This document provides biographical information on several political philosophers and theorists including Niccolo Machiavelli, Carl von Clausewitz, Hans Morgenthau, and Thomas Hobbes. It outlines their key works and contributions to the development of political realism as a theory of international relations. Machiavelli is described as the "father of modern political theory" while Clausewitz introduced important concepts in his work On War. Morgenthau helped define the principles of political realism and Hobbes wrote Leviathan, which established fundamentals of liberal political thought.

1. Niambi’ E Muhammad
Devanique Dean
Shizhu Huang
Kundai Nangati
IMAGE: www.serbagunamarine.com

2. • Philosopher, Statesman and Political Theorist
• Born in Florence Italy on May 3, 1469
• Referred to as the “father of modern political theory”
• 1492 Becomes a disciple of Girolamo Savonarola
• Appointed as head of second chancery
• 1494 The Medici Family loses power
• In 1498, began his political career

3. Machiavelli the Writer
• 1499 Discourse on Pisa
• 1502 Provision of Money
• 1503The Way to Deal with the Rebel
subjects of Valdichiana
• 1513 The Prince
• 1520 The Art of War

4. The Medici Family Regains Power
• 1512 Florentine Republic is Overthrown
• Machiavelli is dismissed from his post
∙Authors The Prince
∙Makes reference to Savonarola as “unarmed
prophet” who must fail

5. Machiavelli the Historian
• 1520 Lucca, Italy
∙Employed by Cardinal Giulio de’ Medici
∙The Life of Castruccio Castracani of Lucca
• Official historian of Florence
∙Pope Leo X commissions Machiavelli to write on
the history of
• Florence

6. Government Reform
• 1525 Florentine Histories
• 1526 Superintendent of Florence’s fortifications
• 1527 The Medici are again forced to leave
Florence as well as Rome
• Machiavelli dies in June of the same year

7. Quotes from The Prince
• “Since love and fear can hardly exist
together, If we must choose between
them, it is far safer to be feared than
loved.”
• “The first method for estimating the
intelligence of a ruler is to look at the
men he has around him”.
• “Where the willingness is great the
difficulties cannot be great.”

8. • Born in Germany in 1904
• Holistic approach to IR
• “Founding Fathers" of the
realist school
• Political scientist
• Works include
– Scientific Man vs. Power Politics
– In Defense of the National Interest
– The Purpose of American Politics

9. • Politics Among Nations (1948)
-He sought to define the core principles of politics and
international politics
-Declared war on legalistic and moralistic
interpretations
• Six principles of political realism
• Legitimacy of international relations
• Domestic & International politics

10. Carl von Clausewitz
German-Prussian soldier and
military theorist
Born on June 1, 1780 in Burgbei Magdeburg, Kingdom of
Prussia
Entered the Prussian military, service at 12 years old
Served in the Rhine
Campaigns (1793-1794)
Entered the German War, School in Berline in 1801 (age
21)
Served during the Jena
Campaign as aide-de-camp to
Prince August
Held prisoner in France from
1807 to 1808 when he was 26

11. Carl’s Works
• —
• —Married Marie von Brühl on
December 10, 1810
• —Left Prussian army, served in Russian
army from 1812-13 during the Russian
Campaign
• Helped negotiate the Convention of
Tauroggen (1812)
• Re-entered Prussian service
• Served at the Battle of Ligny and Battle
of Wavre during the Waterloo
Campaign in 1815 Image: www.eu.art.com
• Promoted to Major-General in 1818 &
appointed director of the German War
School
• Appointed chief of staff of the only
army
—

12. On War
• Published magnum opus on the philosophy of war in 1832
• —A study of the Waterloo campaign and the Duke of
Wellington’s detailed 1842 response to it
• — Three stand out to Clausewitz’s concepts:
1. War must never be seen as having any purpose in itself, but
should be seen as an instrument of policy and politics
2.—The military objectives in war that support one's political
objectives fall into two broad types: war to achieve limited
aims and war to "disarm” the enemy
3. All else being equal, the course of war will tend to

13. Key Ideas discussed in On War
• the dialectical approach to military analysis
• the methods of "critical analysis"
• the uses and abuses of historical studies
• the nature of the balance-of-power mechanism
• the relationship between political objectives and military
• objectives in war
• the asymmetrical relationship between attack and defense
• the nature of "military genius"
• the "fascinating trinity" of war
• philosophical distinctions between "absolute or ideal war,"
• and "real war"
• in "real war," the distinctive poles of a) limited war and b)
• war to "render the enemy helpless"

14. Fundamentals
• —"war" belongs fundamentally to the social
realm, rather than the realms of art or science
• "strategy" belongs primarily to the realm of art
• "tactics" belongs primarily to the realm of science
• the essential unpredictability of war
• the "fog of war"
• "friction"
• strategic and operational "centers of gravity"
• the "culminating point of the offensive"
• the "culminating point of victory"
—

15. Thomas Hobbes 1588-1679
• English political
philosopher
• Wrote Leviathan
• Fundamentals of
European Liberal
thought

16. Brief History
• Premature
• Studied Greek and Latin
• Tutor

17. Life Experiences
• Physics
• Manuscripts
• English Civil War
• Leviathan

18. Leviathan
• State as a monster
• Value, moral-free
• War can be
necessary but not
inevitable
Image: www.frontporchrepublic.com

19. Realism
• States are basic units
• Anarchy
• Contrast to Hobbes

20. Works Cited
• -http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354571/Niccolo-
• Machiavelli
• - http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/machiavelli.html
• - http://www.historytoday.com/vincent-barnett/niccolo-machiavelli-%
• E2%80%93-cunning-critic-political-reason
• - http://www.pbs.org/empires/medici/renaissance/machiavelli.html
• -http://www.egs.edu/library/niccolo-machiavelli/biography/
• http://www.timoroso.
• com/philosophy/machiavelli/introduction#background
• http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354571/Niccolo-
• Machiavelli/354571suppinfo/Supplemental-Information
• http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/hobbes.html
• http://www.e-ir.info/2010/02/15/the-political-realism-of-thucydides-
and-thomas-hobbes/