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1. OPERATING PERSONAL COMPUTER
MODULE 2

2. Analyzing Computer components
What Is A Computer?
• A computer is an electronic device,
• operating under the control of instructions
(software)
• stored in its own memory unit,
• that can accept data (input),
• manipulate data (process), and produce
information (output) from the processing

3. TYPES OF COMPUTER
Based on their size and application computers can classified as:
Micro Computer
Mini Computer
Main frame Computer
Super Computer

4. A) Micro computer_
are the smallest computer system.
 Their size range from calculator to desktop size.
 Its CPU is microprocessor.
The least powerful, but most widely used.
the term microcomputer and personal computer are
interchangeable.
PCs are intended to be operated by end users.
Size, price, capabilities are right for individuals.
Fastest growing ~ microprocessors, memory chips, and
storage devices keep making gains in speed and
capacity,
while physical size and price remain stable or in some
cases are reduced.

5. Application: - personal computer, Multi user system,
offices.

6. Mini computers_
• these are also small general purpose system.
• They are generally more powerful and most
useful as compared to micro computer.
• The capabilities of a minicomputer lies
somewhere between those of mainframes and
those of microcomputer.
• But they can handle more I/O and/or more
terminals.
• Mini computers are also known as mid range
computer or Child computer.

7. •Application:- Departmental systems, Network
Servers, work group system.

8. Mainframe computers_
 are those computers that offer faster processing
and grater storage area (Large memory, storage,
I/O).
 They are used where many people in a large
organization
need frequent access to the same information
which is organized into one or more huge
databases.
 The word “main frame” comes from the metal
frames.
It is also known as Father -computer.

9. Application – Host computer, Central data base server,
Transactions, Accounting

10. Super computer_
Supercomputers are the most powerful
computers.
They are used to process huge amounts of data,
model of complex processes and simulate the
processes.
They are those computer which are designed for
scientific job like whether forecasting and
artificial intelligence etc.
 They are fastest and expensive.
 A super computer contains a number of CPU
which operates in parallel to make it faster.
 It also known as a grand- father computer.

11. Application – weapons research and development.
•nuclear fission
•Air pollution
•Weather forecast
•Astrophysics
•Fluid dynamics
•Genetic
•Breaking ciphers

12. Computer hardware
• What does a computer do?
• Computers can perform four general operations,
• which comprise the information processing cycle.
• Input,
• Process,
• Output, and
• storage.

13. What Are The Main Components Of Computer?
1) Input devices.
2) Central Processing Unit (containing the control
unit and the arithmetic/logic unit).
3) Memory.
4) Output devices.
5) Storage devices.

15. Input devices- input device is used to enter data
or instructions into a computer.
• Here are some examples of input devices:
• Mouse and keyboard
• Digital camera and digital video camera
• Biometric authentication device
• Touch screen
• Scanner
– Digital cameras and digital video cameras create
images that can be stored on magnetic media.
– The image is stored as a file that can be displayed,
printed, or altered.
– A scanner digitizes an image or document.
– The digitization of the image is stored as a file that can
be displayed, printed, or altered.

16. Key board _
• is the most commonly used input device
• is input device on which data is entered by
manually keying in or typing certain keys.
• A keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

18. Mouse _ is a pointing device the screen to make selections from
the screen.

19. The Central processing Unit (CPU)
• The central processing unit (CPU) contains
electronic circuits that cause processing to occur.
• The CPU interprets instructions to the computer,
• performs the logical and arithmetic processing
operations,
• and causes the input and output operations to occur.
• It is considered the “brain” of the computer.

20. CPU

21. ROM
• Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is etched on a
chip that has start-up directions for your computer.
• It is permanent memory.
ROM
– Information is written to it when it is manufactured.
– It cannot be erased or re-written and is obsolete.
PROM
– Information is written to it after it is manufactured.
– It cannot be erased or re-written
EPROM
• Information is written to it after it is manufactured.
• It can be erased using with the exposure of UV.
EEPROM
– Information is written to it after it is manufactured.
– It is also called Flash ROM.
– It can be erased and re-written without removing the chip from
the computer

22. RAM
• Memory also called Random Access Memory
• or RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory of the
computer.
• It consists of electronic components that store data including
numbers, letters of the alphabet, graphics and sound.
• Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is
turned off.
• DRAM (Dynamic RAM)
– It is a memory chip that is used as Primary memory.
– It must be constantly refreshed with pulses of electricity in order
to maintain the data stored within the chip.
• SRAM (Static RAM)
– It is a memory chip that is used as Cache memory.
– It is much faster than DRAM does not need refreshing circuit.

