1. 60 SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832,(Print) E- ISSN-2320-5474, December,2013, VOL-V * ISSUE- 59
vk/kqfud gksus dk dnkfpr~ ;gh izek.k gksrk gS fd ge vius
vrhr dh cklh o nwf"kr :f<+;ksa dks frykatfy nsdj] rRdkyhu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuq:i vius O;ogkj] dk;Z'kSyh o fopkjksa dks
ifjofrZr djsa A ,d LoLFk mUur lekt ds fuekZ.k gsrq fujarj
vius dk;ksZa ds ewY;kadu o ifj"dkj djus dh vko';drk
gksrh gSA ,slh ijaijk,¡] ekufldrk tks euq"; ds euq"; gksus
dks gh lansgkLin cuk ns] og fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa lekt] jk"Vª
ds fy, dY;k.k&dkjh ugha gks ldrhA ,slh gh ,d nwf"kr
lksp tks orZeku ;qx dh oSKkfud o rduhdh ;qx ij Hkh viuk
dqizHkko cuk, gq, gS og gS &tkfroknh ekufldrkA tkfr
vk/kkfjr la?k"kksZa dk ;qx u tkus dc ls pyrk vk jgk gSA ;qx
cnys] ihf<+;k¡ cnyha fdarq tkfr dks ysdj tks Hkkouk gekjs
Hkkjrh; lekt dh ulksa essa O;kIr gS] og bruh vk/kqfudrk ds
ckn Hkh iwjh rjg cny ugha Ikk jgh gSaA
fnudj us lu~ 1952 esa ^jf'ejFkh* dkO; }kjk lekt
dh bl nq[krh jx dk Li'kZ fd;k FkkA vk'p;Z bl ckr dk
gS fd tks ihM+k yxHkx 60 o"kZ iwoZ fnudj us O;Dr dh] ml
osnuk esa orZeku ;qx rd dksbZ fo'ks"k cnyko utj vkrk fn[kkbZ
ugha fn;k gS A ^d.kZ* tSls u tkus fdrus misf{kr O;fDrRo gekjs
lekt esa O;kIr gSA
^jf'ejFkh* ds dfo us vius mís'; dh flf) ds fy,
,d vksj ijaijk&iksf"kr ,oa ttZfjr :f<+oknh ekU;rkvksa dk
[kaMu fd;k gS rks nwljh vksj ;qx&lkis{k izxfr'khy thou&ewY;ksa
dh izLFkkiuk ij cy fn;k gSA mlus lkekftd vU;k; ds
dkj.k mPp dqy dh >wBh eku&e;kZnk vkSj tkfrokn ds naHk
dh HkRlZuk dh gS( fdarq Je] iq:"kkFkZ] riL;k] nku] eS=h vkfn
ekuoh; xq.kksa dh egÙkk dks ljkgrs gq, Lohdkj Hkh fd;k gS
A fnudj dk tkfr dks ysdj ;g vk/kqfud n`f"Vdks.k mudh
orZeku le; esa izklafxdrk fl) djrk gSA
;fn /;ku ls ns[kk tk, rks Hkkjr dh jk"Vªh; ,drk
o izxfr dks fucZy o vlgk; djus okys rRoksa esa ^tkfr ij
vk/kkfjr HksnHkko* Hkh izeq[k dkj.k jgk gSA ;gk¡ O;fDr ds xq.kksa
dk ewY;kadu tkfr ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gS tks jk"Vªdfo fnudj
dks fcYdqy Hkh lgu ugha FkkA blhfy, og ^jf'ejFkh* izca/k
December ,2013
'kks/k i= & fgUnh
lkfjdk pkS/kjh
tkfroknh ekufldrk ds fo:) fnudj ds ^d.kZ*
dk fonzksgh fcxqy& ^jf'EkjFkh*
* 'kks/kkFkhZ] ¼ih,p-Mh½ Jh osadVs'Okj fo'Okfo|ky;] xtjkSyk] mÙkj izns'k
^^lkjka'k** %& fu%lansg tkfr ds uke ij euq";&euq"; esa Hksn djuk ,d lH; o f'kf{kr lekt ds fy, dyad gSA nqHkkZX; ;g gS fd lfn;ksa ls ge Hkkjrh; tkfr dss
