2. Agitation and Mixing
Many operations depend upon effective agitation and mixing of
components
Agitation: induced motion of a material
Mixing: random distribution of two initially separate phases
A single homogeneous material such as water in a tank can be agitated but
not mixed until another material is added to tank
3. Agitation and mixing
agitation is a means whereby mixing of phases can be accomplished and by
which mass and heat transfer can be enhanced between phases or with
external surfaces
Mixing is concerned with all combinations of phases of which the most
frequently occurring ones are
1. GASES WITH GASES
2. GASES INTO LIQUIDS: DISPERSION.
3. GASES WITH GRANULAR SOLIDS: FLUIDIZATION, PNEUMATIC
CONVEYING; DRYING
4. LIQUIDS INTO GASES: SPRAYING.
5. LIQUIDS WITH LIQUIDS: DISSOLUTION, EMULSIFICATION, DISPERSION
6. LIQUIDS WITH GRANULAR SOLIDS: SUSPENSION.
7. PASTES WITH EACH OTHER AND WITH SOLIDS.
8. SOLIDS WITH SOLIDS: MIXING OF POWDERS.
4. Agitation and Mixing
interaction of gases, liquids, and solids also may take place
Example: hydrogenation of liquids in the presence of a slurred solid catalyst
where the gas must be dispersed as bubbles and the solid particles must be
kept in suspension
5. Purpose of Agitation
Suspending solid particles in a liquid
Blending miscible liquids e.g. methanol-water
Dispersing a gas through a liquid in the form of small bubbles
Dispersing a second liquid, immiscible with first to form an emulsion or
suspension of fine drops
Promoting heat transfer between liquid and a coil or jacket.
6. Agitated Vessels
Round bottom to eliminate corners where
fluid cannot penetrate
Impeller is mounted on a shaft
Shaft driven by a motor
Baffles to reduce tangential motion of fluid
8. Impellers
2 types
1. Generate currents parallel with the axis of
impeller shaft Axial-flow impeller
2. Generate currents in a radial or tangential
direction Radial flow impellers
Axial flow impellers impose basically bulk
motion, and are used in homogenization
processes
Radial flow impellers impose shear
stress to the fluid, and are used to mix
immiscible liquids
Axial is in left and Radial is in right side.
9. High Efficiency Impellers
High efficiency impellers are designed to produce
more uniform axial flow and better mixing
It Reduces power requirements
In high efficiency impellers, blades are sometimes
folded to decrease the blade angle near tip
It is used to mix low to moderate viscosity liquids but
not for very viscous liquids or dispersing gases.
10. Impellers for highly viscous liquids
Helical ribbon impeller
Having diameter almost equal to inside dia of
tank
Promotes liquid motion all the way to the tank
wall with very viscous liquids
Anchor Impeller
Creates no vertical motion
Less effective than helical
Promotes better heat transfer
May have scrapers to remove liquid from tank
wall
Anchor
Helical Ribbon
11. 3 types are used based upon low-to-moderate viscosity liquids
1. Propellers
2. Turbines
3. High efficiency impellers
12. Propeller
Axial flow, high speed impeller is used for liquids of low viscosity
Its rotation forces liquid downward until deflected by the floor vessel
Propeller blades cut or shear the liquid
Produces a helix in the fluid
13. Propeller
One revolution will move the liquid longitudinally a fixed distance
depending upon angle of inclination of impeller blades
Ration of distance to propeller diameter is called pitch of impeller. (square
pitch=1)
2 or more propellers may be used on a single shaft; directing liquid in same
direction
14. Turbines
Disk Turbine like straight blade turbine
creates zones of high shear rate
Dispersing a gas in a liquid
Pitched blade turbine is used when
good overall circulation is important
15. Straight blade turbine impeller
Straight blade force liquid radially and
tangentially with no vertical movement.
