Zend Framework Workshop

Zend Framework Workshop By Kevin Schroeder Technology Evangelist Zend Technologies

About me Kevin Schroeder Technology Evangelist for Zend Programmer Sys Admin Author IBM i Programmer’s Guide to PHP You want to do WHAT with PHP? Race Ferraris on the weekend My Honda has a dismal win record

Follow us! Zend Technologies http://twitter.com/zend http://twitter.com/kpschrade (me!) www.eschrade.com

A quick note on Zendcon… BE THERE!! ,[object Object]

Deploy and scale large PHP applications

Explore new technologies like NoSQL and Cloud Computing

Learn how to effectively leverage Zend Framework and Zend Framework 2.0,[object Object]

Agenda The Basics Introduction Coding Standards Installing Zend Framework Autoloading Zend_Session Zend_Config Zend_Mail Zend_Validate Zend_Filter Zend_Translate Zend_Form MVC ,[object Object]

Zend_Service_Twitter,[object Object]

Sample PHP Script <html> <head></head> <body> <?php function questionp($input) { return strrpos ( $input, '?' ) === strlen ( $input ) - 1; } ?> <?php if (! isset( $_POST ['submit'] )) { // if the "submit" variable does not exist the form has not been submitted, so display form ?> <form action="<?phpecho $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>"method="post"> Enter your question: <input name="question" size="50"> <input type="submit" name="submit" value="Ask"> </form> <?php } else { // if the "submit" variable exists the form has been submitted, so look for and process form data, // displaying the result if(questionp($_POST['question'])) { if(rand(0, 1)): echo 'yes'; else: echo 'no'; endif; } else { echo 'Donapos;t you know what a question is?'; } } ? PHP: Past and Present | 8

Anatomy of a PHP Application PHP: Past and Present Presentation Application Control Database Access Business Logic Presentation Application Control Business Logic Presentation | 9

Anatomy of a PHP Application PHP: Past and Present index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php | 10

Anatomy of a PHP Application PHP: Past and Present index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php | 11

Anatomy of a PHP Application PHP: Past and Present index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php | 12

Anatomy of a PHP Application PHP: Past and Present index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 index.php3 | 13 |

Anatomy of a Modern PHP Application | 22-Sep-10 PHP: Past and Present Presentation Something.phtml Something.phtml Something.phtml Something.phtml Something.phtml Something.phtml Something.phtml Something.phtml Application Control Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Business Logic Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Database Access Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php Something.php | 14

Zend Framework Make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler. - Albert Einstein

PHP Problems How can we promote reuse and standards in a strong culture of decentralization? How can we propagate best practices across a community of cowboy coders numbering in the millions? How do we manage the newfound complexity of large PHP applications? How do we promote integration with commercial technologies in a community that has been developed in parallel to these technologies? How do we write better PHP applications? | 22-Sep-10 Name of this section | 16

The Answer? Name of this section | 17

What is Zend Framework? An open source, MVC-based, full-featured PHP framework A set of use-at-will components; a component library A vehicle through which Zend disseminates best practices A community A philosophy A standard A gateway to the larger PHP community | 22-Sep-10 PHP: Past and Present | 18

What sets ZF apart? High quality code; all components have unit test coverage of > 80% (both lines and branches) and the tests are run against the framework continuously A use-at-will architecture that allows developers to mix and match their favorite technologies A contribution process that both guarantees quality and encourages active community contributions while protecting against intellectual property claims We only tackle problems when we can bring value that isn’t currently available in the PHP community We believe that web services must be first-class citizens for today’s Web 2.0 applications | 22-Sep-10 PHP: Past and Present | 19

Our Technology Partners … and more

Supported by All Popular PHP IDEs

74% of all Zend Framework Applications are Business-Critical * Zend Framework Developer Survey, Dec. 2009

Dojo Integration + In May, 2008 Zend announced a collaboration between the Zend Framework and Dojo Toolkit projects. Zend Framework 1.6 contains the first integration points between these 2 projects: JSON-RPC Server dojo.data Envelopes Dojo View Helper Dijit integration with Zend_Form & Zend_View Dojo Library Re-distribution

Autumn, 2008 Download & InstallZend Framework Download the latest version of Zend Framework and extract the contents of the library folder to your project's library directory http://framework.zend.com/download You should now find the top-level Zend directory which contains all Zend Framework components under your library directory That's it! Zend Framework is now installed and ready to use

Autumn, 2008 What’s in Zend Framework? ,[object Object],MVC web app framework(model-view-controller) Database access Lucene-compatible Search engine Input filtering and validation Authentication Access control Session handling I18N, locales, translation PDF file reading and writing HTTP client Form Handling XML-RPC REST web services RSS and Atom feeds Logging Mail reading and sending Caching Configuration files Command-line option parsing MUCH, MUCH more!