fo’kSys /kq,¡ esa ?kqV&?kqV dj thus dks foo'k gSa fdUrq blds fo:) vfHk;ku pykus esa drjkrs gSaA bl tkfrHksn dh ekufldrk us u dsoy lekt dks iaxq o ,drkfoghu
djk gS vfirq jk"Vª ds lEeku o ;ksX;rk dks Hkh vuns[kk fd;k gS ftldk dqifj.kke Hkkjr ds vusd {ks=ksa esa visf{kr ykHk u feyus ds :i esa lkeus vk jgk gSA fnudj
us ^d.kZ* ds ek/;e ls vius vk/kqfud n`f"Vdks.k dks O;Dr djrs gq, tkfr Hksn ij u dsoy izgkj fd;k gS vfirq mldk lek/kku izLrqr djus dk LrqR; iz;kl Hkh fd;k
gSA izLrqr 'kks/k&i= fnudj dh blh lksp dks O;Dr djus dk fouez iz;kl gS A
dkO; esa d.kZ ds eq[k ls tkfrokn ds fo:) l'kDr vfHkO;fDr
djkrs gSa %&
^tkfr ! gk; jh tkfr ! d.kZ dk ân; {kksHk ls Mksyk]
dqfir lw;Z dh vksj ns[k og ohj Øks/k ls cksyk &
^^tkfr tkfr jVrs] ftudh iw¡th dsoy ik’kaM]
eSa D;k tkuw¡ tkfr tkfr gSa ;s esjs HkqtnaM A**
^d.kZ* ds ek/;e ls fnudj us ;g Li"V fd;k gS
fd tks okLro esa izfrHkkoku o ;ksX; gksrs gSa] og fdlh Hkh
vuq'kalk dk vkJ; ugha ysrsA mUgsa tkfr] xks=] fcjknjh ds
BIis dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gksrh D;ksafd mudk gquj gh mudh
igpku gksrk gS %&
^^rstLoh lEeku [kkstrs ugha xks= crykds]
Ikkrs gSa tx ls iz'kfLr viuk djrc fn[kykds A^^
^jf'ejFkh* dk dFkkud tkrh;rk ds tgj ij viuk l'kDr
izgkj djrk gSA l'kDr o LoLFk lekt ds fuekZ.k esa lekt
ds izR;sd oxZ dk ;ksxnku egRo j[krk gSA tUe ds vk/kkj
ij fdlh euq"; dks Å¡p&uhp dh ifjf/k esa ck¡/kuk u dsoy
euq";rk dk vieku gS vfirq l`f"VdrkZ ds fu;eksa dh Hkh
vogsyuk gSA tc bZ”oj fdlh esa Hksn ugha djrk rks ge euq";ksa
dks ;g vf/kdkj fdlus ns fn;k fnudj ;gh fl) djuk
pkgrs Fks fd tkfr dqN egRo ugha j[krh D;ksafd izd`fr Hkh
fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds lc ij viuk Lusg cjlkrh gSA os dgrs
gSa %&
^^ewy tkuuk cM+k dfBu gS ufn;ksa dk] ohjksa dk]
/kuq’k NksM+dj vkSj xks= D;k gksrk j.k/khjksa dk
Ikkrs gSa lEeku rikscy ls Hkwry ij 'kwj]
^tkfr&tkfr* dk 'kksj epkrs dsoy dk;j] Øwj A**
Tkc ge ^jf'ejFkh* dk v/;;u djrs gSa rks ikrs gSa
fd ^d.kZ* ds iwjs pfj= esa dgha dksbZ ghu Hkkouk ugha gS vkSj
u gh og fdlh jktdqekj ls cy] cqf)] lkSUn;Z] foosd vkfn
esa Hkh de gSA cl ,d gh ckr }kjk lnSo mls ekufld vk?kkr
igq¡pk;k tkrk jgk gS vkSj og gS mldh tkfrA ;gh fLFkfr
orZeku ifjisz{; esa Hkh viuh izklafxdrk j[krh gSA orZeku le;
esa ;fn dksbZ nfyr mPp f'k{kk izkIr dj mPp in ij vklhu

2. 61SHODH, SAMIKSHA AUR MULYANKAN
