The document discusses several theories of personal development, including those proposed by Erikson, Havighurst, Maslow, and Kohlberg. It explains Erikson's stages of psychosocial development and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Havighurst's developmental tasks and Kohlberg's stages of moral development are also summarized. Various defense mechanisms and personal response patterns people use to deal with their environment are described.

1. Chapter 4

2.  Explain the theories of Erikson,
Havighurst, Maslow, and
Kohlberg concerning personal
development.
 Describe the use of defense
mechanisms in responding to
your environment.
 Explain various types of
personal response patterns.

3.  Every situation in your
life requires you to
respond to your
environment.
 Many theories have
been formed
concerning the
development of
humans and their
personalities.

4.  Erikson’s theory is that
personality development
is affected by each of
eight stages in the life
cycle.
 In each Stage, a person
confronts certain crises
that must be resolved
before moving to the next
stage.

5.  Occurs during infancy and establishes our
most basic sense of trust.
 Consistent love & attention → confidence and
trust.
 Unloved or abused → insecure and mistrustful.

6.  Occurs between ages
one and four
 Children begin to
experience
autonomy.
 Autonomy – the
freedom of self-
direction

7.  Reach this stage
around four or five.
 Initiative – desires to
begin action.
 Children begin to
develop imagination
and begin to do
things on their own.

8.  From ages six to twelve.
 They learn that work is worthwhile and
meaningful.
 Inferiority – feeling unimportant or
inadequate.

9.  Occurs during
adolescence
 Identity – knowing who
you are
 As adolescents gain
maturity, they begin to
view life and the world
around them
differently.

10.  The sixth stage is
concerned with
establishing a sense of
intimacy with others.
 Young adults who
succeed in this stage
have accepted
themselves as
worthwhile persons.

11.  In the seventh stage,
adults develop a
sense of generativity.
 Generativity –
Concern for future
generations

12.  A sense of integrity
develops in people
who succeed in the
final stage of
development.
 Integrity – A state of
being complete. The
person is satisfied
with his or her life.

13.  Havighurst identified developmental tasks
that people perform as they grow.
 Success in these tasks leads to happiness and
success in other developmental tasks they
will perform later in life.
 Failure leads to unhappiness, disapproval by
society, and difficulty with later
developmental tasks.

14.  Becoming more adult
 Deciding on roles
 Accepting your physical self
 Becoming more independent
 Preparing for marriage and
family life
 Selecting an occupation
 Developing personal
priorities
 Becoming more socially
responsible

15.  Because you are
human, you have
certain needs. You
share these needs with
all other humans, but
you fulfill them in
unique ways.
 In Maslow’s system, he
arranged needs in
order of their priorities.

16. Physical Needs

17.  Physical needs have first priority.
 Fulfillment of physical needs is necessary for
good health, a state of well-being, and the
continuation of life.

18.  Once you have
satisfied your physical
needs, you can
address other needs.
 You need to feel safe
from physical danger.
You need to feel
secure in daily
routines so you know
what to expect from
life.

19.  Everyone needs to
be needed.
 You need to feel
that you are
accepted by others,
and you need to
feel secure in your
relationships.

20.  You need esteem
(respect and
admiration).
 Self-esteem must
be established first.
 You must respect
yourself first before
you can expect
others to respect
you.

21.  Self-actualization is
the realization of
your full potential.
 To reach this level, all
other levels of needs
must be at least
partially fulfilled.

22.  Kohlberg believed
that people pass
through a series of
predictable stages in
their moral thinking.
 Morals – Beliefs
about right and
wrong behavior.

23.  Preconventional Level: Moral decisions are
based on punishment & rewards.
◦ Stage 1 – Threat of punishment influences decisions
◦ Stage 2 – Desire for rewards influences decisions

24.  Conventional Level: Moral decisions are based
on social rules and expectations.
◦ Stage 3 – Opinions of others influence decisions
◦ Stage 4 – Respect for law and order guides behavior

25.  Postconventional Level –
Moral decisions are based
on personal ethics
concerning what is
morally right
◦ Stage 5 – Personal priorities
concerning individual human
rights influence decisions
◦ Stage 6 – Self-chosen ethical
principles guide decisions

26.  Each time something happens in your
environment to threaten your self-
esteem, you react.
 Defense Mechanisms – Ways that people may
react, almost automatically, to anxiety-
producing events or threats.

27.  Direct attack – In response to a threat to your
self-esteem, you attack the source of your
threat.
 Compensation – Using a substitute method to
achieve a desired goal.
 Rationalization – When you explain your
weaknesses or failure by giving socially
acceptable excuses

28.  Projection – When
you blame other
people or things for
your failures.
◦ Scapegoat – The
person who bears the
pain for the others;
taking the blame for
something you didn’t
do.

29.  Displacement – Transferring an emotion
connected with one person or thing to an
unrelated person or thing.
 Conversion – Transferring the energy of desire
you cannot express into a physical symptom
or complaint

30.  Regression – A defense
mechanism in which you
revert back to a less mature
stage of development.
 Idealization – Valuing
something far more than its
worth.
◦ Something in your life that
means a lot to you even if its not
worth anything.

31.  Daydreaming
 Giving Up

32.  Anger
 Fear
 Depression
 Attitudes
 Prejudices – An opinion formed without
knowledge.
 Stereotypes – The false belief that all
members of a given group are the same.