Lattice Energy LLC - Two Facets of W-L Theorys LENR-active Sites Supported by Paper in Phys Rev Lett - July 23 2015

July 23, 2015 Lattice Energy LLC, Copyright 2015 All Rights Reserved 1
Lattice Energy LLC
Daskalakis et al. publish a key paper in Phys. Rev. Lett.
Demonstrate formation of organic plasmon condensate at room temp
Daskalakis et al.’s observations effectively support two key ideas in the Widom-Larsen
theory’s concept of a many-body LENR active site: (1) maximum size of sites is ~100
microns; (2) surface plasmon electrons within such sites are quantum mechanically
entangled, i.e. they are coherently and collectively oscillating at ambient temperatures
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/pm-wfs071415.php
Surface plasmons in Widom-Larsen theory LENR-active site behave like condensate

http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-07/pm-wfs071415.php
Screenshots from:
Phys. Rev. Lett. Fig. 5 (a)

Contents
Q-M condensates in Widom-Larsen theory and Daskalakis et al …..... 4 - 5
Overview: Daskalakis et al. paper published in Phys. Rev. Lett. …..... 6 - 8
Plasmon and proton Q-M entanglement is widespread in Nature ....…. 9 - 12
Widom-Larsen theory’s concept of an LENR-active site …..………… 13 - 14
Operational details of LENRs in Widom-Larsen active sites ………... 15 - 21
Widom-Larsen theory extended to organic aromatic molecules ……. 22 - 29
References to key Widom-Larsen theory papers ……….……………... 30
Unique characteristics of LENRs …………………………………………. 31
Many-body collective effects enable ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs)

Widom-Larsen theory LENR-active site has condensates
Site comprises many-body collective ‘patch’ of protons and plasmons
Born-Oppenheimer breakdown and collective quantum effects enable W-L LENRs
 “Spatial coherence and stability in a disordered organic polariton
condensate”
K. Daskalakis et al. Physical Review Letters 115 pp. 035301 - 06 (2015)
 Inside a laser-pumped microcavity, they demonstrated the formation of
spatially localized, entangled plasmon condensates in 100 nm layer of
organic TDAF molecules at room temperature in a disordered system
 Quoting: “Microcavity is identical to that of Ref. [2]. It uses 9 dielectric
mirror pairs on opposite sides of a layer of 2,7-bis[9,9-di(4-methylphenyl)-
fluoren-2-yl]-9,9-di(4-methylphenyl)fluorene (TDAF) and was impulsively
pumped high above the polariton energy (i.e. nonresonantly).”
 Created plasmon condensates have spatial dimensions that seem to max-
out at diameters of ~100 μ ; beyond this critical size limit they destabilize
 First-order temporal coherence of condensates = 0.8 picoseconds (ps);
this is in reasonable agreement with coherence decay time estimate of
1 ps which is calculated from the observed emission linewidth

 Widom-Larsen theory of ultralow energy neutron reactions (LENRs) provides detailed
descriptions of the structure, particle composition (plasmons + protons or deuterons), and
quantum, E-M, electroweak, chemical & nuclear processes that occur at LENR-active sites
 Remarkable type of many-body collective nuclear catalysis at LENR-active sites enables
either e + p or e + d neutron-producing electroweak reactions to occur in condensed matter
systems at substantial rates at ambient temperatures under exactly the right conditions and
with proper energy inputs (called “pumping” in lexicon of paper by Daskalakis et al.)
 According to Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs, many-body collective quantum and
electromagnetic effects are crucial and enabling to the operation of electroweak nuclear
catalysis at ambient temperatures; quantum entanglement amongst protons and plasmons
at LENR sites is inferred; 1 ps lifetime of plasmon condensate is very ample time for LENRs
 In 2006 EPJC paper (Widom & Larsen) we estimated size of coherence domains in LENR
sites on metallic hydride surfaces to be ~ 1 - 10 μ. As discussed later in this document, in
2009 Larsen extended Widom-Larsen theory to cover occurrence of LENRs on organic
aromatic molecules; increased maximum estimated size of W-L coherence domains to
~ 100 μ. Not known whether similarity to Daskalakis et al.’s limit of 100 μ is coincidental
 W-L active site functions like a microcavity; seems reasonable to speculate that the surface
plasmons in LENR-active sites form condensates similar to what Daskalakis et al. observed
Widom-Larsen theory LENR-active site has condensates
Involves many-body ‘patches’ of protons coupled to surface plasmons
Surface plasmons in LENR-active sites behave like Daskalakis et al. condensate

