POWERPOINT

3. ROLE OF
PLANT
HORMONES
AND THEIR INTERPLAY IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY
MAGANDANG BUHAY!!
LERMA S. ESTOBO

4. DO PLANT HAVE HORMONES JUST LIKE HUMANS?
Plants have hormones, just like people.
They play an important role in the way
that plants grow and look. Hormones
affect growth habits, the length of
branches, even where the plant branches.
Plant hormones are chemicals that are
made in the plant and moved to a
different location in the plant.

5. DO PLANT HAVE HORMONES JUST LIKE HUMANS?
Hormones shape the plant and
affect seed growth, time of
flowering, sex of flowers, and
senescence of leaves and fruits.
They affect which tissues grow
upward and which grow downward
and even plant death

8. ROLE OF
PLANT
HORMONES
organic substances
that regulate plant
growth and
development

9. ROLE OF
PLANT
HORMONES

10. ROLE OF
PLANT
HORMONES

11. WHAT ARE THE TYPES
OF HORMONES?
Plant growth hormones
Plant Hormones as organic
substances that regulate
plant growth and
development it able plants
produce a wide variety of
hormones

12. TYPES OF
HORMONES

13. TYPES OF
HORMONES
abscisic acid (ABA)
cytokinins (CK)
salicylic acid (SA)
ethylene (ET)

14. TYPES OF
HORMONES
jasmonates (JA)
brassinosteroids (BR)
peptides
Strigolactones

15. JASMONATES
(JA)
It is called as the
lipid hormones
and are able
to affect plant systemic resistance
as well as plant growth
and development
(Schaller and Stintzi, 2009)

16. JASMONATES
(JA)
is an important signaling molecule affecting plant
response under biotic and abiotic stresses,
and its biosynthetic pathway is catabolized by
Allene oxide cyclase (AOC: EC5.3.99.6)
is a plant immune hormone which are important
for plant defense mechanism and development,
have an important role in root growth inhibition,
tuber formation, trichome formation ,senescence,
flower development and increasing arbusculer
mycorrhizal activity in root plants, recently it has
been reported in various development in rice
crop like spikelet development etc..

17. JASMONATES
(JA)
control plant defenses against
herbivore attack and pathogen infection;
confer tolerance to abiotic stresses,
including ozone, ultraviolet radiation, high
temperatures, and freezing
and regulate various aspects of development,
including root growth, stamen development,
flowering, and leaf senescence

18. JASMONATES
(JA)
Regarding the function of JA in plant
developmental processes, a certain
group study the formation of the
female flower organs of the tomato,
since tomato plants, which are
insensitive to jasmonic acid, are
female sterile and are not able to
form seeds. These approaches are
complemented by the development
of methods for a cell- and tissue-
specific detection of jasmonates,
thereby following different
approaches to visualize JA using
microscopic methods. In addition,
they are interested in how the
biosynthesis of JA, which occurs in
two different plant organelles, the
plastids and peroxisomes, is
regulated.

19. JASMONATES
(JA)
Structures of jasmonates (JA and
MeJA) and their mimics (In-L-Ile-
Me and 6-ethyl-In-L-Ile-Me) used
to elicit responses in nicotine, TPI
activity, and transcript
accumulation after the treatment
of leaves growing at particular
nodes on soil-grown or
hydroponically grown Nicotiana
attenuata plants. Leaves growing
at node 0 are undergoing the
source–sink transition.

20. ACTIONS
OF
JASMONATES (JA)
Inhibition of seedling growth
Inhibition of root growth
Repression of Arabidopsis leaf expansion
JA treatment inhibits the expansion
of true leaves and cotyledons
Inhibition of hypocotyl growth JA acts through COI1
to inhibit hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis under
all tested light conditions, including blue, red, and far-
red wavelengths
(Chen et al., 2013).

21. ACTIONS
OF
JASMONATES (JA)
in defense it plays a
crucial role against
insect and
pathogen
resistance.

22. ACTIONS
OF
JASMONATES (JA)
Jasmonic acid or a
derivative may act as a
long-distance
transmissible signal for
wound signaling.

23. ACTIONS
OF
JASMONATES (JA)
Mediated Abiotic Stress
Responses or it is a plant-
signaling molecule closely
associated with plant
resistance to abiotic stress

24. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
are endogenous plant hormones essential
for the proper regulation of multiple
physiological processes required for
normal plant growth and development.
could play a role in many processes
of plant growth and can be involved in cell division
and the elongation of plant stems.
.

25. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
defined as the sixth plant hormone after the
classic plant hormones auxin, gibberellins,
cytokinin, abscisic acid and ethylene, are
analogous to animal steroid hormones in
structure
Similar to animal hormones, brassinosteroids play
crucial
roles in diverse aspects of plant biology,
including cell elongation, cell division,
root growth, photo-morphogenesis, stomatal
vascular differentiation,
seed germination, immunity and reproduction .

26. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
are also involved in regulating the
metabolism of plant oxidation radicals,
ethylene synthesis and root gravitropic
response, and have a role in mediating
plant responses to stress, such as
freezing, drought, salinity, disease, heat
and nutrient deficiency

27. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
BRs were originally characterized for
their function in cell elongation, but it is
becoming clear that they play major
roles in plant growth, development, and
responses to several stresses such as
extreme temperatures and drought

28. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
The plant steroid hormone
brassinosteroids (BRs) play important
roles
 in plant growth and development,
regulating diverse processes such as
cell elongation, cell division,
photomorphogenesis, xylem
differentiation, and reproduction as
well as both abiotic and biotic stress
responses

29. BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
The chemical structure of brassinolide
(BL) with the steroid rings labelled as
A, B, C and D.
The parts within the dashed lines
can be substituted by different groups,
as described in the text

30. FACTS ABOUT
BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
 Brassinosteroids are in a Class of Their Own.
Less well-known than the main five classes of plant hormo
(auxins, abscisic acid, cytokinins, ethylene, and gibberellin
is the class known as brassinosteroids.
 Brassinosteroids Can Promote Seed Growth
Brassinosteroids promote or enhance apical dominance
seed germination, gravitropism, and ethylene production

31. FACTS ABOUT
BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
 But Brassinosteroids Can Also Harm Plant
Growth
On the other hand, BRs inhibit root growth,
formation of stomata,
and the development of xylem,
the water-conducting tissue in plants
Brassinosteroids Can Negatively Affect
a Plant’s Performance.
Brassinosteroid mutants exhibit phenotypic
abnormalities such as dwarfism, low fertility, and
delayed or stunted and aberrant growth and
development.

32. FACTS ABOUT
BRASSINOSTEROIDS
(BRS)
The photo shows just how
important
brassinosteroids are for
the development of
plants. A deficit of the
Brassinosteroids has
disrupted growth in the
cucumber plant on the
right. Credit: Wilfried
Rozhon / TUM

33. Question: What
happens if the plant
steroid is damaged?
The scientists used plants with mutations,
which impaired the activity of
brassinosteroids. They thereby discovered
that these plants produced less gibberellin.
As a result, the plants' germination was
impaired, their growth inhibited and their
flowering delayed. "The brassinosteroids are
therefore necessary for the production of
gibberellins - a mechanism that is highly
relevant to the growth and development of
plants," says Poppenberger, Professor for the
Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops.

34. PEPTIDES
What is a peptide
hormone?
5-60 amino acid
residues
Serve as receptor ligands
Influence many
developmental programs
Active at very low
concentrations

38. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION SHOWING THE CONTRIBUTION OF CYSTEINE-RICH PROTEINS (CRPS) TO EARLY STAGES OF SEED DEVELOPMENT. (A)
PEPTIDES DERIVED FROM DIFFERENT CELL TYPES ARE POTENTIALLY IMPLICATED IN THE REGULATION OF SEED DEVELOPMENT. (B) DISCRETE
EXPRESSION OF SECRETED PEPTIDES DURING THREE CRITICAL STAGES OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION (PRE-FERTILIZATION, FERTILIZATION, AND POST-
FERTILIZATION) AND EVIDENCE FOR THE MATERNAL CYTOPLASMIC CONTRIBUTION OF A SMALL GROUP OF CRPS (DATA RE-ANALYSED FROM: COSTA
ET AL., 2014; HUANG ET AL., 2015). THE X AXIS INDICATES SAMPLES ANALYSED; THE Y AXIS INDICATES EXPRESSION FREQUENCY. N: NUMBER OF
PEPTIDES IDENTIFIED FOR EACH EXPRESSION GROUP; I: IMMATURE OVULES; M: MATURE OVULES; 6: 6 HOURS AFTER FERTILIZATION; 12: 12 HOURS
AFTER FERTILIZATION; 24: 24 HOURS AFTER FERTILIZATION.

40. STRIGOLACTONES
What is a
strigolactones
Strigolactones are a new class of plant
hormones affecting:
1) mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis with its
plant host as hyphal branching
factors,
2) shoot branching,
3) germination of parasitic weed
Striga.
The important factor affecting the
production of the hormone in plant is
phosphorous starvation (Akiyama et
al., 2005; Lopez-Raez et al., 2008;
Miransari, 2011).

