Project Report Distance measurement system

A Project Report on
EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM
Submitted by
Name Seat No
GAVHALE NAVLESH B120283824
GAVHANE DEVENDRA B120283825
KURKUTE SIDDHESHWAR B120283843
A Project report submitted as a partial fulﬁllment towards Project for term-II of
Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,
2015-16
Under the guidance of
Mrs.S.R.Pawar
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D),
Pune 412 105
Savitribai Phule Pune University.
2015-2016

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that
Name Seat No
NAVLESH GAVHALE B120283824
DEVENDRA GAVHANE B120283825
SIDDHESHWAR KURKUTE B120283843
of
MIT Academy of Engineering, Alandi (D), Pune have submitted Project report on
EYE TRACKING INTERPRETATION SYSTEM as a partial fulﬁllment of term II for award
of degree of Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, from Savitribai Phule
Pune University, Pune, during the academic year 2015-16.
Project Guide Head of Dept
Mrs.S.R.Pawar Dr.M.D.Goudar
External Examiner

Acknowledgement
We take this opportunity to thank certain people without whom this endeavor would not have been
possible. We would also express our thanks to the head of Department of Electronics engineering
Dr.M.D.Goudar. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our guide Mrs.S.R.Pawar
for constant encouragement, help and guidance without which this project would not have been
completed.
We would like to express our sincere gratitude towards Mr.S.A.Khandekar, Mr.P.R.Ubare,
Mr.G.R.Vyawhare, Mr.P.P.Kumbhar for their constant support and valuable advice throughout
the progress of the project. Last but not the least, We express our heartiest acknowledgement to
our parents, friends and colleagues who directly or indirectly helped us in completing the project.

ABSTRACT
Distance measurement of an object in the path of a person, equipment, or a vehicle, stationary or
moving is used in a large number of applications such as robotic movement control, vehicle con-
trol, blind mans walking stick, medical applications, etc. Measurement using ultrasonic sensors is
one of the cheapest among various options. In this project distance measurement of an obstacle
by using ultrasonic sensor and a microcontroller is presented.

INDEX
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Necessity of project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 3
3 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 5
3.1 Related work component selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.1 Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2.2 Electrical Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2.3 Timing Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3 ATmega32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.1 Speciﬁcations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3.2 GPIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3.3 Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.4 LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.4.1 Pin Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.5 Costing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION 16
4.1 AVR Studio 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Department of Electronics and Telecomm. Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune i

4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.2 Starting AVR Studio 4 and Creating a Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1.3 Burning the code using Sinaprog Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5 METHODOLOGY 20
5.1 Block Diagram and Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3 Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Interface with Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.3.2 16X2 LCD Interface with MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
6 RESULT 27
7 APPLICATIONS 28
8 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE 29
8.1 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
8.2 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
9 REFERENCES 31
Department of Electronics and Telecomm. Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune ii

List of Figures
3.1 HC SR04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2 Electrical Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.3 Timing Diagram of HC SR04 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.4 Atmega32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Pin diagram of Atmega32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.6 Basic Operation of Timer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.7 16X2 LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.8 LCD Pin Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.9 Pin Description of 16X2 LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.10 LCD Commands Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1 Welcome Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Name the project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Choosing the microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
4.4 Building the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.1 Block Diagram[9]
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
5.2 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.3 Flowchart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.4 Ultrasonic sensor interface with MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
5.5 LCD interface with MCU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Department of Electronics and Telecomm. Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Puneiii

List of Tables
3.1 Component Cost Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.1 Project Schedule Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Department of Electronics and Telecomm. Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune iv

Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Distance measurement of an object in front or by the side of a moving entity is required in a large
number of devices. These devices may be small or large and also quite simple or complicated.
Such distance measurement systems are available. These use various kinds of sensors and sys-
tems. Low cost and accuracy as well as speed is important in most of the applications.
In this project, we have implemented such a measurement system which uses ultrasonic sensor
unit and a ATmega32 microcontroller based system. This microcontroller is easily available at low
cost. A correlation is applied to minimize the error in the measured distance. Ultrasound sensors
are very versatile in distance measurement. They are also providing the cheapest solutions. Ultra-
sound waves are useful for both the air and underwater. Ultrasonic sensors are also quite fast for
most of the common applications. In simpler system a low cost version of 8- bit microcontroller
can also be used in the system to lower the cost.
The current methods of blockage detection are based on manual visual inspection and inspection
through CCD camera based equipments. In such systems ﬁrst pictures of obstacle can be obtained
and then they are observed and analyzed. The main limitation of these systems are that they cannot
tell you the exact distance or location of the obstacle.
Department of Electronics and Telecomm. Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune 1