Current moves outward to vessel wall and then
either upward or downward
Also called paddles
16. Flow patterns in Agitated Vessels
Depends upon
Type of impeller
Characteristics of the liquid (esp viscosity)
Size and proportions of the tank, baffles and the impeller
17. Liquid velocity at any point has 3 components
1. Radial – perpendicular to the shaft of impeller
2. Longitudinal – parallel with shaft
3. Tangential or rotational – tangent to a circular path around the shaft.
Radial and longitudinal comp are useful in mixing
When the shaft is vertical and centrally located; tangential component is
disadvantageous – creates a vortex
3 velocity components
18. Vortex formation and its disadvantages
If solid particles are present, they will be
thrown at the outside by centrifugal force;
and move downward and to the centre of
the tank at bottom
Instead of mixing; (reverse) concentration
occurs
Relative velocity b/w blades and liquid is
reduced
Hence power that can be absorbed by the
liquid is limited
19. Prevention of Swirling (Vortex)
In small tanks, impeller can be mounted off centre
In large tanks, agitator may be mounted in the side of
the tank with an angle with the radius
Installing baffles in large tanks (2,3 or 4)
20. Flow patterns in agitated vessels–
Axial flow impellers
When swirling or spinning is stopped; flow patterns depends on the type of
impeller
Propeller agitators drive the liquid down to the bottom of the tank, where
stream spreads radially in all directions toward the wall and flows upward
along the wall and returns to the suction of the propeller from top.
For keeping solid particles in suspensions
Axial flow impellers change their flow pattern from axial flow at low liq
viscosity to radial at high viscosity.
21. Flow patterns in agitated vessels– flat
blade turbines
Flat blade turbines give good radial flow
Stream moves at the wall and divides
One portion flows downward along the wall and back to the center of the
impeller from below
Another portion flows upward toward the surface and back to impeller from
above
23. Flow patterns in agitated vessels
In unbaffled tank there are strong tangential flows and vortex formation at
moderate stirrer speeds
With baffles, vertical flows are increased and rapid mixing of liquid.
2 or more impellers can be mounted on single shaft for a long vertical
cylindrical tank
Lowest impeller is usually a radial flow impeller (straight blade turbine); the
upper is axial flow
Lowest impeller is about one impeller diameter above the bottom of the
tank.
24. Mixing and Blending
mixing is putting things together.
Blending is the combination of things in a unified smoothed manner
mixing is the combining of a number of dry ingredients which when
combined with a liquid is blended to achieve a uniform (usually) processed
product
25. Mixing and Blending
Mixing is more difficult operation than agitation
Criteria depends upon the experimenter
Often good mixing is visual
Color change of an acid base indicator
Solid-liquid mixtures
Rate of decay of concentration or temperature fluctuations; variation in the
analysis of small samples taken from various parts of the mix
26. Blending of Miscible liquids
Miscible liquids are blended in small process vessels by propellers, turbines
or high efficiency impellers
In large storage tank, the agitator may turned on only to blend the stratified
layers of liquid that are formed as the tank is being filled
Stratified blending is often very slow
27. Blending in Process Vessels
Impeller in process vessel produces high velocity stream
Liquid is well mixed in the region close to impeller because of intense
turbulence
There is probably little mixing in the direction of flow
The fluid completes a circulation loop and returns to the eye of the impeller
where vigorous mixing again occurs
Calculations show that complete mixing (99%) is achieved if contents are
circulated about 5 times
29. Rate of Mixing– Circulation rates
For efficient mixing, volume of fluid circulated by impeller must be great
enough to sweep out the entire vessel in a reasonable time
The velocity of the stream leaving the impeller must be enough to carry the
currents to the remotest parts of the tank
Circulation rate is not the only factor; turbulence in moving stream is often
very imp
Turbulence results properly directed currents and large velocity gradients in
the liquid
30. Rate of Mixing– Circulation rates
Circulation and turbulence both consume energy
Flow rate and power dissipation increase with stirrer speed
However selection of the type and size of impeller influences the relative
values of flow rate and power dissipation
Large impellers moving at medium speed promote flow
Smaller impellers at high speed are used where intense turbulence is
required.