3. Biotechnology
• Use of scientific & engineering principals
to manipulate organisms or their genes
4. Products of Biotechnology
• Organisms with special biochemical
biochemical,
morphological, and/or growth characteristics
• Organisms that produce useful products
• Information about an organism or tissue that
would other wise not be known
7. Hybrid
• Offspring from crossing two g
p g g genetically
y
similar varieties of a species
• Cross between two different species
8. Hybrid Vigor
• Hybrid improved in certain ways over
parents
– Stronger
– With higher yields
9. Important Microbiology Events
• Pasturization
– Louis Pasteur (1860s)
– Process to kill microorganisms that cause
fermentive change
• Germ theory
– Robert Koch (late 1800s)
– Germs cause infection
– Developed pure culture methods
10. Antibiotics
• Alexander Fleming
(1927)
– Mold that contaminated
cultures killed bacteria
– Began process of
screening for antibiotics
15. Conjugation
• Donor & recipient
make contact
• DNA is transferred
• Transfer in bacteria
with plasmids
16. Plasmids
• Extra chromosomal pieces of DNA
• R li t i d
Replicate independently
d tl
• Small portion of bacteria’s DNA
• Contain genes that promote transfer
18. Applications of Biotechnology
• Producing
P d i proteins f th
t i for therapeutic use
ti
• Producing vaccines
• DNA fingerprinting
• Research on genome structure & function
• Gene therapy to treat disease
• Modification f food
M difi ti of f d
19. Producing Therapeutic Proteins
• Insert genes into bacteria
• Manipulate bacteria to produce proteins
• P if proteins for use
Purify t i f
20. Finding the Gene of Interest
• Shotgun cloning
– Isolating & purifying genomic DNA
– C tti DNA i t f
Cutting into fragments
t
–I
Insert fragments into bacteria or yeast
tf t i t b t i t
– Results in complete genomic library
– Library screened to find desired gene
21. DNA into Gene Fragments
• DNA clipped with restriction enzymes
pp y
– Recognize certain DNA sequences
25. Complementary DNA (cDNA)
Cloning
Cl i
• Gene of interest is known
• Messenger RNA from gene available
• Use reverse transcriptase to make gene
• Can be expressed in bacterial systems
26. Gene Synthesis Cloning
• Desired sequence must be known
• Laboratory made gene inserted into
yeast or bacteria
• U df i
Used for insulin cloning as example
li l i l
28. DNA Probes
• Molecule that binds to a specific gene
• T
Types of DNA Probe
f P b
– Molecules of RNA
– Complementary sequences of DNA
29. Genetically Engineered Vaccines
• Vaccines stimulate an
immune response
• Benefit of genetically
engineered vaccine
g
– Non pathogenic
30. DNA Vaccines
• DNA sequence of pathogen injected
• Immune system develops antibodies
• Advantages
– No risk of infection
– No risk of illness from contamination
– Long lasting immune response
– Can administer many vaccines in a single shot
31. DNA Fingerprinting
• DNA fragments amplified
• Fragments drawn through gel
• Bands visualized by dyes
• Humans have unique patterns
32. Polymerase Chain Reaction
(PCR)
• Makes copies of DNA fragments
• Allows for analysis starting with
small samples
• Gives large number of copies
37. Human Genome Project
• Sequence of Human DNA
• 3 billion base pairs
• 30,000 to 40,000 genes
38. Genomics
• Subdiscipline of genetics
• M
Mapping, sequencing, & analyzing
i i l i
• Two areas
– Structural genomics
– Functional genomics
39. DNA Arrays (DNA Chips)
• Allows screening of thousands of genes
40. Gene Therapy
• Uses recombinant DNA to treat
genetic disorders
• Replaces defective genes
• Includes targeted g
g gene repair
p
41. Food Modification with
Biotechnology
Bi h l
• Increase yield
• Increase quality
• M difi ti of genes i organisms
Modification f in i
• Example: transgenic plants
– Genetically altered
42.
43. Transgenic & Cloned Animals
• Dolly
– First cloned animal
– Nuclear transfer from cell to produce embryo
46. Genetic Engineering
Controversy
• Potential dangers exist
• E
Experiments governed b N ti
i t d by National
l
Institute of Health
• Genetically modified foods
y
– Common in U.S.
– Opposed by Europe
47. Arguments Against
Bioengineering
Bi i i
• Long term safety of engineered foods
• Spread of bioengineered genes
