Towards a New Gender Contract: the role of public policy on labour market and care work

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Carmen Castro

Presentation at IAFFE annual Conference on Boston, June, 2009

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Towards a new Gender Contract: the role of public policy on labour market and care work Carmen Castro García IAFFE 2009. Annual Conference, Boston (MA)‏

REFENCES Diane Sainsbury, Gota Esping-Andersen, Jane Lewis, Barbara Hobson, Anita Nyberg, Anne Thoursie, Jill Rubery, Peter Moss, Siv Gustafsson, Janet Gornik, Duvander, Ferrarini, Maurizio Ferrera, Eriksson, ... Celia Amorós, Paloma Villota, María Pazos, ... ESTATISTICS AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS EUROSTAT, OECD, INE, Observatory on Equality and Employment, Estatistic Sweden, Center for Equality Advancement (Iceland), EC, ... International Review of Leave Policies, ... RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

CONCLUSIONS: Towards a new Gender contract? Direction of Public Policies Gender equality, a goal both in paid and non-paid work Effects of parental leave on the labor market Use of parental leave is influenced by social moral and patterns Regulation of parental leave influences men's behavior in terms of how it is used 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .

Policy gender – neutral doesn't exist by now four types of political responses and/or legislative reforms in terms of Gender Regime (Sainsbury)‏ Direction of Public Policies Conservative ( Family values policies )‏ Pragmatic, with gender blindness (Women-oriented policies)‏ Aimed at gender equality ( Equal oportunity policies)‏ Responsible for true equality CONCLUSIONS 1.

Carlos Ortin Carlos Ortin We need to balance Gender equality, a goal both in paid and non-paid work Dichotomy about 'free choice': having children and pursuing a career. Effect on demographic issues. Autonomous and economic independence for women working at part-time. Optical illusion? Returning to the employment at risk. Measures that are trapping women in gender division of labor CONCLUSIONS 2.

Source: EUROSTAT (2007)‏ Effects of Maternity/Paternity on employment Women Men

Maternal employment rates compared to female employment rates

Source: EUROSTAT (2007)‏ Part-time in Europe: women and men Women Men

Effect on the salary gap and on occupational segregation. Effects of parental leave on the labor market CONCLUSIONS 3. 4. Use of parental leave is influenced by social mores and patterns Social changes: familiar diversity, new masculinity, egalitarian attitudes 5. Regulation of parental leave influences men's behavior in terms of how it is used Non-transferable + Payment + length and flexibility

Joint (to share)‏ Women (Non-transferabl Men (Non-transferable Length - WEEKS Source: Castro,C. 2008; Castro,C, Pazos,M. (2007)‏

Joint (to share) and transferable Leave, MEANS: - Women: More time as caregivers with the children; - Women: More time off labour market - Women: More risky for employers CONCLUSIONS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],RE QUI RE MENTS

Thank you for your attention and suggestions! Carmen Castro García [email_address]

Source: Castro,C. 2008 Length - WEEKS Women Men Maternity/Paternity/Parental leave Non-transferable well paid (80% - 100% of salary) in Europe