Abstract: “Although only a handful of organic materials have shown polariton
condensation, their study is rapidly becoming more accessible. The
spontaneous appearance of long-range spatial coherence is often recognized
as a defining feature of such condensates. In this Letter, we study the
emergence of spatial coherence in an organic microcavity and demonstrate a
number of unique features stemming from the peculiarities of this material set.
Despite its disordered nature, we find that correlations extend over the entire
spot size, and we measure g(1) (r,r′) values of nearly unity at short distances and
of 50% for points separated by nearly 10 μm . We show that for large spots,
strong shot-to-shot fluctuations emerge as varying phase gradients and defects,
including the spontaneous formation of vortices. These are consistent with the
presence of modulation instabilities. Furthermore, we find that measurements
with flat-top spots are significantly influenced by disorder and can, in some
cases, lead to the formation of mutually incoherent localized condensates.”
http://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.035301
http://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.01373v2.pdf

Background image of microcavity used in experiments
credit: Konstantinos Daskalakis,
Imperial College, London
Daskalakis et al. condensate behaves like SPs in LENR site
Q-M entanglement of plasmons occurs at ambient temperatures in both
 Quoting from their paper, “Here, we study in detail the onset of spatial and temporal
coherence in an organic polariton condensate. We show that even in the presence of
disorder, correlations can span the entire system size.”
 “Although a number of other criteria exist, the spontaneous onset of long-range
spatial coherence is often recognized as a defining feature for condensation.”
 “We obtain a coherence length of up to λc = 38 μ, which is ultimately limited by the
pump size.”
 “Although the effect of disorder is apparent in the intensity patterns, the long
coherence length and high degree of first-order coherence suggests the presence of
a single condensate with a large condensate fraction.” The same interferometry setup
was used to measure the first-order temporal coherence of the polariton condensate.
Here, the decrease in fringe contrast is measured over long time delays for two points
spatially separated by 3 μ. The temporal coherence, shown in Fig. 3(b), exhibits a
Gaussian prole with a coherence time τc = 0.8 ps. Due to the impulsive pump, this value
is not dominated by fluctuations, but instead agrees well with our calculation of the
condensate survival time. From the emission linewidth, we find a condensate decay
time of 1 ps, which is in good agreement with the measured temporal coherence.”

Daskalakis et al. plasmon condensate created in microcavity
Note abundant aromatic rings in TDAF molecule; system is laser-pumped100nm
Microcavity with TDAF layer TDAF molecule
Figure has been adapted by Lattice Aromatic rings in TDAF Adapted by Lattice
Laser pumped
Image credit: Konstantinos Daskalakis,
Imperial College, London
g(1) (-r,r) for increasing
pump fluence

Many-body collective quantum effects crucial to LENRs
Surface plasmon electrons e-
sp are quantum mechanically entangled
SPs involve 1010 electrons and are macroscopic but nonetheless Q-M entangled
http://home.physics.leidenuniv.nl/~exter/articles/nature.pdf
“Plasmon-assisted transmission of entangled photons” E. E.
E. Altewischer et al., Nature 418 pp. 304 - 306 (2002)
 “Here we investigate the effects of nanostructured metal optical elements on
the properties of entangled photons. To this end, we place optically thick metal
films perforated with a periodic array of subwavelength holes in the paths of
the two entangled photons. Such arrays convert photons into surface-plasmon
waves --- optically excited compressive charge density waves --- which tunnel
through the holes before reradiating as photons at the far side. We address the
question of whether the entanglement survives such a conversion process. Our
coincidence counting measurements show that it does, so demonstrating that
the surface plasmons have a true quantum nature.”
 “From a general perspective, the observed conservation of quantum
entanglement for the conversion from photon g surface plasmon g photon is a
demonstration of the true quantum nature of SPs.”
 “ … a simple estimate shows that SPs are very macroscopic, in the sense that
they involve some 1010 electrons. Our experiment proves that this macroscopic
nature does not impede the quantum behaviour of SPs …”