International Indexed & Refereed Research Journal, ISSN 0974-2832,(Print) E- ISSN-2320-5474, December,2013, VOL-V * ISSUE- 59
gks Hkh tkrk gS rks dgha u dgha vf/kdka'k mPpoxhZ; ekufldrk
mldh izfrHkk] dk;Z'kSyh ij foijhr fVIi.kh vo'; djrh gSA
^d.kZ* dks ^vaxns'k ujs'k* cuus ij tks O;aX; o dVq opu Hkhe
}kjk cksys tkrs gSa oks mPpoxhZ; lksp dks Li"V djrs gSa %&
^^g; dh >kM+s iw¡N] vkt rd jgk ;gh rks dkt]
Lkwriq= fdl rjg pyk ik;sxk dksbZ jkt A**
orZeku le; esa Hkh dkQh dqN fLFkfr oSlh gh cuh fn[kkbZ nsrh
gSA vkt Hkh ;fn dksbZ uhph tkfr dk euq"; Åij mBus dk
iz;kl djrk gS rks lekt ds Å¡ps rcds ds yksx vusdksa ck/kk,¡
[kM+k djus esa ihNs ugha gVrsA Hkyk ;g dgk¡ dk U;k; gS fd
Hkaxh dk cPpk lnSo lQkbZ deZpkjh gh cusxkA D;k f'kf{kr
gksdj mls vf/kdkjh cuus dk dksbZ vf/kdkj ugha A ;fn dksbZ
ifjJe o vkj{k.k ds ek/;e ls ml in rd igq¡p Hkh tkrk
gS rks mPp oxhZ; yksx mlds vk/khu dke djus rd ls euk
dj nsrs gSaA D;k gksxk ,sls lekt dk ftldh lksp bruh NksVh
o ladqfpr gksxh nqHkkZX; Hkh gS vkSj foMEcuk Hkh fd ge ckrsa
rks ekuork] izse] lfg".kqrk dh djrs gSa] vk/kqfud rduhdh
vkfo"dkjksa ls f?kjs jgrs gSa] geus i`Foh ls pk¡n dh nwjh dks Hkh
ikV fn;k gS fdarq ,d ekuo ls nwljs ekuo ds chp dh nwjh
dks ge vHkh rd iwjh rjg feVkus esa ukdke jgs gSaA ^jf'ejFkh*
esa d.kZ dk usr`Ro orZeku vLi`";rk ewyd vfHk;ku dk izrhd
gSA ^d.kZ* loZFkk vk/kqfud gSA og dqyhurk vkSj tkfr ds iz'uksa
ls ikS:"kef.Mr lkFkZd fonzksg djrk gSA ^'kwnz* 'kCn dh ihM+k
mls Hkhrj rd phj nsrh gS %&
^^eSa tkfr&xks= ls ghu] nhu]
jktkvksa ds lEeq[k eyhu]
tc jkst+ vuknj ikrk Fkk]
dg ^'kwnz* iqdkjk tkrk Fkk A**
orZeku le; esa Hkh lekt ds dqN fo'ks"k yksx
tkfrokpd lacks/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSa tks dkuwu ds fo:)
rks gS gh] O;fDrxr Hkkoukvksa ds Hkh f[kykQ gSA fnudj dh
ys[kuh] ^jf'ejFkh* esa iwjh rjg ls nfyr LokfHkeku dh j{kk
esa [kM+h gS A tkfrokn dh dqgsfydk ls fnXHkzfer lekt esa psruk
dh e'kky tykus dk iquhr dk;Z fnudj us vius [k.M dkO;
^jf'ejFkh* ds ek/;e ls fd;kA tkfr dh bl ladh.kZfopkj/kkjk ds
izfr tks Økafrdkjh mn~?kks"k dchj us fd;k Fkk] fnudj mlh
Økafr dks vkxs c<+krs gSaA tkfr ls xq.kksa dh rqyuk djus okys
yksxksa ij fnudj O;aX; djrs gSa %&
^^gk;] tkfr NksVh gS] rks fQj lHkh gekjs xq.k NksVs]
Tkkfr cM+h] rks cM+s cusa os] jgsa yk[k pkgs [kksVs A**
;g lH; lekt esa 'keZ dh ckr gS fd oxZ&O;oLFkk ds
vk/kkj ij rFkkdfFkr fuEu le>s tkuk okyk oxZ lfn;ksa ls
