The Cold War emerged from tensions between capitalist Western nations led by the United States and communist Eastern nations led by the Soviet Union. Key events that highlighted this conflict included the Berlin Blockade in 1948, when the USSR tried to force the Western allies out of Berlin, and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact in 1949 and 1955 respectively. The Marshall Plan and Truman Doctrine aimed to contain the spread of communism through economic and military aid to countries resisting Soviet influence. An arms race developed as both sides increasingly developed more advanced nuclear weapons throughout the late 1940s and 1950s, maintaining a tense stalemate known as mutually assured destruction.

1. End of The War
Path of the Cold War

2. Objectives
Identify locations in Africa.
Describe events that highlighted the Cold War.

3. Vocabulary
United Nations: International organization to provide basis for
international law, security, human rights and economic development.
Iron Curtain: Line of ideologic conflict and geographic boundary
separating Communist control in Europe; in a speech by Winston
Churchill.
Marshall Plan: Plan by Sec. of State George Marshall to provide financial
support to war torn nations of Europe not affiliated with Communism.
Truman Doctrine: Doctrine by Pres. Truman to pledge economic and
military support to prevent spread of Communism.
NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Alliance of democratic
nations in North America and Europe in opposition to Soviet
Communism.
Warsaw Pact: Alliance of Soviet controlled nations in Eastern Europe in
opposition to NATO.

4. End of World War II
February, 1945 - Yalta Conference
- Stalin (USSR), Churchill (UK),
Roosevelt (US)
Plan for the end of the war - 4
occupied zones in Germany
and in Berlin
July/August, 1945 - Potsdam
Conference - Stalin (USSR),
Churchill (UK), Truman (US)
Discussions on the fate of
Eastern Europe; vague
discussion of Atomic Bomb

5. United Nations (UN)
Realization of Atlantic Charter signed before the war
October, 1945 - 51 nations
Security council - 15 nations: charged with maintaining
peace and security throughout the world - TEETH
Permanent members - 5 countries: China, France,
UK, USSR & US; veto power
Goal was to provide means for response to aggression
and hostility; undo mistakes of the League of Nations

6. USSR: Need for Security
Soviet Union said at Yalta and
Potsdam that they would do what
they could to ensure their safety
WWI & WWII - Germany invaded
through Poland and Eastern
Europe
After WWII - USSR left troops in
countries they ‘liberated’ from
Germans
Influenced local governments
and created satellite communist
governments in Eastern Europe

7. UK/US: Need for Containment
West believed that Soviet
aggression would lead to possible
threat to spread
Churchill described line of Soviet
influence an “Iron Curtain”
“...all these famous cities and the
populations around them lie in
what I must call the Soviet
sphere, and all are subject, in one
form or another, not only to
Soviet influence but to a very
high and in some cases
increasing measure of control
from Moscow. "

8. Berlin Blockade/Airlift
Germany was split into 4
occupied zones: US, UK,
France & USSR
Berlin located in USSR sector
1948: USSR blocks off all
support to Berlin to try and
force Western countries to
release control over Berlin
Western countries airlift supplies in to Berlin for support
277,000 flights; 2.3 million tons of supplies, every 3 min.
1949: Blockade ends; USSR gives up - BAD BLOOD ➙
Berlin Wall

9. NATO/Warsaw Pact
Tensions over Berlin and East Europe led to alliances
being formed
1949: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) -
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, United
Kingdom, United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy,
Norway, Denmark, and Iceland
1955: Warsaw Pact - USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland,
East Germany, Romania and Albania

11. The Marshall Plan
Plan by Sec. of State George
Marshall from 1946-49
Also called European
Recovery Program
Europe had been left massively
damaged by World War II
US would pump millions of
dollars into rebuilding
Also means of containing
Communist spread
US spent $1.2 billion

12. The Truman Doctrine
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmQD_W8Pcxg
Became official policy of US to
provide economic and military
aid to any country trying to resist
Soviet influence
Started in Turkey and Greece
HOT War potential
.... but we had a Cold War.
Why?

14. Development of Nuclear Weapons
1945 - US only country in the world with atomic weapons
Continuing research and development - not only one
1949 - USSR builds atomic weapon
1950 - US builds bigger and better weapon -
Thermonuclear device - Hydrogen Bomb
CONTINUED ESCALATION
USSR matches development and arms race begins
MAD = Mutually Assured Destruction
Knowing that hot conflict would lead to such an
exchange and death kept the war a Cold War