1.1 Problem Statement
As IR sensors distance measurement systems cannot work good in different light conditions and
also cannot work in water,hence build a low cost system to measure the distance which will work
under water and is not affected by varying light conditions.
1.2 Necessity of project
The main objective of this project is to Provide a useful system to measure the distance which will
be easy to conﬁgure and handle.

Chapter 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
Obstacle detecting sensors are one of the most basic type of sensors that electronic hobbyists use.
There are several methods to make cheap obstacle sensors. These simple sensors are made using
a IR Rx/Tx pair or Normal LED and LDR pair(this design is most basic and is heavily affected
by environment lighting conditions). These sensor may be useful for simple requirement but they
have following drawbacks :
1. Cant say anything about the real distance of obstacle.
2. Give different result for different coloured obstacles.
3. Need calibration (like setting up a variable resistor).
To solve these problems initially IR Range Finder Modules(like one made by Sharp) were used but
they have small range.
1. Sharp GP2D12 Distance Measurement Sensor has a maximum range of 80cm
2. Sharp GP2D120 Distance Measurement Sensor has a maximum range of 30cm only.
To solve all these problem we can use an Ultrasonic Range Finder Module. An Ultrasonic Range
Finder Module uses ultrasonic waves (inaudible to humans) to measure distance. These module
consist of an Ultrasonic Transmitter (Tx) that emits the ultrasonic wave, the waves after striking
any obstacle bounces back and reach the Ultrasonic Receiver (Rx). By measuring the time it take
for the whole process to complete and using simple arithmetic we can measure the distance to the
obstacle. The Ultrasonic Range Finder Modules has a wide operating range of 1cm to 400cm with

an accuracy of 1cm. These speciﬁcations makes it ideal for distance measurement application.
These can be used for:
1. Contact less measurement of liquid level in tanks (even 4m deep tank).
2. Radars for robot.
3. Obstacle sensing in Robotics.
4. Speed check in roads.
5. Handheld units that can be pointed on vehicles to measure their speed.
6. Fixed unit installed in check booths that can click pictures of over speeding vehicles.
The reason for using ultrasonic wave are
1. The speed of Ultra Sonic waves is 343m/s (Speed of Sound) which is not too fast for MCUs to
measure accurately. Compare this with speed of electromagnetic waves (like light or radio waves)
which is 30,00,00,000 m/s! So it takes only 20ns (nano second) to go and bounce back from an
obstacle which is 3m away! An AVR running at 16MIPS(maximum for most AVRs) takes 62ns to
execute a single instruction.
2. Ultrasonic waves travels more narrow, like a beam than normal sound wave. This property helps
the sensor detect the obstacles that are exactly in line with it only. The sensors can be rotated with
steppers or servo motors to get a ”image” of obstacle in the surrounding area (like a radar).
3. Finally the wave do not disturb any humans nearby.

Chapter 3
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
3.1 Related work component selection
1. Ultrasonic Sensor - HC-SR04
2. ATmega32
3. 16x2 LCD Display
3.2 Ultrasonic Ranging Module HC - SR04
3.2.1 Features
Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact measurement function.
The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principle of
work:
1.Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal
2.The module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a pulse signal back.
3.IF the signal back, through high level , time of high output IO duration is the time from sending
ultrasonic to returning.
4.Test distance = (high level time velocity of sound (340M/S)/2

Figure 3.1: HC SR04
3.2.2 Electrical Parameters
Figure 3.2: Electrical Parameters

3.2.3 Timing Diagram
The Timing diagram is shown below. You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse to the trigger
input to start the ranging, and then the module will send out an 8 cycle burst of ultrasound at 40
kHz and raise its echo. The Echo is a distance object that is pulse width and the range in proportion
.You can calculate the range through the time interval between sending trigger signal and receiving
echo signal. Formula: uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch; or the range = high level time *
velocity (340M/S) / 2; It is advised to use over 60ms measurement cycle, in order to prevent trigger
signal to the echo signal.
Figure 3.3: Timing Diagram of HC SR04
3.3 ATmega32
The ATmega32 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega32 achieves

