Granulocyte biology

3. Fig. 1 (10.19 Parham) . Systemic anaphylaxis is caused by allergens that reach the bloodstream and activate mast cells (and basophils) throughout the body. Page 312

4. Fig. 4 (10.9 Parham) . Activated eosinophils secrete toxic proteins contained in their granules and also produce cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Page 317

5. Fig. 5 (10.24 Parham) . Allergen-induced release of histamine by mast cells in skin causes localized swelling. Basis of “allergy testing” in sensitized individuals. But what about individuals who may not have been suspected of being sensitized: e.g ., Case 2 (page 319)? Page 318

6. Fig. 6 (10.15 Parham) . Sensitization to an inhaled allergen. Antigens that are leached from inhaled pollen are taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the mucosa of the airway. These activate naïve T cells to become T H 2 effector cells, which secrete IL-4 and IL-13. Isotype switching by B cells in the presence of T H 2 help and IL-4/IL-13 leads to the development of plasma cells that secrete IgE. The IgE binds to Fc  RI on mast cells and basophils. Page 319

7. Fig. 9 (10.22 Parham) . The acute response in allergic asthma leads to T H 2-mediated chronic airway inflammation. Concept behind current therapy: allergic (“atopic”) asthma is a disorder of “chronic allergic inflammation” . Corticosteroids become a mainstay of therapy (see page 329 of notes). But…. Page 323

8. Mary Hewitt Loveless, MD Stanford University: AB, 1921; MD, 1925 M. H. Loveless & W. R. Fackler. Wasp venom allergy and immunity . Annals of Allergy 14 :347- 366 (Sept.-Oct.) 1956. [Dept. of Medicine of New York Hospital & Cornell University Medical College]

9. Mary Hewitt Loveless, MD Stanford University: AB, 1921; MD, 1925 M. H. Loveless & W. R. Fackler. Wasp venom allergy and immunity . Annals of Allergy 14 :347- 366 (Sept.-Oct.) 1956. [Dept. of Medicine of New York Hospital & Cornell University Medical College] Her experimental subjects were her patients.

10. * D.Zhu, C. L. Kepley, K. Zhang, T. Terada, T. Yamada & A. Saxon. Nat. Med . 11 :446-9, 2005 . ( Their experimental subjects were mice . ) A chimeric human-cat fusion protein blocks cat-induced allergy * * Figure from: Janet Kalesnikoff & S. J. Galli. Nipping cat allergy with fusion proteins. Nat. Med . 11 :381-2, 2005. Disclosure of conflict-of-interest: I am a member of the Scientific Advisory Board of Tunitas Therapeutics, Inc. , a start up company seeking to develop fusion proteins and other products for treating allergic disorders.

11. Fig. 1 (10.2 Parham) . There are four types of immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions that can cause tissue damage. Review: Slide from lecture I

12. Fig. 1 (10.2 Parham) . There are four types of immune-mediated hypersensitivity reactions that can cause tissue damage. These basic immunological mechanisms can be directed against exogenous or endogenous antigens (or “autoantigens”)-in the latter case, this can result in autoimmune disorders (Bill Robinson lectures and see Parham chapter on Autoimmune diseases ). AutoImm.D.: AHA MG, GD SLE IDDM, RA, MS

13. Fig. 15 (7.26 Parham) . IgE crosslinking on mast cell surfaces leads to the rapid release of mast-cell granules containing inflammatory mediators. Review: Slide from lecture I

14. Fig. 15 (7.26 Parham) . IgE crosslinking on mast cell surfaces leads to the rapid release of mast-cell granules containing inflammatory mediators. As IgE levels increase, so does Surface expression of Fc  RI, making mast cells & basophils “ better” effector cells

15. Fig. 16 (10.5 Parham) . Molecules synthesized and released by mast cells on stimulation by antigen binding to IgE. Review: Slide from lecture I