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Gender Pay Equality Annotated Bibliography Arulampalam, W., Booth, A. L., & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is there a glass ceiling over Europe? Exploring the gender pay gap across the wage distribution. ILR Review, 60(2), 163-186. In their study, Arulampalam, Booth, and Bryan (2007) set out to examine the level of differences in gender pay gaps between those in top-level employment positions and those in lower positions. The research confirms the findings by Polacheck (2004) on his assertion that as interests between the men and women employees decrease, the pay gap between them decreases. Top-level employees are highly likely to have made a decision on career improvement and success in the said profession, making them more zealous in pursuit of success than junior employees. To have similar interests irrespective of gender. The study fits well into the discussion as it explains the role of the human capital model in explaining the difference. However, this research uses too much specialized business language, which limits its audience to those privy of business language. Although it tackles a business field issue, part of the audience could comprise of new entrants into the market with limited knowledge of concepts, such as the glass ceiling. The use of such would be a disincentive to the reader, limiting the availability of knowledge. However, other than the jargon, the researchers use different business management theories to make their case, which serves as a positive aspect of the study. Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2000). Gender differences in pay (No. w7732). National bureau of economic research. The objective of Blau and Khan’s study was to establish some of the factors attributable to the gender pay gap in the United States. According to the researchers, several factors including discrimination and overall wage structure have a significant influence on the gender pay gap in the society. Notably, the researcher alludes to the presence of discrimination in the workplace as a cause of gender pay gap, which adds to the previously identified human capital model as a factor contributing to gender pay gap issues. However, the study’s findings conclude that the United States has a higher gap than other countries largely due to the high wage inequality in the country. This raises the question of government policies in influencing the gaps as highlighted by Smith and Villa (2010) in their analysis of European Union policies influencing employment. The research findings also raise the issue of the development of a country and its relation to the level of gender pay gaps, a sentiment echoed by Mandel and Semyonov (2006). Having so much support from other sources within the research is a primary strength for this study, and makes it especially indispensable in this research. However, too much focus on the United States presents a challenge of committing generalization fallacies in extrapolating the findings and this research to the larger society. Brand ...

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Towards a New Gender Contract: the role of public policy on labour market and care work

1. Towards a new Gender Contract: the role of public policy on labour market and care work Carmen Castro García IAFFE 2009. Annual Conference, Boston (MA)‏

2. PHD RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

3. PHD RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

4. REFENCES Diane Sainsbury, Gota Esping-Andersen, Jane Lewis, Barbara Hobson, Anita Nyberg, Anne Thoursie, Jill Rubery, Peter Moss, Siv Gustafsson, Janet Gornik, Duvander, Ferrarini, Maurizio Ferrera, Eriksson, ... Celia Amorós, Paloma Villota, María Pazos, ... ESTATISTICS AND SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS EUROSTAT, OECD, INE, Observatory on Equality and Employment, Estatistic Sweden, Center for Equality Advancement (Iceland), EC, ... International Review of Leave Policies, ... RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

5. CONCLUSIONS: Towards a new Gender contract? Direction of Public Policies Gender equality, a goal both in paid and non-paid work Effects of parental leave on the labor market Use of parental leave is influenced by social moral and patterns Regulation of parental leave influences men's behavior in terms of how it is used 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 .

6. Policy gender – neutral doesn't exist by now four types of political responses and/or legislative reforms in terms of Gender Regime (Sainsbury)‏ Direction of Public Policies Conservative ( Family values policies )‏ Pragmatic, with gender blindness (Women-oriented policies)‏ Aimed at gender equality ( Equal oportunity policies)‏ Responsible for true equality CONCLUSIONS 1.

8. Carlos Ortin Carlos Ortin We need to balance Gender equality, a goal both in paid and non-paid work Dichotomy about 'free choice': having children and pursuing a career. Effect on demographic issues. Autonomous and economic independence for women working at part-time. Optical illusion? Returning to the employment at risk. Measures that are trapping women in gender division of labor CONCLUSIONS 2.

9. Source: EUROSTAT (2007)‏ Effects of Maternity/Paternity on employment Women Men

10. Maternal employment rates compared to female employment rates

11. Source: EUROSTAT (2007)‏ Part-time in Europe: women and men Women Men

12. Effect on the salary gap and on occupational segregation. Effects of parental leave on the labor market CONCLUSIONS 3. 4. Use of parental leave is influenced by social mores and patterns Social changes: familiar diversity, new masculinity, egalitarian attitudes 5. Regulation of parental leave influences men's behavior in terms of how it is used Non-transferable + Payment + length and flexibility

13. Joint (to share)‏ Women (Non-transferabl Men (Non-transferable Length - WEEKS Source: Castro,C. 2008; Castro,C, Pazos,M. (2007)‏

14.

15.

16. POLICY ACTION

17. Thank you for your attention and suggestions! Carmen Castro García [email_address]

18. Maternity effects on women's employment

19. Source: Castro,C. 2008 Length - WEEKS Women Men Maternity/Paternity/Parental leave Non-transferable well paid (80% - 100% of salary) in Europe

20. Source: Castro,C. 2008

21. Source: OECD, 2007. Family Database

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