23. Amount of RAM in Computers
• The amount of memory in computers is typically
measured in kilobytes or megabytes.
• One kilobyte (K or KB) equals approximately
1024 memory locations
• and one megabyte (M or MB) equals
approximately one million locations.
• Therefore, a computer with 8 MB of memory can
store approximately 8 million characters.
• One megabyte can hold approximately 500 pages
of text information.

24. Output Devices
– An output device is used to present information to the user
from a computer.
– Here are some examples of output devices:
• Monitors and projectors
• Printers and fax machines
• Speakers and headphones
• Monitors and projectors are primary output devices
for a computer.
• There are different types of monitors.
• The most important difference between these
monitor types is the technology used to create an
image:
• The printer produces a hard copy of your output,
• and the computer screen produces a soft copy of your output

26. Storage Devices (secondary storage)
• A storage drive reads or writes information to magnetic
or optical storage media.
• The drive can be used to store data permanently or to
retrieve information from a media disk.
• Storage drives can be installed inside the computer case,
such as a hard drive.
• Auxiliary storage devices are used to store data
The most common types of auxiliary storage used on
personal computers are
floppy disks,
 hard disks and
CD-ROM drives.

28. HARD DISK DRIVE(HDD)
• A hard drive, or hard disk drive, is a magnetic storage
device that is installed inside the computer.
• The hard drive is used as permanent storage for data.
• In a computer, the hard drive is usually configured as
the C: drive and contains the operating system and
applications.
• The storage capacity of a hard drive is measured in
billions of bytes, or gigabytes (GB).
• The speed of a hard drive is measured in revolutions
per minute (RPM).
• Multiple hard drives can be added to increase storage
capacity.

29. Internal parts of HDD

30. Optical Drive
• An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data
on the optical media.
• There are two types of optical drives:
– Compact disc (CD)
– Digital versatile disc (DVD)
• CD and DVD media can be pre-recorded (read-only), recordable
(write once), or re-recordable (read and write multiple times).
• CDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 700 MB.
• DVDs have a data storage capacity of approximately 8.5 GB on
one side of the disc.
• There are several types of optical media:
– CD-ROM – CD read-only memory media that is pre-recorded.
– CD-R –CD-recordable media that can be recorded once.
– CD-RW – CD-rewritable media that can be recorded, erased, and re-
recorded.
• DVD-ROM – DVD read-only memory media that is pre-
recorded

31. Flash Drive
– A flash drive, also known as a thumb drive.
– It is a removable storage device that connects to a
USB port.
– A flash drive uses a special type of memory that
requires no power to maintain the data.
– These drives can be accessed by the operating
system in the same way other types of drives are
accessed.

32. Floppy disk
• A floppy disk is a data storage medium
• that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible ("floppy")
magnetic storage medium
• encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell.
• A floppy drive, or floppy disk drive, is a storage device
that uses removable 3.5-inch
• These magnetic floppy disks can store 720 KB or 1.44
MB of data.
• In a computer, the floppy drive is usually configured as
the A: drive.
• Floppy disks are read and written by a floppy disk
drive or FDD

33. FLOPPY DISK

34. Identify Computer Software
• Software: - refers to the programs, which are
required to operate the computer.
• In other words, we can describe software as
logical entity, which enables the physical
entity (Hardware) to function properly.
• A set of programs is also called as software.
• The two main classifications of software are:
A. System software
B. Application software

35. • A) System software-software designed to operate the
computer hardware
• and to provide a platform for running application software.
• There are several different types of system software :
• Operating Systems are a collection of programs that make
the computer hardware conveniently available to the user
• and also hide the complexities of the computer's operation.
• The Operating System (such as Windows) interprets
commands issued by application software (e.g. word
processor and spreadsheets).
• The Operating System is also an interface between the
application software and computer.
• Without the operating system, the application programs
would be unable to communicate with the computer.
• interpreter)

36. • Utility programs are small, powerful programs with
a limited capability,
• they are usually operated by the user to maintain a
smooth running of the computer system.
• Various examples include file management,
diagnosing problems and finding out information
about the computer etc.
• Notable examples of utility programs include copy,
paste, delete, file searching, disk defragmenter, disk
cleanup.
• However, there are also other types that can be
separately installable from the Operating System.
• Library programs are a compiled collection of
subroutines
• Translator software (Compiler, Assembler,
Interpreter

37. B. Application Software- software designed to
help the user to perform specific tasks
• Word processing
• Electronic spreadsheet
• Database
• Presentation graphics etc

38. QUESTIONS?