2. Introduction
Ectopia lentis is defined as displacement or malposition of
the crystalline lens of the eye
Berryat described the first reported case of lens dislocation
in 1749, and Stellwag subsequently coined the term
“ectopia lentis” in 1856
3. Topographic Classification
Subluxated lens
Dislocated lens
• Incarcerated in the pupil
• In the anterior chamber
• In the vitreous- lens nutans
• Lens fixata
• In the subretinal space
• Wandering lens
• Extrusion out of the globe
• In subconjunctival space
5. Congenital Ectopia Lentis
Usually bilateral and symmetrical
Simple Ectopia
Lentis
Ectopia Lentis et
Pupillae
6. Congenital Ectopia Lentis
SIMPLE ECTOPIA LENTIS
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Ocular anomaly: Bilateral, symmetric, upward and
temporal displacement of the lens.
Herniation of the vitreous associated with zonular
degeneration may occur through the zonular defect into
the anterior chamber
Associated with cataract and retinal detachment
7. Congenital Ectopia Lentis
ECTOPA LENTIS ET PUPILLAE
Autosomal recessive inheritance
Pupils are oval or slit shaped and
ectopic, and they frequently dilate poorly
Bilateral, with the lenses and pupils displaced in the
opposite direction from each other.
Associated ocular anomalies- Megalocornea, polycoria,
cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, optic nerve
hypoplasia, colobomata
8. Pathogenesis of ectopia lentis et pupillae:
Mesodermal- persistent remnants of tunica vasculosa
lentis mechanically interfere with the development of
zonules
Neuroectodermal- Maldevelopment of the pigmentary
epithelium of the iris, hypoplasia of the dilator muscle
9. Metabolic Disorders
MARFAN SYNDROME
Prevalence of approximately 5 per 100,000
Autosomal dominant condition characterized by skeletal,
cardiovascular, and ocular anomalies.
Several point mutations involving the fibrillin gene on
chromosomes 15 and 21 - relate to incompetent zonular
fibers
10. MARFAN SYNDROME
Salient features:
Skeletal Manifestations
Tall stature
Increased arm span in
relation to body height and
elongated lower segment
Arachnodactyly
Joint laxity, scoliosis
12. MARFAN SYNDROME
Ocular Manifestations
Axial myopia
Corneal diameter may be
increased, giving the
appearance of megalocornea
Increased incidence of retinal
degeneration & detachment
Lens subluxation occurs in
about 75% of patients; usually is
bilateral, symmetrical, and
superotemporal
13. HOMOCYSTINURIA
Inborn error of metabolism of sulfur containing amino
acids
Near absence of cystathionine b-synthetase (the enzyme
that converts homocysteine to cystathionine)
Salient features:
Fair skin with coarse hair
Osteoporosis
Mental retardation (nearly 50%)
Seizure disorder
Marfanoid habitus
14. HOMOCYSTINURIA
Salient features continued:
Poor circulation -
Thromboembolic events
constitute the major threat to
survival, especially following
general anesthesia
Lens luxation usually is bilateral,
symmetrical, and inferonasal, and
presents in nearly 90% of patients
15. WEIL-MARCHESANI SYNDROME
Salient features:
Short stature
Brachycephaly
Limited joint mobility
Ectopia lentis
Microspherophakia (most
prominent feature of this
syndrome)
Lenticular myopia
Lens subluxation occurs
inferiorly, often progressing to
complete dislocation
Pupillary block glaucoma is
common
16. SULFITE OXIDASE DEFICIENCY
Defect in sulfur metabolism
Salient features:
Progressive CNS abnormalities that develop within the first
year of life
Ectopia lentis.
19. Traumatic Ectopia Lentis
Mechanism-
Backward thrust and
rebounding of the lens
Pressure wave of the
aqueous forcing the root
of iris backwards
Forcible recoil of the
vitreous body which
comes forward around
the lens
21. Presentation
Common presenting symptoms include the following:
Decreased distance visual acuity (secondary to astigmatism
or lenticular myopia)
Poor near vision (loss of accommodative power)
Monocular diplopia
Red painful eye
22. Presentation
History:
Onset
Cardiovascular disease (Marfan syndrome)
Skeletal problems (Marfan syndrome, Weil-Marchesani
syndrome, or homocystinuria)
Ocular trauma
Family history
Consanguinity
Mental retardation
Unexplained deaths at young age (eg, autosomal recessive
conditions, including homocystinuria, hyperlysinemia, ectopia
lentis et pupillae, or sulfite oxidase deficiency)
23. Ocular Examination
Visual Acuity
Ectopia lentis is potentially visually debilitating.
