1. Chapter 10 Photosynthesis

4. Fig. 10-1

6. Fig. 10-2 (a) Plants (c) Unicellular protist 10 µm 1.5 µm 40 µm (d) Cyanobacteria (e) Purple sulfur bacteria (b) Multicellular alga

7. Fig. 10-2a (a) Plants

8. Fig. 10-2b (b) Multicellular alga

9. Fig. 10-2c (c) Unicellular protist 10 µm

10. Fig. 10-2d 40 µm (d) Cyanobacteria

11. Fig. 10-2e 1.5 µm (e) Purple sulfur bacteria

16. Fig. 10-3 Leaf cross section Vein Mesophyll Stomata CO 2 O 2 Chloroplast Mesophyll cell Outer membrane Intermembrane space 5 µm Inner membrane Thylakoid space Thylakoid Granum Stroma 1 µm

17. Fig. 10-3a 5 µm Mesophyll cell Stomata CO 2 O 2 Chloroplast Mesophyll Vein Leaf cross section

18. Fig. 10-3b 1 µm Thylakoid space Chloroplast Granum Intermembrane space Inner membrane Outer membrane Stroma Thylakoid

21. Reactants: Fig. 10-4 6 CO 2 Products: 12 H 2 O 6 O 2 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6

25. Light Fig. 10-5-1 H 2 O Chloroplast Light Reactions NADP + P ADP i +

26. Light Fig. 10-5-2 H 2 O Chloroplast Light Reactions NADP + P ADP i + ATP NADPH O 2

27. Light Fig. 10-5-3 H 2 O Chloroplast Light Reactions NADP + P ADP i + ATP NADPH O 2 Calvin Cycle CO 2

28. Light Fig. 10-5-4 H 2 O Chloroplast Light Reactions NADP + P ADP i + ATP NADPH O 2 Calvin Cycle CO 2 [CH 2 O] (sugar)

32. UV Fig. 10-6 Visible light Infrared Micro- waves Radio waves X-rays Gamma rays 10 3 m 1 m (10 9 nm) 10 6 nm 10 3 nm 1 nm 10 –3 nm 10 –5 nm 380 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 nm Longer wavelength Lower energy Higher energy Shorter wavelength

34. Fig. 10-7 Reflected light Absorbed light Light Chloroplast Transmitted light Granum

36. Fig. 10-8 Galvanometer Slit moves to pass light of selected wavelength White light Green light Blue light The low transmittance (high absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs most blue light. The high transmittance (low absorption) reading indicates that chlorophyll absorbs very little green light. Refracting prism Photoelectric tube Chlorophyll solution TECHNIQUE 1 2 3 4

38. Fig. 10-9 Wavelength of light (nm) (b) Action spectrum (a) Absorption spectra (c) Engelmann’s experiment Aerobic bacteria RESULTS Rate of photosynthesis (measured by O 2 release) Absorption of light by chloroplast pigments Filament of alga Chloro- phyll a Chlorophyll b Carotenoids 500 400 600 700 700 600 500 400

41. Fig. 10-10 Porphyrin ring: light-absorbing “ head” of molecule; note magnesium atom at center in chlorophyll a CH 3 Hydrocarbon tail: interacts with hydrophobic regions of proteins inside thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; H atoms not shown CHO in chlorophyll b

43. Fig. 10-11 (a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule Heat Excited state (b) Fluorescence Photon Ground state Photon (fluorescence) Energy of electron e – Chlorophyll molecule

46. Fig. 10-12 THYLAKOID SPACE (INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID) STROMA e – Pigment molecules Photon Transfer of energy Special pair of chlorophyll a molecules Thylakoid membrane Photosystem Primary electron acceptor Reaction-center complex Light-harvesting complexes

51. Pigment molecules Light P680 e – 2 1 Fig. 10-13-1 Photosystem II (PS II ) Primary acceptor

53. Pigment molecules Light P680 e – Primary acceptor 2 1 e – e – 2 H + O 2 + 3 H 2 O 1 / 2 Fig. 10-13-2 Photosystem II (PS II )

55. Pigment molecules Light P680 e – Primary acceptor 2 1 e – e – 2 H + O 2 + 3 H 2 O 1 / 2 4 Pq Pc Cytochrome complex Electron transport chain 5 ATP Fig. 10-13-3 Photosystem II (PS II )

57. Pigment molecules Light P680 e – Primary acceptor 2 1 e – e – 2 H + O 2 + 3 H 2 O 1 / 2 4 Pq Pc Cytochrome complex Electron transport chain 5 ATP Photosystem I (PS I ) Light Primary acceptor e – P700 6 Fig. 10-13-4 Photosystem II (PS II )

