Grammar Book

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Table of Contents
1) Nationalities
2) Stem-changing Verbs
3) Para
4) Adjectives
5) Object Pronoun
Placement
6) Direct Object Pronouns
7) Indirect Object Pronouns
8) Ser vs. Estar
9) -isimo(a) and g/c/z
10) Verbs Like Gustar
11) Affirmative and Negative
Words
12) Pero vs. Sino
13) DOP/IOP/SE
14) Reflexive verbs
15) Tú commands affirmative +
negative + irregulars
16) Los Adverbios –mente
17) Deber + other modal verbs
18) Past Participles as
Adjectives
19) Preterite
20) Present Progressive
Last slide is Works Cited

3. Mexicano
Español
Guineano
Canadiense
Estadouniden
se
Norteamerican
o
Italiano
Francés
Inglés
NATIONALITIES

4. STEM-CHANGING VERBS
Duermo Dormimos
Duermes Dormís
Duerme Duermen
Juego Jugamos
Juegas Jugáis
Juega Juegan
Quiero Queremos
Quieres Queréis
Quiere Quieren
Pido Pedimos
Pides Pedís
Pide Piden

5. PARA

6. ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVE RULES:::
 When using adjectives that end in -o, you need to pay attention to the noun; it will
either be singular or plural, masculine or feminine. Then you have to match the
adjective to the noun’s.
EXAMPLE: el chico alto… la chica alta… los chicos altos… las chicas altas
 When using adjectives that end in -e, it will not change depending on if it is
masculine or feminine; it will only change if the noun is singular or plural.
EXAMPLE: el chico inteligente… la chica inteligente… los/las chicos(as) inteligentes
 Similarly, most adjectives that end in a consanant do not change depending on
masculine or feminine; for these, you just add -es on the end.
EXAMPLE: el chico popular  los chicos populares

7. OBJECT PRONOUN PLACEMENT
Can be placed
at the end of
infinitive
In front of
progressive
tense verb
At the end of
affirmative
command
Can be before
conjugated
verb

8. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
 Direct objects answer “WHAT?” or “WHOM?”
 It matters if the direct object is going to be masculine (lo/los) or feminine
(la/las).
 Can come immediately before the conjugated verb or attached to the end of
an infinitive.
EXAMPLE: María tiene el libro. = María has the book.
María lo tiene. = María has it.
 The direct object changes gender depending on the noun.
EXAMPLE: María tiene la pluma. = María has the pen.
María la tiene. = María has it.
As you can see, the
sentence still has the
same meaning even
though they are different
genders.

9. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS
 Indirect objects answer “TO WHOM?” or “FOR WHOM?”
 Indirect objects do not have genders, but there are singular/plural
differences.
 Can be used before a conjugated verb, attached to the end of an infinitive,
or between no and a conjugated verb.
EXAMPLE: Juan nos compra un regalo. = John buys us a gift.
 When using le/les, it is unclear so you usually add a prepositional phrase at
the end to clarify.
EXAMPLE: Juan no le compra una olla a su madre. = John does not buy a pot
for his mom.

10. SER VS. ESTAR

11. -ISIMO AND G/C/Z
 To express extremes
with adjectives, drop
the final vowel and add
the ending –ísimo
 The adjective must
agree in gender and
number with the noun it
modifies
c  qu
• Rico(a)  riquisimo(a)
g  gu
• Largo(a)  larguisimo(a)
z  c
• Feliz  felicisimo(a)

12. VERBS LIKE GUSTAR
Me gusta Nos gusta
Te gusta Os gusta
Le gusta Les gusta
 These kinds of verbs have changing pronouns in front.
 Also, the verb changes to él/ella/Ud. Form or ellos/ellas/Uds. Form
(depending on the subject)
 More of these verbs are:
o Aburrir
o Fascinar
o Importar
o Interesar
o Alegrar
o Disgustar
o Faltar
o Encantar
o Molestar
o Quedar

13. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE WORDS
 Must match gender and number
 If no comes before the verb, words that follow must be negative.
 However, if a negative word like nunca or nadie comes before the verb, a second
negative is not needed

14. PERO VS. SINO
Both
Are
Connecting
words

15. DOP/IOP/SE
 When both pronouns begin with “l” and they are right next to each other,
change the first pronoun to “se”.
 Doing this avoids the tongue-twister of “les las” or “les los” because instead
you say “se las” or “se los”.
Le lo = se lo
Le la = se la
Le los = se los
Le las = se las
Les lo = se lo
Les la = se la
Les los = se los
Les las = se las

16. REFLEXIVE VERBS
 Reflexive pronouns are used to show that the subject of the sentence
receives the action of the verb
 You conjugate it normally but you also conjugate the pronoun before it.
 Karina se lava.
• Karina washes herself.
 Karina lava el carro.
• Karina washes the car.
Lavarse–to wash oneself
Me lavo Nos
lavamos
Te lavas Os laváis
Le lava Les lavan

17. TÚ COMMANDS AFFIRMATIVE + NEGATIVE +
IRREGULARS
 AFFIRMATIVE: Change to 3rd person singular form
 NEGATIVE: Change to yo form and put opposite ending with added -s
• Hablo  Hables
• Vuelvo  Vuelvas
 IRREGULAR:
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE

18. LOS ADVERBIOS & -MENTE
+change adjective to feminine form
+add mente on end
+when you have two adverbs, the second one takes the mente
IRREGULARS:
 Mucho- a lot
 Muy- bad
 Bastante-quite/
enough
 Bien- good/well
 Ya- already
 Tan- so
 Demasiado- too
 Nunca- never
 Peor- worse
 Poco- little
 Siempre- always
Normal normalmente
cuidadosamente
Cuidadoso(
Normally
Carefully
Slowly
a) Lento(a) lentamente

19. DEBER + OTHER MODAL VERBS
When modal verbs are used in combos: the 2nd verb is not conjugated
Deber + Infinitive
• Should/Ought to do something
Tener + Infinitive
• To have to do something
Soler + Infinitive
• To be accustomed to something

20. PAST PARTICIPLES AS ADJECTIVES
 Drop –ar ending and add –ado
 Drop –er/-ir ending and add –ido
 Make sure it matches in gender and number.
• EX: La puerta esta cerrada.
- The door is closed.
IRREGULARS:

21. PRETERITE
--car ending preterite verbs will change
to –que in order to keep the hard ‘c’
sound
Below are the ways you conjugate
verbs to the past tense (Preterite)

22. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
Can attach a pronoun to
the end of the verb or
before the conjugated
estar
IRREGULARS:
 leer  leyendo
 oír  oyendo
 traer  trayendo
 pedir  pidiendo
 servir  sirviendo
 decir  diciendo
 dormir  durmiendo
 venir  viniendo

23. WORKS CITED
"Direct and Indirect Object Pronouns Used Together." StudySpanish. Study Languages, 2014. Web.
8 Dec. 2014. <http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/iodopro.htm>.
"Direct Object Pronouns: Part 1." StudySpanish.com. Study Languages, n.d.Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
<http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/dopro1.htm>.
Erichsen, Gerald. "Using the Preposition 'Para.'" About Education. N.p., 2014. Web. 19 Sept. 2014.
<http://spanish.about.com/od/prepositions/a/para.htm>.
"Indirect Object Pronouns: Part 1." StudySpanish.com. Study Languages, n.d.Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
<http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/iopro1.htm>.
"Past Participles as Adjectives." Images.Slideshare. N.p., n.d.Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://images.slideplayer.us/2/308122/slides/slide_4.jpg>.
"Pero Vs. Sino." Enforex. Enforex, 2014. Web. 7 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.enforex.com/language/pero-sino.html>.
"Spanish Adjectives: Part 1." StudySpanish.com. Study Languages, 2014. Web. 21 Sept. 2014.
<http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/adj1.htm>.