Figure 3.4: Atmega32
throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to optimize power con-
sumption versus processing speed.
3.3.1 Speciﬁcations
1. High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
2. Advanced RISC Architecture
a) 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
b) 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
c) Fully Static Operation
d) Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
e) On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
3. Peripheral Features
a) Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes
b) One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture Mode
c) Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
d) Four PWM Channels

e) 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
f) Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
g) Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
h) On-chip Analog Comparator
4. Special Microcontroller Features
a) Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
b) Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
c) External and Internal Interrupt Sources
f) Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, Standby and Extended
Standby
3.3.2 GPIO
VCC:Digital supply voltage.
GND:Ground.
Port A (PA7..PA0): Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A is also used
as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port if the analog to digital converter is not used. The Port A output
buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs, they
will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. When a reset condition becomes
active, Port A pins are tri-stated even if the clock is not running.
Port B (PB7..PB0): Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The
Port B output buffers also have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. Port B pins which are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors
are activated. When a reset condition becomes active and even if the clock is not running, the Port
B pins becomes tri-stated.
Port C (PC7..PC0): Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (se-
lected for each bit). If the pull-up resistors are activated Port C output buffers also have symmetrical
drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. Port C pins which are externally

pulled low will source current. When a reset condition becomes active the Port C pins are tri-
stated, even if the clock is not running. The pull-up resistors on pinsPC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and
PC2(TCK) will be activated if the JTAG interface is enabled even if a reset occurs.
Port D (PD7..PD0): Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors. The
Port D output buffers also have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source
capability. As inputs, Port D pins which are externally pulled low will source current if the pull-up
resistors are activated. When a reset condition becomes active the Port D pins becomes tri-stated,
even if the clock is not running.
ﬁgure below shows the pin diagram of the ATmega32
Figure 3.5: Pin diagram of Atmega32
Department of Electronics and Telecomm. Engineering, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune10

3.3.3 Timer
Timers are standard features of almost every microcontroller. So it is very important to learn their
use. Since an AVR microcontroller has very powerful and multifunctional timers, the topic of timer
is somewhat vast. Moreover there are many different timers on chip. So this section on timers will
be multipart. I will be giving basic introduction ﬁrst.
What is a timer?
A timer in simplest term is a register. Timers generally have a resolution of 8 or 16 Bits. So a 8
bit timer is 8Bits wide so capable of holding value withing 0-255. But this register has a magical
property ! Its value increases/decreases automatically at a predeﬁned rate (supplied by user). This
is the timer clock. And this operation does not need CPUs intervention.
Figure 3.6: Basic Operation of Timer
Since Timer works independently of CPU it can be used to measure time accurately. Timer upon
certain conditions take some action automatically or inform CPU. One of the basic condition is
the situation when timer OVERFLOWS i.e. its counted upto its maximum value (255 for 8 BIT
timers) and rolled back to 0. In this situation timer can issue an interrupt and you must write an
Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) to handle the event.

3.4 LCD Display
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is an electronic display system. A 16x2 LCD display is a very basic
system and commonly used in various devices and circuits. LCDs are preferred over seven seg-
ments and other multi segment LEDs. The advantages of LCDs are as follows:
1. LCDs are economical.
2. They are easily programmable.
3. A number of characters can be displayed.
4. Very compact and light.
5. Low power consumption
Figure 3.7: 16X2 LCD Display
A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and 2 such lines are there. In this LCD
every character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. LCD possesses two registers: Data and Command
registers. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command
can be deﬁned as an instruction given to LCD to do a predeﬁned task. For example, initializing
the LCD, clearing the screen, controlling the cursor position, controlling the display etc. The data
register stores the data which is displayed on the LCD screen. The data is the ASCII value of the
character which is displayed on the LCD screen.

