1. Cover crops, tillage and soil quality Dr. Joel Gruver WIU – Agriculture [email_address]

2. There are few profits in idiot-proof systems Using cover crops to capture multiple benefits often requires more management Cover crops are not idiot-proof!

3. 20 years of similar tillage intensity and C inputs but contrasting types of organic inputs Crop residues Cover Crops Animal manure Crop residues

4. • Fast germination and emergence • Competitiveness • Tolerance to adverse climatic & soil conditions • Ease of suppression/residue management • Fertility/soil quality benefits • Low-cost What to Look For in A Cover Crop

5. Grazing turnips, rape, radish , lentils , rye, oat, triticale, sorghum-sudan Reducing Compaction radish, canola, turnip (and hybrids) , sugarbeet, sunflower, sorghum-sudan, sweet clover, alfalfa N-fixation clovers, vetches, lentils, cowpeas, soybean, field pea, chickling vetch Residue Cycling canola, rape, radishes, turnips, mustards Nutrient Cycling sunflower, sugarbeets, brassicas , small grains http://www.sdnotill.com/Field_Facts_wheat_cover_crop.pdf Matching objectives with species ?

6. How will I seed the cover crop? What will soil temperature and moisture conditions be like? What weather extremes and field traffic must it tolerate? Will it winterkill in my area? Should it winterkill, to meet my goals? What kind of regrowth can I expect? How will I kill it and plant into it? Will I have the time to make this work? What’s my contingency plan—and risks—if the cover crop doesn’t establish or doesn’t die on schedule? Do I have the needed equipment and labor? Other key considerations Be realistic about potential cover crop challenges

7. Managing cover crops profitably, 3 rd edition

9. Terry Taylor’s continuous NT corn w/ hairy vetch system

10. Red clover frost seeded into winter wheat. Seed is broadcast onto frozen and cracked soil in mid-March after snow melt. Seedlings remain relatively small until wheat harvest, at which time they have full sunlight and three months to grow and fix atmospheric nitrogen. Total nitrogen accumulation typically exceeds 100 lbs./a by the end of the growing season.

11. How much N can frost seeded red clover fix ??

12. Hairy vetch can be successfully planted after wheat harvest. On the two occasions (out of 18 site-years of the WICST trial) when the red clover failed to establish well, the vetch produced an average of 115 lbs./a of nitrogen, providing an excellent “back-up plan” that reduces one of the potential risks of relying on a companion-seeded cover crop for nitrogen. Late July vetch plantings can be riskier than frost seeding clover.

13. Cover crops can provide most of the nitrogen required by corn. WI trials to determine whether supplemental nitrogen was worthwhile found that additional nitrogen (either starter or sidedressed) produced a significant yield increase only about one-fourth of the time. The exceptions always occurred during years with cool springs, when there is a slow release of legume nitrogen.

14. Hunter Ethiopian cabbage Winfred Forage brassicas have good cover crop potential http://www.jennifermackenzie.co.uk/2005/12/brassicas.html

15. Compaction Solutions

16. Visual evidence of biodrilling Rapeseed root Canola root

17. Mustards can provide biomass and disease suppression.

18. Impact of cover crops on soybean cyst nematodes Bare Cereal Rye Ryegrass 1 7533 717* 117** 2 3650 320* 0** 3 1559 722* 386* 4 1202 390* 279* 2 years /3 replications * Significant .05 ** Significant .01 _____________Egg count ______________ M Plumer Site

19. Bare fallow Kaspar et al. J. Environ. Qual. 36:1503-1511

20. Alternative technologies for timely cover crop establishment

21. DB Considerations How will I plant the cover crop? What will soil temperature and moisture conditions be like? What weather extremes and field traffic must it tolerate? Will it winterkill in my area? Should it winterkill, to meet my goals? What kind of regrowth can I expect? How will I kill it and plant into it? Will I have the time to make this work? What’s my contingency plan—and risks—if the cover crop doesn’t establish or doesn’t die on schedule? Do I have the needed equipment and labor?

22. If you grow small grains…. DB

23. An Aerial seeded annual ryegrass on John Hebert’s farm in IL DB

24. DB

25. Steve Nebel DB

26. Steve Nebel DB

27. Steve Nebel DB

28. Photo from Joe Nester DB

29. Farmers have been using aerial seeding to improve post-harvest grazing for a long time DB

30. Set-up for efficient aerial seeding in SE IA Steve Nebel DB

31. Don Birky’s seeder in Central IL DB

32. Don and Matt Birky’s unique highboy with 10 feet and six inches of clearance could attract a crowd for its high-rising maneuvers, but the father-son team created the special equipment for a tough job. The highboy, dubbed High Roller, was developed to air seed legumes and other cover crops into standing corn in August. The Birkys, who operate On Track Farming Inc. in rural Gibson City, put the highboy through its paces last week. DB

33. Planting while harvesting DB

34. DB

35. Dwayne Beck’s set-up for planting while harvesting DB

36. DB

37. DB

38. DB

39. January

40. Terry Taylor planted radishes w/ hairy vetch, crimson clover and Austrian winter peas in fall 2010 DB

41. Bio-strip-till in VA DB

42. 150-200 bu corn with 0-20 lbs of N/ac DB

44. An excellent stand of Tillage Radishes and ryegrass in Livingston County

45. A grazing mix using turnips and grasses