41. STRIGOLACTONES
What is a
strigolactones
The strigolactone, a newly emerged plant
hormone has been identified with many
functions such.
and also in many other
developmental and environmental
cues
as growth stimulant of parasitic
plants
plant architecture determinant
arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis
promoter

42. Strigolactones—
Biosynthesis and
Importance
In symbiosis between plant and AM fungi, SLs
stimulates branching of fungal hyphae and help
plant in obtaining available mineral nutrients
particularly nutrient with low mobility such as
phosphate.
The SLs are derived from carlactone (CL),
that itself synthesized as a result of
sequential reactions by three biosynthetic
enzymes, D27, CCD7, and CCD8 utilizing
all-trans-β-carotene in plastids (Alder et
al., 2012).

43. Strigolactones—
Biosynthesis and
Importance
The SLs are also involved in many aspects of
plant development like coordination of
growth and architecture of plants according
to the availability of nutrients in soil. SLs
regulates root growth and root hair
elongation while on the other hand, they
suppress secondary branching of the shoot
(Koltai, 2011).

44. Strigolactones—
Biosynthesis and
Importance
SLs also stimulate secondary growth of stem and
internode length in a cross talk with auxin and also
regulate leaf senescence (Agusti et al., 2011; de Saint
Germain et al., 2013; Yamada et al., 2014).
The SL triggered positive regulation of Sinorhizobium
meliloti induced nodulation was also observed in
Medicago sativa (Soto et al., 2010).
In Arabidopsis the SLs are involved in seed
germination and seedling growth.

45. Figure 2. Strigolactone triggered
response under hostile ecological
conditions: picture shows the
stress triggered biosynthesis and
signaling of SLs. SLs under abiotic
and biotic stress conditions
provide resistance to plants.
Under water stress SLs inhibit
shoot growth (a cross talk with
cytokinin) while enhance lateral
root growth to increase the
uptake of water. In a cross talk
with ABA, SLs regulate stomatal
density and release seed
dormancy. SLs enhance
arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM)
association to increase mineral
uptake under Nitrogen and
Phosphorus deficiency. Under
biotic stress condition SLs
provide tolerance against

46. Strigolactones
Strigolactones are a class of plant hormones that
stimulate branching in plants and the growth of
symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil.
They also impede shoot branching and trigger the
germination of parasitic plant seeds.

47. Strigolactones
Strigolactones (SLs)
function in plant growth
and development.
Strigolactones regulate
several developmental
processes, such as shoot
branching, seed
development, internode
elongation, and leaf
senescence. Strigolactones
are also a key regulator of
root architecture,
modulating the growth of
crown and lateral roots
and root hairs. Created

48. The Proposed Roles of
Strigolactones in Adult Plant
Growth and Development.(A) Under
normal conditions, a basal level of
strigolactone production in a wild-
type plant reduces lateral shoots
and roots, but enhances plant
height, secondary growth,
senescence, and root hairs.(B) Much
of this influence of strigolactones
can be seen in mutants that are
unable to make or respond to
strigolactones. They display more
lateral branches and lateral roots,
and less secondary growth and
arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi
symbiosis (in compatible
species).(C) Reduced phosphate
triggers increased strigolactone
production. This leads to greater
branch repression and, initially, to
enhanced lateral roots and root
hairs, and enhances AM fungi
symbiosis.

49. Why hormones
are important in
the development
of Agriculture
Industry
The response of plants under stress is regulated
by plant hormones indicating that the presence
of hormones can increase plant tolerance to
stress.
Production of hormones in plants may result in
activation of different genes in plant and hence the
regulation of different activities such as:
1) activation of different signaling pathways,
2) cell cycling,
3) plant water behavior,
4) plant response to stress, etc. (Wang et al., 2007a;
Tuteja, 2007; Rahman, 2013).

50. Why hormones
are important the
development of
Agriculture
Industry
Hormones are vital to plant
growth and lacking them,
plants would be mostly a mass
of undifferentiated cells. Plant
hormones play important roles
in diverse growth and
developmental processes as well
as various biotic and abiotic
stress responses in plants.

51. Why hormones
are important the
development of
Agriculture
Industry
Believe it or not, like us, plants
experience positive and negative
stress. With the increasing
challenges of climate change and
industrialisation, crops are being
exposed more and more to varied
intensities of stress. However, plant
stress is dictated by the immediate
environmental conditions, ie,
sunlight, temperature, nutrient
availability, pests and diseases,
physical injury, exposure to toxins
and crucially, water.

52. Why hormones
are important the
development of
Agriculture
Industry
The multiple singular plants that
make the whole crop are busy at
work, ensuring they grow to the best
of their abilities in their given
surroundings. As we progress with
the development of crop production,
complemented by postharvest
storage and transport,
plant hormones play a crucial role
in ensuring plant health and the
quality we, and our customers,
strive for.

53. “To be a farmer is to be a student
forever, for each day brings something
new.”
― John Connell, 'The Farmer's Son:
Calving Season on a Family Farm',
2019.

54. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND