7. HERODOTUS
• “Father of History
of Human
Civilization”
• born in the ancient
city of Caria – later
Halicarnassus (now
Turkey)
• He wrote the
history of the
Greco-Persian Wars
(499-479 BC)
8. HERODOTUS
• He believed that
the universe is
governed by Fate
and Chance
• Leading source of
original information
of Greek history
and Egypt
• Compiled a source
known Historia
9. IBN KHALDUN (1332-1406)
• Born in Tunis in the
region of Tunisia to
a Spanish-Arab He
received his formal
education in the
Qu’ran, Arabic
poetry and Islamic
law.
• Wrote Kiatab Al-
lbar or Universal
History
10. IBN KHALDUN (1332-
1406)
• Taught at the
University of
Al-Azhar and
his important
contribution
was the
Muqaddimah
• Religion in
Khaldun’s
view is the
strongest
motivator to
unite the
members of
society.
12. Colonization and
Conquest
• The contemporary study of
anthropology dawned during the
exploration and colonization of
lands by the European
conquistadores in the America,
Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
16. three-partite
epochs:• Stone Age. Earliest period of
human history, in which tool and
weapons were made of stone.
Divided into three different and
separate eras:
• Paleolithic Era. Refers to the
origins and development of early
human culture from the time of
man’s appearance on earth around
600,000 or 700,000 years’ back.
Early human were food gatherers.
Tool making by the Paleolithic
people may be classified into four
different cultures and tradition:
pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe
tradition, flake-tool tradition,
17. three-partite
epochs:• Stone Age. three different
and separate eras:
• Mesolithic Era. Middle stone
age. 8000-2700 BC.
• Neolithic Era. Food gatherings
was shifted to food production
and hunting was altered to human
domestication. Many humans no
longer practiced hunting and
gathering of wild plants and
fruits.
18. CHRISTIAN JURGENSEN
THOMSEN (1788-1865)
three-partite epochs:
• Iron Age. Iron was used in
making tools and weapons.
Many humans no longer
practiced hunting and
gathering of wild plants and
fruits. Food gatherings was
shifted to food production
and hunting was altered to
human domestication
• Bronze Age. Period of
cultural history that
succeeded the Stone Age and
was characterized by the use
19. EDOUARD ARMAND
ISODEE HIPPOLYTE
LARTET (1801-1871)
• First French
paleontologist,
geologist and
archeologist who
discovered, fossil
remains in
southwestern France in
1834
• He believed that Ice
Age mammals and
humans live during the
era simultaneously
20. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809-1882)
A maternal grandchild
of Erasmus Darwin
At the age of 22, He
joined the crew of the
HMS Beagle
Expedition on Dec.
27, 1831 as a
naturalist
21. CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809-1882)
In The descent of Man
and Selection in
Relation to Sex (1871),
Darwin explained
authoritatively
annotated the
evolution of human
races, morality
civilization, and origins
among the Old World
monkeys.
22. GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL (1822-1884)
• An Austrian monk of
Augustinian Monastery at
Brünn, botanist, plant
experimenter, and
• pioneer in using
mathematics in the science
of genetics known as the
“Mendel’s Law”
• Mendel’s law or mendelism
is a systematic principle of
heredity in which the
chromosomes are carriers
of genetic units.
• Two fundamental laws:
• Law of Segregation
• Law of independent
Assortment
23. Herbert Spencer
• An English social
philosopher and
sociologist
• In his Principle of Biology
(1864), Spencer theorized
that evolution was
caused by the inheritance
of acquired
characteristics from its
origin.
• He coined the phrase
survival of the fittest.
24.
25. LEWIS HENRY MORGAN (1818-
1881)
• an American lawyer, ethnologist, anthropologist,
and founder of scientific anthropology
• in Morgan’s view, diverse aspects of culture, such
as the structure of families, forms of marriage,
categories of kinship, ownership of property, forms
of government, technology, and systems of food
production, all changed as societies evolved.
• He wrote Ancient Society or Research in the Lines of
Human Progress form Savagery through Barbarism
26. SIR EDWARD BURNETT TYLOR (1832-
1917)
• British anthropologist, born in London.
• became interested in anthropology in 1856 while
accompanying the British ethnologist Henry Christy
on a scientific journey through Mexico.
• his first book Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans
(1861). He served as the first professor of
anthropology at the University of Oxford from 1896
to 1909.
• Tylor's studies about animism and his definition of
culture were important early contributions to the
field of anthropology.
27. “Culture as
complex whole
that includes
knowledge, belief,
art morals, law
custom and any
other capabilities
and habits
acquired by man
as a member of a
society.”
- Edward Tylor
28. FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942)
• A German-American anthropologist
and founder of cultural relativism
• He pioneered in the use of a
scientific approach to
anthropology.
• He also demonstrated the necessity
of studying a culture in all its
aspects, including its religion,
art, history, and language, as well
as the physical characteristics of
the people.
29.
30. MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978)
• American anthropologist,
widely known for her
studies of primitive
societies and her
contributions to social
anthropology.
• she conducted notable
research in New Guinea,
Samoa Islands, and Bali
• Pioneering
anthropological
techniques that include
the use of photography
and videotape
31. CLAUDE GUSTAVE LEVI-STRAUSS
(1908-PRESENT)
• Belgian-born French
anthropologist and
leading proponent of
the structural approach
to social anthropology.
• His work supports the
theory that the various
human cultures and
their language patterns,
myths, and behaviors
are part of a common
framework (or
structure) underlying all
human life.
32. ROBERT FOX (1918-1985)
• Former curator of the anthropology division of the
National Museum in the Philippines
• He steered several excavations like Tabon and Leta-
Leta Caves in southwestern Palawan where he
discovered human fossil remains and stone tools
dated form Pleistocene period (1.6 million years to
10,000 BC)
Anthropology may be classified asphysical and cultural.
“Father of History of Human Civilization” for he founded the Greek and Roman historiographical tradition.
He was born in the ancient city of Caria – later Halicarnassus (now Turkey)
Persian Empire – the dominant culture in East during the 4th century BC.
He wrote the history of the Greco-Persian Wars (499-479 BC)
Greeks – the dominant culture of the West at the time
He believed that the universe is governed by Fate and Chance and nothings is permanent in human affairs.
He was considered as the leading source of original information not only for Greek history but for Egypt as well
He compiled all the inquires, observations, experiences, and studies into an omnibus of source known as historia that later served as excellent reference for different fields of interest like history, anthropology, sociology, archeology, and the like.
Born in Tunis in the region of Tunisia to a Spanish-Arab family that played an important political role in Southern Spain and became the greatest of the Medieval Islamic historians
He received his formal education in the Qu’ran, Arabic poetry and Islamic law.
Wrote Kiatab Al-lbar or Universal History that guided the history of Muslim North Africa and the Berbers (desperate barbaric ethnic groups in North and West Africa).
Taught at the University of Al-Azhar and his important contribution was the Muqaddimah (first systematic study on history and society).
Religion in Khaldun’s view is the strongest motivator to unite the members of society.
The contemporary study of anthropology dawned during the exploration and colonization of lands by the European conquistadores in the America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
The first contact of the colonizers, during the 14th and 19th century, to the countless and variety of local inhabitants triggered some scholars to study, understand, and deliberate the diversity of man and cultures.
At the beginning of the 19th century, several scientific observations such as stone tools that were indicated by several anthropologists scrutinized the humanity’s past.
The contemporary study of anthropology dawned during the exploration and colonization of lands by the European conquistadores in the America, Africa, Asia and the Pacific.
The first contact of the colonizers, during the 14th and 19th century, to the countless and variety of local inhabitants triggered some scholars to study, understand, and deliberate the diversity of man and cultures.
At the beginning of the 19th century, several scientific observations such as stone tools that were indicated by several anthropologists scrutinized the humanity’s past.
Born in 1788 at Copenhagen, Denmark.
Curator of the National Museum of Denmark who classified and arranged the Scandinavian antiquities.
Born in 1788 at Copenhagen, Denmark.
Curator of the National Museum of Denmark who classified and arranged the Scandinavian antiquities.
As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs:
Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras:
Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition.
Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC.
Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits.
Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized using tools made of bronze
Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons
As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs:
Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras:
Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition.
Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC.
Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits.
Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized using tools made of bronze
Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons
As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs:
Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras:
Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition.
Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC.
Neolithic Era. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits.
Bronze Age. Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized using tools made of bronze
Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons
As an archeologist, he developed three-partite epochs:
Stone Age. Earliest period of human history, in which tool and weapons were made of stone. Divided into three different and separate eras:
Paleolithic Era. Refers to the origins and development of early human culture from the time of man’s appearance on earth around 600,000 or 700,000 years’ back. Early human were food gatherers. Tool making by the Paleolithic people may be classified into four different cultures and tradition: pebble-tool tradition, hand-axe tradition, flake-tool tradition, blade-tool tradition.
Mesolithic Era. Middle stone age. 8000-2700 BC.
Neolithic Era.
