1. Ana Karla Angulo Pérez.

2. They are defective verbs. THEY ARE DEFECTIVE VERBS-
MOST OF THEM ONLY OCCUR IN PRESENT AND `PAST AND SOME OF THEM
ONLY HAVE PRESENT FORM.
Negative Verb + not
Interrogative Verb in front of the
subject
ARE NOT INFLECTED IN THE 3rd PERSON SINGULAR OF THE
PRESENT TENSE.(WHERE LEXICAL VERBS HAVE THE ”S” FORM)
MODAL AUXILIARIES ARE ALL FOLLOWED BY THE
BARE INFINITIVE EXCEPT “OUGHT TO” AND “USED
TO”-
CAN ONLY OCCUR AS THE FIRST(FINITE) ELEMENT
BUT NOT IN NON-FINITE(INFINITIVE OR
PARTICIPLE

3. Past Present Future Uses Examples
Verb
a) Talking about general -My sister can read
ability. faster than me.
b) Power of capacity,know.
-I can swim very well.
c) Ask something with
-Can you lend me your
Could Can -------- confidence.
pencil?
Can d) Impossibility
-You can’t read now.
(negative only)
-Can I help you dry
e) Making offers.
the dishes?
a) Power of capacity in -I could swim very
past. well.
-Could I borrow your
b) Polite request. dictionary?
------- Can --------
Coul c) Possibility/Impossibility. -I couldn’t help her.
d
a) Promises and threats. -Yes,I will.
b) Decisions that take in -It’s rainy,I will take
the moment to speak. the umbrella.
Would Will -------- c) Making offers.
Will -I’ll do the food if you
are tired.
d) Making predictions. -In spring it will rain a

4. Verb Past Present Future Uses Examples
a) Invitations. -Would you like to
came to the cinema
with us?
Would --------- b) Expressing wishes. -I would like to have
Would a big car.
c) Polite request. -Would you close
the window,please?
d) Past habits. -I would often buy
sweets when I was a
child.
a) Offer you to do -Shall I carry your
something. bag?
b) Form the future of -We’ll be there at
‘’I’’ and ‘’We’’. five o’clock.
Should Shall --------- c) Asking for advice. -What shall I do
Shall with this handbag?
d) Making promises. -I shall never let
you down.
a) Give advices. -You should study
more.
b) Making deductions. -He’s very hard
working.He should
Should --------- c) Expressing do well the exam.
Should obligation (less -You should study
strong than must) more.

5. Verb Past Present Future Uses Examples
a) Obligation -You must study more.
(afirmative)
-You mustn’t arrive late
b) Prohibition. to class.
------ Must ----------- (negative)
Must c) Almost certainty. -The lights are off.She
must be sleep.
d)Making deductions
about the past. -She must have missed
the bus.
a) Asking for -May I have another
permission. piece of cake?
a) Making polite -May I go to your house
Might May ----------- request. (formal) later?
May
b) Prohibition. -You may not speak
(negative) loud.
a) Power of -It might rain.
possibility.
b) Expressing -You might have told me
Might Might ----------- annoyance. before.
c) Negative -He might not be

6. ABILITY
• My brother could swim when he was two
• CAN(PRESENT) • I couldn’t find my keys this morning-
• I could have run faster, but I didn’t want the others
• COULD(PAST) to get tired.
• She has not been able to walk since the accident-
• BE ABLE TO • Will people be able to live on the moon one day=?
• (PAST-PRESENT • He was able to ride a car when he was ten-
• FUTURE)

8. PERMISSION
CAN/COULD/MAY/MIGHT
Can we come in? May I sit her?
Could we possibly stay at
your flat? Might I sit here?

9. PROHIBITION
MUST NOT/MAY
NOT/ CANNNOT
You musn’t tell her anything-
You can’t get up until you are better
You must not begin until I tell you
Crockery may not be taken out of the
canteen-

10. HAVE/HAS • All visitors must
/GOT) TO report to receptionist
PRESENT/ on arrival.
• Do you have to write
MUST
your name on the
WILL form?
HAVE TO • We wiil have to wait; I
FUTURE am afraid.
HAD TO • She had to throw
the burnt cake
PAST
away-

11. NO NECESSITY
DON’T/DIDN’T HAVE TO
You don’t have to pick us up; we can take a taxi
They didn’t have to go through customs
SHOULDN’T HAVE
You shouldn’t
have bothered
making luch; we
DIDN’T NEED
TO Needn’t have could have
bought a
sandwich.
He didn’t need
to have any They needn’t
fillings at the
dentist
have waited-

12. SHOULD
You are getting fat;
You should do more
OUGHT TO exercise-
You ought to have SHOULDN’T
gone to bed earlier You are getting fat; You
shouldn’t eat junk food
ADVICE
AND
CRITICISM

13. MUST HAVE
You must have
dialled the wrong
number
CAN’T HAVE
You can’t have finished
already
SHOULD
WILL
MUST BE That will be
James-He is
there often early This book
must be a
should be
leak
interesting
ASUMPTION
AND
DEDUCTION

14. CAN WILL
Can you pass me
Will you buy me an
the dictionary,
ice-crfeam, please?
please ?
REQUEST
COULD WOULD
Could you ghelp me
with my translation? Would you type
this letters for me,
please?

15. SHALL
Shall I do ther washing up?
I’ll take you to the airport
WOULD YOU LIKE A CUP OF TEA?
How about going to the cinema?
What about going to the cinema?
Shall we go now?