2. RE – SEARCH
The word was derived from the old French word
cerchier, meaning to “seek or search”.
The prefix re means “again” and signifies
replication of the search.
One seeks new knowledge or to directly utilize
knowledge specific to life situations.
3. “Research is an attempt to gain
solutions to problems. It is the
collection of data in a rigorously
controlled situation for the purpose
of prediction or explanation.”
4. “Research is a studious inquiry or
examination, investigation, or
experimentation aimed at the
discovery and interpretation of facts,
revision of accepted theories or laws
in the light of new facts or practical
applications of such new or revised
theories or laws.”
6. • A well-developed & reliable body of
knowledge is a foundation for any
profession.
• This most sought-after knowledge
can be acquired from highly
structured as well as loosely
arranged processes or methods.
7. • The method of acquiring the nursing
knowledge may be classified under two
broad categories, i.e.
1.Unstructured methods of acquiring the
knowledge
2.Structured methods of acquiring the
knowledge
9. TRADITION
• Traditional
nursing
knowledge is
learnt mainly
from books,
journals, by
words of mouth,
and by
observing the
practices of
others.
AUTHORITY
• There are authorities
(People with
specialized expertise
in every field). The
people with higher
length of experience
in a discipline &
with virtue of their
position are believed
to be a sound source
of knowledge &
understanding.
INTUITION
• It is known as
information
obtained through
sixth sense
without
conscious
thinking but in
this the
rationalizing the
information may
not be obtained.
10. EXPERIENCE
• Nurses & midwives
base their practices
in great part on their
own experience &
to a lesser extent on
the experience of
others.
TRIALAND
ERROR
In this approach,
alternatives are tried
successively until a
solution to a
problem is found. In
day-to-day life,
everybody uses this
techniques to solve
much type of
problem, including
professional ones.
11. 1.Structured Methods Of
Acquiring The Knowledge
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
Assembled information
Problem solving
Scientific methods/research
12. INDUCTIVE
REASONIN
G
• It is the
process of
developing
generalization
from specific
observation.
DEDUCTIV
E
REASONIN
G
• It is the
process of
developing
specific
prediction
from general
principles.
ASSEMBLED
INFORMATIO
N
• In making
clinical
decision,
health care
professionals
also rely on
information
that has been
assembled for
variety of
purposes.
13. PROBLEM
SOLVING
• Nurses use problem-
solving process to solve a
particular problem & find
a particular intervention
effective. Thus, problem
solving for one situation
contributes to the nurse’s
knowledge for problem
solving in other similar
situations.
SCIENTIFIC
METHODS/
RESEARCH
Research conducted within a
disciplined format is the most
sophisticated method of
acquiring knowledge.
Findings from rigorous
research investigations are
considered to be at pinnacle
of the evidence hierarchy for
establishing Evidence-based
Nursing (EBN) practices.
16. • In this approach, possible solutions are
carefully evaluated & one of them is
chosen for implementation.
• The situation is carefully monitored over time
to ensure the initial & continued
effectiveness of the solution.
• Therefore, problem solving for one
situation contributes to the nurse’s
knowledge for problem solving in other
similar situations.
18. • In this first step, there is
a need to write down
what exactly the
problem entails, which
helps to identify the real
problem that is under
study & needs an
immediate solution.
PROBLEM
DEFINITION
• To analysis how the problem
affects the researcher & his
or her current situation &
other people involved in the
situation.
• The gravity of the problem
& all the factors that are
contributing to the problem
are determined
PROBLEM
ANALYSIS
19. • Focus must be on
identifying & generating all
possible solutions for a
problem.
• Each potential idea for
solution of a problem
• must be considered
without discarding it
through value judgment.
GENERATING
POSSIBLE
SOLUTIONS
• Various factors about
each of the potential
solutions are
investigated, wherein
all the positive &
negative aspects of
each solution are
analyzed.
ANALYZING
THE
SOLUTIONS
20. • After implementation
of the most potential
solution, an
evaluation is made to
judge the effectiveness
of the solution in
resolving the
problem.
• It also helps to
redefine the problem
& revise the problem-
solving process in case
the initial solution
fails to manage the
problem effectively.
EVALUATION
AND
REVISION
22. RESEARCH PROCESS
PROBLEM-SOLVING
PROCESS
State a research question or
problem
Problem definition
Define the purpose or the
rationale for the study
Problem analysis
Review related literature
Formulate hypothesis & define
variables
Generating possible
solution(s)
Select a method to test
hypothesis
Analyzing the best
solution(s)
Select a population, sample, &
setting Conduct a pilot study
Selecting the best solution(s
Collect the data
Analyze the data
Implementing the solution(s)
23.