vLi`'; le>k tkrk jgk gS] mls ekuo ds ewyHkwr vf/kdkjksa
ls Hkh oafpr fd;k x;k] iwtk&LFkku] f'k{kk laLFkku esa muds
fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha FkkA ;g lkspus dh ckr gS fd tks oxZ
vU; mPp oxksZa ds lHkh ?k`f.kr dk;Z Lo;a djrk gS og vLi`';
dSls gks ldrk gS tks xanxh o ey dks lkQ djrk gS og
vNwr dSls gks ldrk gS orZeku le; dks VVksysa rks dkQh
dqN ifjorZu gqvk gS fdUrq dkQh lq/kkj gksuk ckdh gSA
tks xanxh fdlh ,d tkfr ds euq"; dks feryh yk
ldrh gS] mls fdlh nwljh tkfr dk ekuo dSls lgtrk ls
ys ldrk gS bZ'oj us lHkh dks Hkkouk,¡ nh gSa rks ek= dqN
fo'ks"k oxZ gh bl lQkbZ dk;Z dk nkf;Ro D;ksa mBk,¡ vkf[kj
;g fdlus izekf.kr fd;k gS fd Å¡ps in ;k Å¡ph f'k{kk ek=
mPp oxhZ; O;fDr;ksa dk gh vf/kdkj gS ^jf'kejFkh* esa Hkh
fnudj ^d.kZ* ds ek/;e ls ;gh dguk pkgrs gSa fd izR;sd
euq"; izR;sd dk;Z djus esa l{ke gS] mlesa tkfr dk dksbZ laca/k
ugha gS A jaxHkwfe esa d.kZ vtqZu ds 'kkS;Z dks bu 'kCnksa esaa pqukSrh
nsrk gS %&
^^rwus tks & tks fd;k] mls eSa Hkh fn[kyk ldrk gw¡]
Pkkgs rks dqN u;h dyk,¡ Hkh fl[kyk ldrk gw¡ A^^
bl dkO; esa d.kZ mu lHkh dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS tks
lkekftd fo"kerkvksa ds vkMacj esa fil jgs gSa A fnudj muds
lkFk gS ftUgsa lekt] tkfr] xks= o dqy dh n`f"V ls ghu ekurk
gS %&
^^eSa mudk vkn'kZ] ftUgsa dqy dk xkSjo rksMs+xk]
^uhpoa'ktUek* dgdj ftudks tx f/kDdkjsxk A
Tkks lekt dh fo"ke ofà esa pkjks vksj tysaxs]
Ikx&ix ij >syrs gq, ck/kk fu%lhe pysaxs A**
d.kZ dh foMEcuk jgh fd og ml dqy dk ugha]
ftldk mls gksuk iM+k gS vkSj ftl dqy dk og gS] mleas
mlds Lohdkj dh dksbZ jkg ughaA tkfr dk ekeyk izFker%
vkSj vUrr% tkfr dk ekeyk gh cuk jg tkrk gSA
varr% bl tkfrxr HksnHkko ls ihfM+r gksdj fnudj
dk d.kZ phRdkj dj dgrk gS %&
^^/k¡l tk;s og ns'k vry esa]
Xkq.k dh tgk¡ ugha igpku]
Tkkfr&xks= ds cy ls gh]
vknj ikrs tgk¡ lqtku A*
1- fnudj ds izca/kdkO; % MkW0 vkj-ih-,l- pkSgku “kyHk ifCyf”kax gkÅl] esjB] yksdrRo ,oa f”kYi izFke laLdj.k] 2001
2- dfo *fnudj* % Jherh ,l-ds-in~ekorh tokgj iqLrdkYk;] eFkqjk O;fDrRo ,oa d`frRo izFke laLdj.k] 1967
3 fnudj % ikB&iquikZB la0 lq/khj izrki flag Jh uVjkt izdk”ku] fnYyh izFke laLdj.k] 2011
4- fnudj lkfgR; essa Jherh jek jkuh flag vfer izdk”ku] xkft;kckn O;fDrRo dh vfHkO;fDr izFke laLdj.k] 1984
5- fnudj % oSpkfjd MkW0 ih- vkns”oj jko ok.kh izdk”ku] fnYyh Øakfr ds ifjos”k esa izFke laLdj.k] 1976
6- fnudj dh Mk;jh fnudj mn;kpy izdk”ku] iVuk izFke laLdj.k] 1973