7. Let’s see the particles in bromine liquid Particle theory
8. The smallest particle of an element and not breakable anymore. 1. A t o m s Examples: Atom of hydrogen atom of magnesium atom of oxygen atom of chlorine H Mg Cl O Particle theory
9. A group of two @ more atoms, which might consist of: one type of element (Element) @ different types of element (Compound) 2. M o l e c u l e s
10. Examples of element molecules: Molecule of hydrogen gas Molecule of oxygen gas Molecule of chlorine gas O O Cl Cl H H
11. Examples of compound molecules: Molecule of water , H 2 O Molecule of ammonia , NH 3 Molecule of ethanol , C 2 H 5 OH Particle theory H H O H H H N O C C H H H H H H
12. Ions are atoms which have charge Positively-charged ion / cation (loss e - ) Negatively charged ion / anion (gain e-) 3. I o n s + -
13. Examples of ions: Hydrogen atom Hydrogen ion Magnesium atom Magnesium ion Oxygen atom Ox ide ion Chlorine atom Chlorine ion Particle theory Symbol of element H + H Lose electron Mg 2+ Lose electron Mg O 2- Gain electron O Cl - Gain electron Cl
39. Heating curve of naphthalene Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7 A C B D Temperature / ˚C Time / minute 79˚C
40.
41. What is the Melting point? A: 79˚C What is the physical state at B-C? A: solid and liquid Where is point that Melting process started? A: B Where is point that Melting process ended? A: C graph apparatus
42. Why the curve of heating has no change at B-C? A: because the heat energy absorbed by naphthalene molecules to overcome the forces of attraction to becomes liquid Why solid naphthalene heated in water ? A: to ensure a uniform heating If the melting point of Substance X is 123˚C, can we still use water as medium? Why? A: No. Because its melting point is higher than the boiling point of water. We can use oil bath to replace water. graph apparatus Physical changes
43. Freezing point – the temperature which a solution becomes solid Determine the Freezing Point of Naphthalene
44. Cooling curve of naphthalene Q1-Q4 Q5-Q7 79˚C E F Temperature / ˚C G H Time / minute
45. Is the freezing point same with the Melting point? A: Yes, both are 79˚C What is the physical state change in this experiment? A: Liquid naphthalene changes to solid Where is the point that freezing process started? A: F Where is the point that freezing process ended? A: G
46. Why the curve of heating has no change at F-G? A: because the heat energy released during formation of bonds is equal to the heat released to surroundings Why liquid naphthalene in the boiling tube is cooled inside a conical flask? A: to ensure a uniform cooling
56. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol Electric Charge Relative Mass Location
57. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p Electric Charge Relative Mass Location
58. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n Electric Charge Relative Mass Location
59. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge Relative Mass Location
60. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 Relative Mass Location
61. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 Relative Mass Location
62. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass Location
63. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass 1 Location
64. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass 1 1 Location
65. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0 Location
66. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0 Location in the nucleus atom
67. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0 Location in the nucleus atom in the nucleus atom
68. Subatomic Particle In An Atom PROPERTIES PROTON NEUTRON ELECTRON Symbol p n e - Electric Charge +1 0 -1 Relative Mass 1 1 1/1240 ≈ 0 Location in the nucleus atom in the nucleus atom Electron shells which around the nucleus atom
86. Repeat them !! Proton number number of protons in the nucleus of atom Nucleon number total number of protons and nucleons in the nucleus of atom Valence electron the electrons in the outermost shell Electron configuration – arrangement of electron
88. Q1 Fill in the blanks Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number Number of Neutrons A 3 7 B 6 12 C 19 10 D 16 16 E 17 18 F 40 20
89. Q1 Answers Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number Number of Neutrons A 3 7 4 B 6 12 6 C 9 19 10 D 16 32 16 E 17 35 18 F 20 40 20
90. Q2 Fill in the blanks Elements Number of Neutron Nucleon Number Number of electrons Electron Configuration A 5 9 B 8 2.6 C 19 2.7 D 14 2.8.3 E 32 16 F 20 40
91. Q2 Answers Elements Number of Neutron Nucleon Number Number of electrons Electron Configuration A 5 9 4 2.2 B 8 16 8 2.6 C 10 19 9 2.7 D 14 27 13 2.8.3 E 16 32 16 2.8.6 F 20 40 20 2.8.8.2
96. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton No of neutron No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
97. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 8 No of neutron No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
98. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 8 8 No of neutron No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
99. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 8 8 8 No of neutron No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
100. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
101. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
102. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
103. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
104. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
105. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
106. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration 2.8.6 Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
107. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
108. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6 Valence e - 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
109. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6 Valence e - 6 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
110. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6 Valence e - 6 6 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
111. Properties of isotopes Oxygen Isotopes No of proton 16 16 16 No of neutron 16 17 18 No of e - 16 16 16 e - configuration 2.8.6 2.8.6 2.8.6 Valence e - 6 6 6 16 8 O 18 8 O 17 8 O
114. Q3. Answer the structure questions Elements Proton Number Nucleon Number P 3 7 Q 9 19 R 16 32 S 15 31 T 16 33 U 18 40
115. a ) What means proton number? A: The numbers of proton in the nucleus of an atom b) What means nucleon number? A: The numbers of proton & neutron in the nucleus of an atom c) Write the electron arrangement for element Q. A: 2.7 d) How many valence electrons that element Q has? A: 7 e) How many electron shells that element Q has? A: two