a disease that is primarily seen
in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
although it can rarely also cause disease in individuals with a normal
immune system. Microsporidia are found worldwide, and there are
numerous vertebrates and invertebrates that can serve as hosts for
this parasite.
Microsporidiosis can cause infection of the intestine, lung, kidney,
brain, sinuses, muscles, and eyes

39. TRANSMISSION:
Microsporidia spores are released from the stool, respiratory
secretions, and urine of infected animals.
A number of animals, including insects, birds, and mammals, can
serve as reservoirs of infection for microsporidia.
 Transmission of these spores is thought to occur primarily via
ingestion or inhalation by humans, though the process is not
perfectly understood.
Studies have also suggested that water-borne and food-borne
transmission may be possibl

40. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:
Lung symptoms may include:
Cough
labored breathing
malabsorption
inflammation, fluid, or cavities in the lungs.

41. LAB DIAGNOSIS:
There are several tests available to diagnose microsporidia infection.
 Microscopic examination of stained samples of body fluids,
primarily fecal samples, allows for rapid diagnosis, although the exact
species of microsporidia may not be identified.
Urine samples can also be used to detect spores when the kidney
and/or bladder are involved.
A powerful microscope, called a transmission electron microscope,
is needed to identify the exact species of microsporidia.

43. TREATMENT:
Treatment is with:
 albendazole or fumagillin (depending on the infecting species and
clinical syndrome)
topical fumagillin and oral albendazole for eye disease.

44. REFERENCES:
https://images.app.goo.gl/pST7WSWavGe8pSwG9
https://images.app.goo.gl/m7udNtMEZhJdqSDy6
https://images.app.goo.gl/yf9HJDr4ybFw7zPcA
https://images.app.goo.gl/mB5xNqXSAyUgwy5W9
https://images.app.goo.gl/Rq2aiGGWgtFxhzcH6
https://images.app.goo.gl/kaduaS69BYrQhXhAA