Visual acuity varies with the degree of malpositioning of
the lens.
Amblyopia is a common cause of decreased vision in
congenital ectopia lentis.
24. Ocular Examination
Retinoscopy and refraction
Edge of the dislocated lens may be
identified in the pupillary space.
Careful retinoscopy and refraction is
essential, often revealing myopia
with astigmatism.
Keratometry may help ascertain
degree of corneal astigmatism.
25. Ocular Examination
Signs
Megalocornea
Anterior chamber-
Irregular
Flat
Cells and flare- uveitis
Vitreous- present/ absent
Angle of AC
Recession seen in trauma
Presence or absence of synechiae
26. Ocular Examination
Iris- iridodonesis, transillumination
Appearance of the pupil
assess the adequacy of the pupillary space for a possible
aphakic correction
Lens-
Position
Phacodonesis
Cataract
Zonules- stretched or broken
27. Ocular Examination
Complete dislocation:
Posterior dislocation
Aphakia
Lens seen in vitreous cavity
Anterior dislocation:
Clear lens- oil droplet appearance
with golden lustre of rim
Cataractous lens- white disc in AC
Iridocyclitis
Endothelial damage
Secondary glaucoma
28. Ocular Examination
Raised intraocular pressure
Causes of glaucoma in ectopia lentis include the following:
(1) pupillary block
(2) phacoanaphylaxis or phacolytic
(3) posttraumatic angle recession
(4) poorly developed angle structures
Dilated fundus examination: Rule out retinal detachment
31. Workup
Cardiac evaluation for Marfan syndrome
Serum and urine levels of homocysteine or methionine for
homocystinuria
Axial length measurement
32. Indications for Surgery
Lens in the anterior chamber
Lens-induced uveitis
Lens-induced glaucoma
Lenticular opacity with poor visual function
Anisometropia or refractive error not amenable to optical
correction (eg, in a child to prevent amblyopia)
Impending dislocation of the lens
33. Management Protocol
Subluxated Clear
Lens
Minimal
Spectacle
correction
through phakic
portion
Marked
1. Spectacle correction
through aphakic
portion
2. Optical iridectomy
3. Miotics/Mydriatics
Surgical
Removal
Pars Plana
1. Vitrectomy probe
2. Phacofragmentome
Limbal Route
Phacoaspiration with
help of iris hooks +
PCIOL/ Iris clip/
SFIOL
34. Management Protocol
Subluxated Cataractous Lens
Minimal
ECCE/
Phacoemulsificat
ion + IOL
Marked
Pars Plana Route
1. Lensectomy
2. Phacofragmentation
Limbal Route
Phacoemulsification with help of iris
hooks + PCIOL/ Iris clip/ SFIOL
35. Management Protocol
Subluxated Lens-
Surgical Management
Subluxation
<3 clock hours
Slow
Phaco +
PCIOL
Pars Plana
Lensectomy +
Pars Plana
Vitrectomy +
SFIOL/ Iris clip
Subluxation 3-5
clock hours
Slow Phaco with
CTR/ Cionni ring +
PCIOL
Pars Plana
Lensectomy +
Pars Plana
Vitrectomy +
SFIOL/ Iris clip
Subluxation 5-7
clock hours
Slow Phaco + Cionni
fixation of bag/ Ahmed
segment + Capsular
retractors + PCIOL
Pars Plana
Lensectomy +
Pars Plana
Vitrectomy +
SFIOL/ Iris clip
Subluxation >7
clock hours
Pars Plana
Lensectomy + Pars
Plana Vitrectomy +
SFIOL
ECCE +
Anterior
vitrectomy +
ACIOL/SFIOL/
Iris clip
37. Management of Subluxated lens in
Children
Treatment of aphakia in children is a challenge
Spectacle correction is not suitable for unilateral aphakia due
to anisokenia
Contact lens - keratitis, corneal neovascularization,
noncompliance, frequent lens change and cost
Surgical methods - implantation of ACIOL/SFIOL
ACIOL not preferred in the pediatric age group (corneal
decompensation, glaucoma and retinal detachments)
Recently published studies reported late dislocation of IOL
due to breakage of polypropylene sutures SFIOL, especially
in young patients
Vote BJ, Tranos P, Bunce C, Charteris DG, Da Cruz L. Long-term outcome of combined pars plana vitrectomy and
scleral fixated sutured posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006 Feb; 141(2):308-312.