24. Scientific methods are defined as
controlled, systematic investigations
that are rooted in objective reality &
that aim to develop general
knowledge about natural
phenomena.
26. • They are orderly & systematic processes.
• Scientists attempt to control external factors
that are not under direct investigation.
• Their findings are based on the empirical
evidences.
27. • Findings of scientific methods can be
generalized, which means that they can be
used in situations other than the one
under study.
• Scientific methods are based on
assumptions or hypothesis.
• They are basically conduced to develop or
test theories.
29. • The basic purposes of scientific methods are
Description, Exploration, Explanation,
Prediction, Control, Prescription, &
Identification of relationship of the facts.
31. Selecting the topic & identifying the
research problem
Defining the objectives of the study.
Reviewing the literature from theory &
other related studies.
Defining concepts & variables to be
studied.
Stating hypothesis about expected
observations or phenomenon to be
studied.
32. Determining the ethical implication of the
proposed study.
Describing the research design & methods
for data collection.
Defining study population & sample.
Planning the data analysis & discussion.
Collecting data from subjects.
Analyzing &interpreting data.
Communicating finding of the study.
34. 1. Moral or ethical problem
• Most nursing studies would require humans
as the subject of their research.
• The constraint of involving humans, which is
essential for observing human behavior for
experimentation, is one such ethical
problem. Thus, reliable scientific data cannot
always be collected.
35. 2. Human complexity
• Human behavior is complicated, subtle &
varied
• It is very difficult to categorize human
behavior.
• When human behavior is studied & analyzed
by other human beings, the personal biases
come into the picture & distort the analytical
facts.
36. 3. Measurement problems:
• Different aspects of human behavior are
psychological in nature, which cannot be
accurately measured.
• Human behavior is not uniform, certain, or
predictable.
• All the people do not behave in the same way
in similar circumstances.
37. 4. External variable control problems
• Scientific studies conducted on humans may
have a limitation of weak or no control over
external variables in scientific activity.
38. RESEARCH MEANS
To Search Again.
To examine carefully.
Research seeks answers to questions in
an orderly and systematic way. It is a
method of problem solving.
39. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH
• It is diligent (careful), systematic inquiry
or study that Validates and refines existing
knowledge and develops new knowledge.
40. • A scientific process that validates and refines
existing knowledge and generates new
knowledge that directly and indirectly
influences clinical nursing practice.
41. NURSING RESEARCH
• Nursing Research is systematic inquiry
designed to develop knowledge about issues
of importance to the Nursing Profession,
Including Nursing Practice, Education,
Administration, And Informatics.
43. NEED FOR NURSING
RESEARCH
Nursing Research helps to:
Build and expand the body of nursing
knowledge,
Validate and refine the existing nursing
practice,
Make health care efficient and cost-effective.
44. To Develop, refine, and extend the scientific
base of knowledge, which is required for
quality nursing care, education, and
administration.
To Enhance the body of professional
knowledge in nursing.
To Provide foundation for EBN practices.
To Help in expansion of knowledge, which is
essential for continued growth of nursing
profession.
45. To Enhance their professional identity as
research is an essential component of any
profession.
To Define the parameters of nursing, which
will help nurses to identify boundaries of
nursing profession.
To Refine and eliminate old knowledge so
that it helps in elimination of nursing actions
that have no effect on the achievement of
desired client outcomes.
47. 1. Orderly and systematic process
2. Based on current professional issues
3. Begin with clearly defined
purposes/objectives
4. Emphasize to develop, refine, and expand
professional knowledge
5. Directed towards development or testing
theories Good research is systematic,
logical, empirical, and replicable.
48. 6. Finding solution of a problem.
7. Dedicated to develop empirical evidence
8. Strive to collect first-hand information/
data
9. An objective and logical process
10. Generate findings to refine and improve
professional practices
49. 11. Use of appropriate methodology
12. Conducted on representative sample
13. Conducted through appropriate use of
methods and tools of data collection
14. Use of valid and reliable data collection
tools
50. 15. Carefully recorded and reported
16. Adequately and appropriately analyzed
research
17. Patiently carried out activity
18.Researcher’s expertise, interest,
motivation, and courage
19. Adequately communicated