59. Pigment molecules Light P680 e – Primary acceptor 2 1 e – e – 2 H + O 2 + 3 H 2 O 1 / 2 4 Pq Pc Cytochrome complex Electron transport chain 5 ATP Photosystem I (PS I ) Light Primary acceptor e – P700 6 Fd Electron transport chain NADP + reductase NADP + + H + NADPH 8 7 e – e – 6 Fig. 10-13-5 Photosystem II (PS II )

60. Fig. 10-14 Mill makes ATP e – NADPH Photon e – e – e – e – e – Photon ATP Photosystem II Photosystem I e –

62. Fig. 10-15 ATP Photosystem II Photosystem I Primary acceptor Pq Cytochrome complex Fd Pc Primary acceptor Fd NADP + reductase NADPH NADP + + H +

66. Fig. 10-16 Key Mitochondrion Chloroplast CHLOROPLAST STRUCTURE MITOCHONDRION STRUCTURE Intermembrane space Inner membrane Electron transport chain H + Diffusion Matrix Higher [H + ] Lower [H + ] Stroma ATP synthase ADP + P i H + ATP Thylakoid space Thylakoid membrane

68. Fig. 10-17 Light Fd Cytochrome complex ADP + i H + ATP P ATP synthase To Calvin Cycle STROMA (low H + concentration) Thylakoid membrane THYLAKOID SPACE (high H + concentration) STROMA (low H + concentration) Photosystem II Photosystem I 4 H + 4 H + Pq Pc Light NADP + reductase NADP + + H + NADPH +2 H + H 2 O O 2 e – e – 1 / 2 1 2 3

71. Fig. 10-18-1 Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3-Phosphoglycerate Short-lived intermediate Phase 1: Carbon fixation (Entering one at a time) Rubisco Input CO 2 P 3 6 3 3 P P P P

72. Fig. 10-18-2 Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3-Phosphoglycerate Short-lived intermediate Phase 1: Carbon fixation (Entering one at a time) Rubisco Input CO 2 P 3 6 3 3 P P P P ATP 6 6 ADP P P 6 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 P P 6 6 6 NADP + NADPH i Phase 2: Reduction Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 1 P Output G3P (a sugar) Glucose and other organic compounds Calvin Cycle

73. Fig. 10-18-3 Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) 3-Phosphoglycerate Short-lived intermediate Phase 1: Carbon fixation (Entering one at a time) Rubisco Input CO 2 P 3 6 3 3 P P P P ATP 6 6 ADP P P 6 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 P P 6 6 6 NADP + NADPH i Phase 2: Reduction Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) 1 P Output G3P (a sugar) Glucose and other organic compounds Calvin Cycle 3 3 ADP ATP 5 P Phase 3: Regeneration of the CO 2 acceptor (RuBP) G3P

78. Fig. 10-19 C 4 leaf anatomy Mesophyll cell Photosynthetic cells of C 4 plant leaf Bundle- sheath cell Vein (vascular tissue) Stoma The C 4 pathway Mesophyll cell CO 2 PEP carboxylase Oxaloacetate (4C) Malate (4C) PEP (3C) ADP ATP Pyruvate (3C) CO 2 Bundle- sheath cell Calvin Cycle Sugar Vascular tissue

79. Fig. 10-19a Stoma C 4 leaf anatomy Photosynthetic cells of C 4 plant leaf Vein (vascular tissue) Bundle- sheath cell Mesophyll cell

80. Fig. 10-19b Sugar CO 2 Bundle- sheath cell ATP ADP Oxaloacetate (4C) PEP (3C) PEP carboxylase Malate (4C) Mesophyll cell CO 2 Calvin Cycle Pyruvate (3C) Vascular tissue The C 4 pathway

82. Fig. 10-20 CO 2 Sugarcane Mesophyll cell CO 2 C 4 Bundle- sheath cell Organic acids release CO 2 to Calvin cycle CO 2 incorporated into four-carbon organic acids (carbon fixation) Pineapple Night Day CAM Sugar Sugar Calvin Cycle Calvin Cycle Organic acid Organic acid (a) Spatial separation of steps (b) Temporal separation of steps CO 2 CO 2 1 2

84. Fig. 10-21 Light Reactions: Photosystem II Electron transport chain Photosystem I Electron transport chain CO 2 NADP + ADP P i + RuBP 3-Phosphoglycerate Calvin Cycle G3P ATP NADPH Starch (storage) Sucrose (export) Chloroplast Light H 2 O O 2

85. Fig. 10-UN1 CO 2 NADP + reductase Photosystem II H 2 O O 2 ATP Pc Cytochrome complex Primary acceptor Primary acceptor Photosystem I NADP + + H + Fd NADPH Electron transport chain Electron transport chain O 2 H 2 O Pq

86. Fig. 10-UN2 Regeneration of CO 2 acceptor 1 G3P (3C) Reduction Carbon fixation 3 CO 2 Calvin Cycle 6  3C 5  3C 3  5C

87. Fig. 10-UN3 pH 7 pH 4 pH 4 pH 8 ATP

88. Fig. 10-UN4

89. Fig. 10-UN5