3.4.1 Pin Diagram
Figure 3.8: LCD Pin Diagram
Pin Descriptions
Figure 3.9: Pin Description of 16X2 LCD

PROGRAMMING OF LCD:
For programming the 16x2 LCD display there are three basic steps.
1. Initialization of LCD
2. Giving command for reading the given data
3. Giving command for writing data and displaying on the screen
LCD COMMANDS:
Figure 3.10: LCD Commands Description

3.5 Costing
Sr.No. Component Cost
1) HC SR04 200
2) ATmega 32 300
3) 16X2 LCD Display 200
Table 3.1: Component Cost Table

Chapter 4
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
4.1 AVR Studio 4
4.1.1 Introduction
The following softwares were used for programming and feeding in ATmega32 microcontroller.
1. AVR Studio 4 : AVR Studio 4 is the development platform. AVR studio is required to write the
C-code and generate its HEX code.
2. Win AVR: It is used to compile the program.
3. Sinaprog 2.0 : It is used to burn the program and hex ﬁle is dumped into the microcontroller.
4.1.2 Starting AVR Studio 4 and Creating a Project
1. Open the AVR Studio.
2. Click on the New Project button.

Figure 4.1: Welcome Window
3. Do the followings:
a) In the left side, select AVR GCC.
b) Choose the name for the project.
c) Choose the location where the ﬁles of the project will be saved.
d) Press the next button.
Figure 4.2: Name the project

4. Choose AVR Simulator from left side and ATmega32 from the right side and press Finish
button.
Figure 4.3: Choosing the microcontroller
5. Write the program.
6. Save the program.
7. Select Build for compiling the program.
Figure 4.4: Building the program
8. Correct the errors.

4.1.3 Burning the code using Sinaprog Software
The hex file is generated with same name as program using WinAvr. This program is transferred
to flash memory of microcontroller. An USB ISB programmer can be used to burn the program.
Through the sinaprog software the program is burnt into microcontroller. The burner uses SPF port
of microcontroller to load the program.
Steps :
1. Hex file is generated.
2. Connect the ATmega32 development board and PC through burner.
3. Open sinaprog and select ATmega32.
4. Load the program and burn through sinaprog.
5. Output is shown.

Chapter 5
METHODOLOGY
5.1 Block Diagram and Description
Block Diagram:
Figure 5.1: Block Diagram[9]

Description:
The block diagram mainly consist of six parts
1) Power Supply
2) Ultrasonic Sensor Unit
3) Microcontroller
4) 16X2 LCD Display
5) Object
1)Power Supply:It is a key block in the project which will be powering to the LCD,MCU and
Ultrasonic Sensor
2)Ultrasonic Sensor Unit: A good sensor according to the requirements.
3)Microcontroller: Here we are using Atmega 32 which is used for all the computations needed.
4)16X2 LCD Display:In order to display the distance measured this block is required.
5)Object:It is that thing whose distance is to be measured from the system.

5.2 Flowchart
The ﬂowchart below show for obtaining the time taken before the distance will be calculate.
Figure 5.2: Flowchart

Figure 5.3: Flowchart

5.3 Implementation
The technique of distance measurement using ultrasonic in air include continuous wave and pulse
echo technique. In the pulse echo method, a burst of pulses is sent through the transmission
medium and is reflected by an object kept at special distance. The time taken for the pulse to
propagate from transmitter to receiver is proportional to the distance of object. For contact less
measurement of distance, the device has to rely on the target to reflect the pulse back to itself.
The target needs to have a proper orientation that is it needs to be perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the pulses. The amplitude of the received signal gets significantly attenuated and is
a function of nature of the medium and the distance between the transmitter and target. The pulse
echo or time-of-flight method of range measurement is subject to high levels of signal attenuation
when used in an air medium,thus limiting its distance range.
5.3.1 Ultrasonic Sensor Interface with Microcontroller
These modules are designed to be used for microcontroller based applications hence optimized for
it. The interface is a single pin called SIG (signal). The MCU is connected to the Ultrasonic Sensor
Module by a single i/o line. The steps required to read distance are :
1. Microcontroller make the i/o line output. (by using the DDRx Register in AVR )
2. The i/o line is made low (this may be the default state of i/o pin)
3. Wait for 10uS
4. Make the i/o line high.
5. Wait for 15uS
6. Make the i/o line low
7. Wait for 20uS
8. Now make it input (by using the DDRx Register in AVR)
9. Module will keep it low. Wait till it is low, as soon as it becomes high start the timer.
10. After that wait till it is high, as soon as it becomes low copy the timer value and stop the timer.