Autumn, 2008 Zend Framework Overview

Don’t start with MVC first There are MANY libraries that you can utilize first A trustworthy saying “Don’t use a framework until you know why you need a framework” Don’t use MVC until you know you need MVC Or have at least experienced the pain of managing a large application without it

Things to know All ZF-based classes start with Zend_ If you build a library that utilizes ZF, do not prefix your classes with that (breaks coding standards) Use the autoloader Use plugin loaders Start small

Coding Standards Files with ONLY PHP code start with <?php and have no closing tag Indentation uses 4 spaces, tabs not allowed Lines end with Unix EOL Class naming standards changed after 1.9 to prepare for PHP 5.3 and ZF 2 Function/method declarations Anything marked private/protected is prefaced with an underscore (private $_var = null) Numbers are permitted in variable/method/function names, but are not recommended

Coding Standards Globally defined variables/functions are allowed, but not recommended (use registry/static methods instead) Variables/methods/functions are named using camelCase There is some debate one what a camel looks like when using an acronym (e.g. PDF) Global constants are allowed, but discouraged. Use class constants instead Class constants should be UPPER_CASE_WITH_UNDERSCORE “Variable substitution is {$allowed} but not ${allowed}” ‘If no variable substitution is needed then use single quotes’ For arrays, negative index keys are not allowed

Coding Standards One class per file Braces Final brace is always on its own line Method/function calls start on the next line Conditional statements/loops start on the same line Break clauses MUST have a default All functions/methods/class members MUST have a PHPDoc block Read the coding standards at http://framework.zend.com/ in the docs

How to start? Start simple, use utility classes Zend_Loader Zend_Date Zend_Config Zend_Session Zend_Translate Zend_Validate Zend_Filter Zend_Form (!) Others

Zend_Loader Used to include files for classes that have not been loaded yet It searches the include_path for the requested class Two types of loaders Autoloader Just a standard autoloader PluginLoader Used for loading classes based off of a prefix

Zend_Loader_Autoloader Initialize Zend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance(); Register pseudo namespace Zend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance() ->registerNamespace('Myapp_'); Set the autoloader for all namespaces Zend_Loader_Autoloader::getInstance() ->setFallbackAutoloader(true);

Zend_Loader_Pluginloader Used to load named classes, not autoload Used extensively by several ZF components

Zend_Loader_Pluginloader /library/MyApp/MyComponent/Classone.php /library/MyApp/AnotherComponent/Classtwo.php $loader = new Zend_Loader_PluginLoader(); $loader->addPrefixPath( 'MyApp_MyComponent', 'MyApp/MyComponent'); $loader->addPrefixPath( 'MyApp_AnotherComponent', 'MyApp/AnotherComponent');

Zend_Loader_Pluginloader $loader->load('Classone'); $loader->load('Classtwo');

Zend_Session Use this instead of $_SESSION. Why? Works much better for complex applications Allows for easier separation of components $ns = new Zend_Session_Namespace('Component-1'); $ns = new Zend_Session_Namespace('Component-2');

Zend_Session Good API (standard session ext has very minimal API) public function lock(); public function unlock(); public function apply($callback); public function applySet($callback); public functionsetExpirationSeconds( $seconds, $variables = null ); public function setExpirationHops( $hops, $variables = null, $hopCountOnUsageOnly = false );

Zend_Config Provides a way of dealing with configuration A consistent API for getting and setting values Implements Countable, Iterator (uses SPL) Existing mechanisms PHP Arrays (great with opcode caches) INI Files XML Files Your own (Don’t use the DB)

Zend_Config Generally used for Database adapter credentials Caching options Paths Zend_Application uses a LOT of configuration

Using Zend Config You can retrieve data by section

Using Zend_Config You can have inheritance between sections Best practice: inherit from [production]

Zend_Validate Used to provide integratable validation tooling Don’t build it yourself!! Some example validators Email Address Credit Card String Length Host name And about 80 others Chainable using new Zend_Validate()

Zend_Validate – Building your own Must implement Zend_Validate_Interface Zend_Validate_Abstract is a better choice to extend Constructor is optional, used for passing options

Zend_Filter Used to filter data Some examples HtmlEntities Encrypt/Decrypt StripTags StripNewLines

Zend_Form New to ZF 1.5 (one of the best features) Handles Rendering the form Escaping your output Filtering your input Validating your data

Zend_Form – Simple usage $form = new Zend_Form(); $form->setMethod('POST'); $form->setAction('/submitform.php'); $form->setView(new Zend_View()); $form->addElement('text', 'email'); $form->addElement('text', 'name'); $form->addElement('submit', 'submit'); echo $form;

Zend_Form – Less simple usage Forms and form elements have a LOT of options $form->addElement( 'text', 'email', array( 'label' => 'Email', 'required' => true ) );

Zend_Form – Adding validators $form->addElement( 'text', 'email', array( 'label'=> 'Email', 'required'=> true, 'validators'=> array( 'EmailAddress' ) ) ); Don’t use validator objects; name them instead But make sure to test that they work

Zend_Form – Adding filters $form->addElement( 'text', 'name', array( 'label'=> 'Name', 'required'=> true, 'filters'=> array( 'Alpha' ) ) );

Zend_Form - trick All of the configuration parameters are passed to getters and setters Want to know what configuration options are available? Look at the setters setLabel() = array(‘label’ => ‘name’) setValidators() setName() setOrder() setRequired()

Zend_Form – Architecting your app Best practices Subclass Zend_Form Very reusable Very testable Create forms to match your existing data structure Have pre-defined forms that match up to existing models Let the designers worry about layout Zend_Form allows for CSS heavy design (ok, that’s good and bad )

Zend_Form – Architecting your app If using with MVC Place in /application/forms Preface with Form_ Use a plugin loader If not Place it in a standard library path and use the autoloader

Zend_Log Concepts Logger – usually an instance of Zend_Log Writer – the mechanism which writes the log entry to the storage medium Must extend Zend_Log_Writer_Abstract Filter – used to determine IF a log entry should be sent to the writer Must implement Zend_Log_Filter_Interface Formatter – creates the text string that will be sent to the writer

Zend_Log Several logging levels (BSD syslog) EMERG - Emergency: system is unusable ALERT - Alert: action must be taken immediately CRIT - Critical: critical conditions ERR - Error: error conditions WARN - Warning: warning conditions NOTICE - Notice: normal but significant condition INFO - Informational: informational messages DEBUG - Debug: debug messages

Zend_Log Available writers Db Firebug Mail Mock Can write to multiple writers at a time Each writer can have multiple filters ,[object Object]

MVC Model An object that represents a unit of data/functionality View The user interface Controller Where your business logic lies

MVC It’s best to not use “pure” MVC Use the “thin controller” architecture Place as much of your business logic in the model as possible Reduces code duplication Enhances code testability

Zend_Controller Component where the Controller portion of MVC resides Several concepts Front Controller Action Controller Plugins Helpers

Zend_Controller – Start to finish Front controller Router Dispatcher Action controller

MVC Request Lifecycle dispatch() – Starts the dispatch process routeStartup() – Called prior to parsing the URL for the request routeShutdown() – Called immediately after the module, controller and action have been determined dispatchLoopStartup() – Called immediately before the dispatch loop starts preDispatch() – Called at the beginning of each dispatch loop

MVC Request Lifecycle init() – Called from inside the controller’s constructor preDispatch() – Called for each action helper that is currently initialized preDispatch() – A hook on the current controller object *Action() – The individual action that was requested during the routing process postDispatch() – A hook in the current controller object

MVC Request Lifecycle postDispatch() – Called for each loaded action helper postDispatch() – Called for each plugin dispatchLoopShutdown() – The last hook to be executed

Front Controller The “access point” for the application

Action Controllers Extends Zend_Controller_Action Access $_GET, $_POST via request object Pass output/headers to response object

Accessing an action controller

Controller Plugins Allows you to execute functionality at some point along the execution chain Plugins are typically not interactive like helpers Need to extend Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract

ControllerPlugin - Example class Esc_Application_Plugin_Maintenance extends Zend_Controller_Plugin_Abstract { public function routeShutdown(Zend_Controller_Request_Abstract $request) { $request->setActionName('index'); $request->setModuleName('default'); $request->setControllerName('maintenance'); } }

Controller Helpers Inject on-demand functionality into action controllers Cache Context Switching (“Do I use HTML, JSON, XML?”) View Renderer Build your own Minimize the need to extend Zend_Controller_Action Has init(), preDispatch(), postDispatch() hooks Only called if a helper object has been instantiated

Controller Helpers – Building your own Must extend Zend_Controller_Action_Helper_Abstract Must be registered with the helper broker Zend_Controller_Action_HelperBroker::addPath( APPLICATION_PATH.'/helpers', 'Helper' ); Call from the controller $this->_helper->Sendemail( 'Kevin Schroeder', 'kevin@zend.com', 'We did something in the last request' );

Zend_View Used to handle the view (user interface) from BL Older style apps have the two mixed Can be used separately from MVC (if you like) Useful if you want to re-use view helpers or form components If using MVC, generally stored in controllers/../views/script

Zend_View – Step 1: Assigning data $data = array( array( 'author' => 'Kevin Schroeder', 'title' => 'The IBM i Programmerapos;s Guide to PHP' ), array( 'author' => 'Kevin Schroeder', 'title' => 'You want to do WHAT with PHP?' ) ); Zend_Loader::loadClass('Zend_View'); $view = new Zend_View(); $view->books = $data; echo $view->render('booklist.php');

Zend_View – Step 2: Rendering data <?php if ($this->books): ?> <table> <tr> <th>Author</th> <th>Title</th> </tr> <?phpforeach ($this->books as $key => $val): ?> <tr> <td><?php echo $this->escape($val['author']) ?></td> <td><?php echo $this->escape($val['title']) ?></td> </tr> <?phpendforeach; ?> </table> <?php else: ?> <p>There are no books to display.</p> <?phpendif;?>

Using the ViewRenderer An action helper that is loaded by default Executes in the postDispatch() hook Examines the controller/action combination and automatically runs the proper view script IndexController::indexAction() /views/scripts/index/index.phtml

View Helpers View helpers make your life easier Used to provide additional functionality similar to an action helper, but for the view Referenced via the $this object when in a view Loaded using a plugin loader Used to keep logic out of the view (very important) Try to limit views to if and foreach statements

View Helpers Examples Easy translation integration echo $this->translate('Hello World'); Capturing JS so it can be output elsewhere <?php $this->headScript()->captureStart(); ?> alert('Hello World'); <?php $this->headScript()->captureEnd(); ?>

View Helpers You can build your own! Does not need to implement any interface or abstract class Generally placed in /views/helpers (configurable) Must have a method name defined as the same name of the class My_Helper_Sendemail must have a method called sendemail(). class My_Helper_Sendemail { public function sendemail($to, $subject, $message) { // Haven't gotten to Zend_Mail yet :-) mail($to, $subject, $message); } }

Using Partials Partials are used to render small, re-usable portions of the view Handled via a view helper Partial PartialLoop Very useful for any iterative functionality Arrays Zend_Db_Table_Rowset Anything implementing the Iterator interface

The Model Unlike other frameworks it is any class that represents your data or business logic Could be a service object Could be a text file Could be an LDAP entry Could be a Zend_Db object

Zend_Db Database abstraction layer (as opposed to access abstraction layer) Several different database vendors are supported Abstractions for common functionality such as select, insert, update, delete, limit, offset or transactions Connects to the database on demand Adapter instance is usually created via Zend_Db::factory() Integrated database profiling

Zend_Db_Select Provides a vendor-independent mechanism for creating select statements Very useful, but be careful of the unintended consequences of abstraction $select->from('table') ->where('table_id = ?', $_GET[‘val']); Output: SELECT `table`.* FROM `table` WHERE (table_id = ?) Supports multiple join types, where, group by, order, etc.

ORM Uses the Table/Row Data Gateway Design Patterns One class to represent the table One class to represent a row in the table

ORM – The Table Table classes extend Zend_Db_Table_Abstract Handles references to other tables class Model_DbTable_Comment extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract { protected $_name = 'comment'; protected $_rowClass = 'Model_Comment'; protected $_referenceMap = array( 'Content' => array( 'columns' => 'content_key', 'refTableClass' => 'Model_DbTable_Content', 'refColumns' => 'content_key' ), ); }

ORM – The Row Model classes extend Zend_Db_Table_Row_Abstract class Model_City extends Zend_Db_Table_Row_Abstract { } Row data is accessed via a __get call Good idea to use getters and setters to access them (great for code completion)

Fetching Data $dbTable = new Model_DbTable_Comment(); $comment = $dbTable->find($_GET['id']); $dbTable = new Model_DbTable_Comment(); $select = $dbTable->select() ->where('active = ?', $_GET['active']); $comment = $dbTable->fetchRow()->current();

ORM - Relationships Retrieve an instance of the row class Call a wacked method call which calls __call() and figures out which db table object to load and query on. class Model_DbTable_Comment extends Zend_Db_Table_Abstract { protected $_name = 'comment'; protected $_rowClass = 'Model_Comment'; protected $_referenceMap = array( 'Content' => array( 'columns' => 'content_key', 'refTableClass' => 'Model_DbTable_Content', 'refColumns' => 'content_key' ), ); }

Calling a related object $tabs = $comment ->findModel_DbTable_TagViaModel_DbTable_TagContent(); Write a getter that defines that in your model class Model_Content extends Esc_ModelAbstract { public function getTags() { return $this ->findModel_DbTable_TagViaModel_DbTable_TagContent() } }

Unit Testing Why Unit Test? Simplify maintenance It defines expectations It describes behaviors identified by the application It tells us when new changes break existing code and behaviors

Terms Unit The piece of code you are testing Test A piece of code that calls the piece of code you’re testing Assertion Validating return types or results of the test Code Coverage A report on which lines of code have been tested Used to determine additional tests that need to be written Continuous Integration The continuous application of quality control, i.e. unit tests

Testing the model The easiest of all Test classes typically extend PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase

Testing the controller Setting up the test Test class extends Zend_Test_PHPUnit_ControllerTestCase If testing Zend_Application make sure you add the bootstrap in the setUp() method Make sure you reset() your tests Response Request Layout Helper Broker

Testing the controller You can test Routing (also good for checking authorization) Response codes Output (we’ll look at that next)

Testing the view Best tested through the controller Define which HTML elements need to be present on the page and verify that they exist or have certain values Can be done using CSS Selectors Xpath Queries

Zend_Layout Implements Two Step View pattern Same name as a dance in Texas, but that’s not important

Zend_Application Used for defining an application context Zend_Controller_Front just handled the brokering of the request Zend_Application handles Bootstrapping (dev/testing/staging/production) Creating the autoloader Dispatching Resource creation

Bootstrapping Implements Zend_Application_Bootstrap_Bootstrapper Used to bootstrap (set up the environment) and then execute the request Most applications can simply extend Zend_Application_Bootstrap_Bootstrap This is what we will assume you are using

Bootstrapping Resource methods Use the resource autoloader Zend_Application_Module_Autoloader placed in _initAutoload() Order Zend_Application::bootstrap() Bootstrap class instantiated Any methods starting with _init() are called and the return value is placed in a container Action retrieves the resource through calling getInvokeArg() and naming the resource

Bootstrapping Bootstrap class is instantiated every time so DON’T put everything there (horrible for performance, PHP loves lazy loading) One option is to override hasResource() method in Bootstrap so that it instantiates a resource only when it is needed Best practice? Don’t know. Kevin’s practice? Yes. Therefore it is good

Resources Pluggable pieces of functionality tied to the application Ties functionality directly in with the configuration Sample of existing plugins Cachemanager Db Log Frontcontroller Translate

Service Theory Many services have a very similar execution flow Receive request Find class that can service the request Instantiate object that can handle the request Return result to client Why re-invent the wheel?

Zend_Server Base component for several service-oriented components Primarily used for reflection and a standard interface Actual implementation is left to component

Zend_*_Server Several components implement Zend_Server_Abstract Useful for standardized web service implementation foreach (glob(APPLICATION_PATH.'/mappers/*.php') as $dir) { $name = substr(basename($dir), 0, -4); $class = 'Mapper_' . $name; $serviceHandler->setClass($class, $name); } echo $serviceHandler->handle(); Using data mappers are your key to happiness $serviceHandler = new Zend_Json_Server(); $serviceHandler = new Zend_Amf_Server(); $serviceHandler = new Zend_Xml_Server();

Writing Re-usable Models Write your application logic once, but use it in many different ways Why? MVC is only one consumer Can be called by job scripts, message systems, queues, etc. Service endpoints can act as consumers(Hint: JSON-RPC is a good way to feed your Ajax applications) 112

The individual resources and units of work in your application

E.g. user, team, backlog, sprint, etc.

E.g., object relations, transactions, queries

Public API of the application; i.e., the behaviors you wish to expose

Logic for injecting dependencies,[object Object]

Benefits to Service Layers ,[object Object]

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