Iron Age. Iron was used in making tools and weapons. Many humans no longer practiced hunting and gathering of wild plants and fruits. Food gatherings was shifted to food production and hunting was altered to human domestication
Bronze Age. 1000 bc Period of cultural history that succeeded the Stone Age and was characterized by the use of tools made of bronze
First French paleontologist, geologist and archeologist who discovered, fossil remains in southwestern France in 1834
He study on fossils from the Tertiary period (65-1.6 million years) and Quarternary period or Ice Age (1.6 million years to present)
He believed that Ice Age mammals and humans live during the era simultaneously
A maternal grandchild of Erasmus Darwin, a freethinking physician, physiologist and poet before the French Revolution started from 1789-1799.
At the age of 22, He joined the crew of the HMS Beagle Expedition on Dec. 27, 1831 as a naturalist
Several biologist and geologist patterned their doctrines Darwin’s Natural selection and evolution that early humans adapted to the constant changes to the environment.
In The descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), Darwin explained authoritatively annotated the evolution of human races, morality civilization, and origins among the Old World monkeys.
A maternal grandchild of Erasmus Darwin, a freethinking physician, physiologist and poet before the French Revolution started from 1789-1799.
At the age of 22, He joined the crew of the HMS Beagle Expedition on Dec. 27, 1831 as a naturalist
Several biologist and geologist patterned their doctrines Darwin’s Natural selection and evolution that early humans adapted to the constant changes to the environment.
In The descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), Darwin explained authoritatively annotated the evolution of human races, morality civilization, and origins among the Old World monkeys.
An Austrian monk of Augustinian Monastery at Brünn, botanist, plant experimenter, and pioneer in using mathematics in the science of genetics known as the “Mendel’s Law”
Mendel’s law or mendelism is a systematic principle of heredity in which the chromosomes are carriers of genetic units.
Two fundamental laws:
Law of Segregation. Genes are transferred as separate and distinct units from one generation to the next.
Law of independent assortment. It theorized that the alleles (one or more genes that may occur alternatively at a given site on a chromosome) of the gene pairs – one on each paired of chromosomes – separate during the formation of sex cells by a parent organism.
Morgan called his evolutionary stages ethnical periods and labeled them Savagery (with three stages: Lower, Middle, and Upper), Barbarism (also with three stages), and Civilization. Morgan did not necessarily believe in the use of his theory to promote racism, ethnocentrism, or exploitation. But like others of his time, he considered Western civilization to be the highest form of culture. Morgan believed that race, nationality, language, and culture were all related and that Europeans were the most biologically and culturally advanced people
British anthropologist, born in London.
became interested in anthropology in 1856 while accompanying the British ethnologist Henry Christy on a scientific journey through Mexico.
his first book Anahuac, or Mexico and the Mexicans (1861). He served as the first professor of anthropology at the University of Oxford from 1896 to 1909.
Tylor's studies about animism and his definition of culture were important early contributions to the field of anthropology.
His major works are Researches into the Early History of Mankind (1865), Primitive Culture (2 volumes, 1871; new ed., 1958), and Anthropology (1881).
Animism Polytheism Monotheism
Culture as complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art morals, law custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.
FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942)
A German-American anthropologist and founder of cultural relativism
He believed that the human species is one, but races of mankind are many in which evolved, developed and survived equally in different ways in the passage of time.
Boas' anthropological studies have become classics in the field. He pioneered in the use of a scientific approach to anthropology. He also demonstrated the necessity of studying a culture in all its aspects, including its religion, art, history, and language, as well as the physical characteristics of the people.
One of his most important conclusions was that no truly pure race exists, and that no race is innately superior to any other.
He wrote The Growth of Children (1896), The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), Anthropology and Modern Life (1928), and Race, Language, and Culture (1940).
MARGARET MEAD (1901-1978)
American anthropologist, widely known for her studies of primitive societies and her contributions to social anthropology.
she conducted notable research in New Guinea, Samoa Islands, and Bali
Pioneering anthropological techniques that include the use of photography and videotape
CLAUDE GUSTAVE LEVI-STRAUSS (1908-PRESENT)
Belgian-born French anthropologist and leading proponent of the structural approach to social anthropology. His work supports the theory that the various human cultures and their language patterns, myths, and behaviors are part of a common framework (or structure) underlying all human life.
ROBERT FOX (1918-1985)
Former curator of the anthropology division of the National Museum in the Philippines
He steered several excavations like Tabon and Leta-Leta Caves in southwestern Palawan where he discovered human fossil remains and stone tools dated form Pleistocene period (1.6 million years to 10,000 BC)