11. Finally we have the time required for the wave to go hit the obstacle and come back to the
module.
Figure 5.4: Ultrasonic sensor interface with MCU
If the pulse width is in microseconds, the distance can be calculated by the following formula :
Distance in cm = Pulse width/58
Distance in inches = Pulse width/148
5.3.2 16X2 LCD Interface with MCU
162 LCD can be interfaced with a microcontroller in 8 Bit or 4 Bit mode. These differs in how data
and commands are send to LCD. In 8 Bit mode character data (as 8 bit ASCII) and LCD command
are sent through the data lines D0 to D7. That is 8 bit data is send at a time and data strobe is given
through E of the LCD.But 4 Bit mode uses only 4 data lines D4 to D7. In this 8 bit data is divided
into two parts and are sent sequentially through the data lines. The idea of 4 bit communication
is introduced to save pins of microcontroller. 4 bit communication is bit slower than 8 bit but this
speed difference has no signiﬁcance as LCDs are slow speed devices. Thus 4 bit mode data transfer
is most commonly used.

Figure 5.5: LCD interface with MCU

Chapter 6
RESULT
The working model of the proposed AVR Atmega32 microcontroller based range finder using
ultrasonic module was successfully designed and implemented. The performance of the circuit
was analysed for different conditions. The circuit was able to measure distance up to 2.5m without
interfering in human activity. Circuit was tested for measurement of various distances in different
atmospheric conditions, accurately. It has a fast response. The ultrasonic module works fine. It
responds to the incoming echo accordingly. By using ATmega32 and HC-SR04 we were able to
reduce the cost and increase efficiency. This implementation has been a major component in the
circuits of major fast consuming electronic goods.

Chapter 7
APPLICATIONS
1. Used to measure the obstacle distance.
2. This system used in automotive parking sensors and obstacle warning systems.
3. Used in terrain monitoring robots.

Chapter 8
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
8.1 Conclusion
The objective of this project was to design and implement an Ultrasonic Distance Measurement
device. As described in this report a system is developed that can calculate the distance of the
tracked object. With respect to the requirements for an ultrasonic rangefinder the followings can
be concluded.
1. The system can calculate the distance of the obstruction with sufficient accuracy.
2. This device has the capability to interact with other peripheral if used as a secondary device.
3. This can also communicate with PC through its serial port.
4. This offers a low cost and efficient solution for non-contact type distance measurements.
8.2 Future Scope
The range can be considerably increased by using high power drive circuit.
1.Using temperature compensation, it can be used over wide temperature range.
2. The resolution of the measurement can be improved by incorporating phase shift method along
with time of flight method.

3. Can be used as parking assistance system in vehicles with high power ultrasonic transmitter.
4. The 40 kHz signal can be generated using microcontroller itself which will reduce hardware.

Chapter 9
REFERENCES
1. Spasov Peter, Microcontroller Technology the 68HC11 and 68HC12 Upper Saddle River, Pear-
son Prentice Hall, Fifth Edition, 2004.
2. Sinclair Ian R. and Dunton John, Practical Electronic Handbook, 6th Edition, 2007.
3. Horton Ivor, Beginning C, Wrox Press Ltd, Birmingham, U.K, 2nd Edition, 2002.
4. Brown Forrest John, Embedded Systems Programming in C and Assembly, Van Nostrand Rein-
hold, N.Y, Prentice-Hall, 2003.
5. Deshmukh V Ajay, Microcontrollers Theory and Applications,New Delhi, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Co. Ltd, 2005.

• PROJECT SCHEDULE PLAN
Sr.No. Activity Plan(period) Execution
1) Literature survey January Completed
2) Coding and Software Development January-February Completed
3) Main Board Development February Completed
4) Implementation and Testing February-March Completed
5) Final Demonstration March Completed
6) Project Report April Completed
Table 9.1: Project Schedule Plan
Project Guide Project Co-ordinator Head of Dept
Mrs.P.S.Kasliwal Mr.S.A.Khandekar Dr.M.D.Goudar

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