Assia EI, Nemet A, Sachs D. Bilateral spontaneous subluxation of scleral-fixated intraocular lenses. J Cataract
Refract Surg. 2002 Dec; 28(12):2214-6.
38. Management of Subluxated lens in
Children
Phacoaspiraton with the help of CTR is a safe and
predictable procedure in subluxated lens in children
Elimination of PCO still remains a challenge
Long-term follow-up to observe any change in the stability
of capsular bag-zonular complex is necessary
Pranab Das, Jagat Ram, Gagandeep Singh Brar, and Mangat R Dogra. Results of intraocular lens implantation with
capsular tension ring in subluxated crystalline or cataractous lenses in children. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov-
Dec; 57(6): 431–436.
39. Management of Subluxated lens in
Children
Key points to successful CTR implantation
To use high-viscosity visco-elastic material
Making the incision at a meridian with intact zonules
To avoid damaging zonular fibers with the movement of the
phacotip
Perform slow-motion phacoemulsification
Low flow rate, low vacuum, and low bottle height
40. Devices used in Surgery
Capsular Tension Ring
Indications:
Missing or damaged zonules
Lens subluxation
Pseudoexfoliation
High myopia
Marfan Syndrome
Mechanism:
Circular expansion of capsular bag
Stable conditions during surgery
Improves IOL centration
Reduced risk of capsular fibrosis
Resists capsular Shrinkage
41. Capsular Tension Rings
Axial length <24mm
for normal eyes
Axial length >28mm for
highly myopic eyes
Axial length 24-28mm
for normal or myopic
eyes
43. Devices used in Surgery
Cionni Ring
Indications:
Missing or damaged zonules larger than 4 clock hours
Lens subluxation
Pseudoexfoliation
High myopia
Marfan Syndrome
Mechanism:
Similar to CTR
Additionally corrects capsular bag decentration
44. Devices used in Surgery
Cionni Ring
Designed for scleral fixation with suture
One or two hooks extending from the ring, an eyelet
located on the hook located behind the iris just in front of
anterior capsule
The sutured eyelet anchors the ring to sclera in the area of
missing zonules
Most frequent complication - posterior capsule
opacification (PCO) -20%
Vasavada AR, Praveen MR, Vasavada VA, Yeh RY, Srivastava S, Koul A, Trivedi RH. Cionni ring and in-the-bag
intraocular lens implantation for subluxated lenses: a prospective case series. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012
Jun;153(6):1144-53.
Irit Bahar, Igor Kaiserman, David Rootman. Cionni endocapsular ring implantation in Marfan's Syndrome. Br J
Ophthalmol. 2007 November; 91(11): 1477–1480.
47. Ahmed Capsular Tension Segment
Partial ring of PMMA covering
approximately one quadrant
Hole for temporary or permanent
fixation
One or more segments may be used to
support the areas of weak capsule
Devices used in Surgery
48. Devices used in Surgery
Ahmed Capsular Tension Segment
Advantages:
May be used intraoperatively, secured by an iris hook
May be fixated to the sclera for permanent support
Stabilizes conditions during cataract surgery
Stripping cortex out from under and around the CTS is easy
Improves IOL centration
49. Video: How to implant Ahmed
Capsular Tension segment
50. Devices used in Surgery
Iris Retractors
Indications:
Contracted pupils
Floppy iris
Bag fixation in phacodonesis/ subluxated lens
52. Associated Management
Co-management with the patient's pediatrician or
internist is essential
Appropriate genetic counselling
All relatives with potential risk should be examined
Notas del editor
The lens is considered dislocated when it lies completely outside the lens patellar fossa, in the anterior chamber, free-floating in the vitreous, or directly on the retina. The lens is described as subluxated when it is partially displaced but contained within the lens space
Subluxation was 3-7 clock hours. 90deg to 210deg
Capsular tension ring (CTR) implantation may be the solution for zonular weakness but does not correct capsular bag decentration
Capsular tension ring (CTR) implantation may be the solution for zonular weakness but does not correct capsular bag decentration