Q-M entanglement of protons & electrons is very widespread in Nature
Observed in variety of small and large molecular structures containing Hydrogen
 Protons found within a wide variety of many-body condensed matter molecular
systems spontaneously oscillate coherently and collectively; their quantum
mechanical (Q-M) wave functions are thus effectively entangled with each other
and also with nearby collectively oscillating electrons; amazingly, this behavior
occurs even in comparatively smaller, much simpler molecular systems such as
(NH4)2PdCl6, ammonium hexaclorometallate (see Krzystyniak et al., 2007 and
Abdul-Redah & Dreismann, 2006)
 Quoting from 2007 paper by Krzystyniak et al.: “… different behaviors of the
observed anomaly were found for LaH2 and LaH3 … As recognized by
Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann et al. … Coulombic interaction between electrons
and protons may build up entanglement between electrons and protons. Such
many body entangled states are subject to decoherence mechanisms due to
the interaction of the relevant scattering systems with its environment … one
can conclude that the vibrational dynamics of NH4
+ protons as fairly well
decoupled from the dynamics of the [attached] heavier nuclei.”
 Elaborating further from Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (2005), “Further NCS
experiments confirmed the existence of this effect in quite different condensed
matter systems, e.g., urea dissolved in D2O, metallic hydrides, polymers, ‘soft’
condensed matter, liquid benzene, and even in liquid H2-D2 and HD.”

Protons go in-and-out of entanglement in 100-500 x 10-18 s time-frames
 C. Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (Technical University of Berlin) and collaborators
have published extensively on collective proton entanglement since 1995; see:
“Attosecond quantum entanglement in neutron Compton scattering from water in
the keV range” (2007) http://arxiv.org/PS_cache/cond-mat/pdf/0702/0702180v1.pdf
Quoting from paper: “Several neutron Compton scattering (NCS) experiments on
liquid and solid samples containing protons or deuterons show a striking anomaly,
i.e. a shortfall in the intensity of energetic neutrons scattered by the protons; cf. [1,
2, 3, 4]. E.g., neutrons colliding with water for just 100 - 500 attoseconds (1 as =
10−18 s) will see a ratio of hydrogen to oxygen of roughly 1.5 to 1, instead of 2 to 1
corresponding to the chemical formula H2O. … Recently this new effect has been
independently confirmed by electron-proton Compton scattering (ECS) from a solid
polymer [3, 4, 5]. The similarity of ECS and NCS results is striking because the two
projectiles interact with protons via fundamentally different forces, i.e. the
electromagnetic and strong forces.” Proton entanglement is widespread in Nature
 Also see: “Entangled mechanical oscillators,” J. Jost et al., Nature 459 pp. 683 -
685 (2009) in which they state that the “... mechanical vibration of two ion pairs
separated by a few hundred micrometres is entangled in a quantum way.”
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp10/upload/Jost2010thesis.pdf
LENRs can take advantage of this because they work on even faster time-scales
See Jost’s thesis:

“Evidence of macroscopically entangled protons in a mixed isotope crystal of KHpD1 - pCO3”
F. Fillaux, A. Cousson, and M. Gutmann
Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 22 pp. 045402 (2010)
http://iopscience.iop.org/0953-8984/22/4/045402/pdf/0953-8984_22_4_045402.pdf
Quoting directly: “The proposed theory is based upon fundamental laws of quantum mechanics
applied to the crystal in question: the structure is periodic; dimers are centrosymmetric;
indistinguishable protons are fermions; indistinguishable deuterons are bosons. It leads to
macroscopically entangled states and, in the special case of protons, to super-rigidity and spin-
symmetry with observable consequences. This theory is consistent with a large set of experimental
data (neutron diﬀraction, QENS, INS, infrared and Raman) and, to the best of our knowledge, there
is no conﬂict with any observation. There is, therefore, every reason to conclude that the crystal is a
macroscopic quantum system for which only nonlocal observables are relevant.”
“Protons are unique to demonstrating quantum entanglement, because they are fermions and
because the very large incoherent cross-section can merge into the total coherent cross-section. No
other nucleus can manifest such an increase of its coherent cross-section. The enhanced features
can be, therefore, unambiguously assigned to protons, in accordance with their positions in
reciprocal space. They are evidences of macroscopic quantum correlations which have no
counterpart in classical physics.”
“This work presents one single case of macroscopically entangled states on the scale of Avogadro's
constant in a mixed isotope crystal at room temperature. The quantum theory suggests that such
macroscopic quantum effects should be of significance for many hydrogen bonded crystals.”
Proton Q-M entanglement extends to mesoscopic scales
“Protons are unique to understanding quantum entanglement”
Measurements show entanglement of protons is present at 300o K

Concept of Widom-Larsen theory’s LENR-active site
Comprised of many-body patches of protons/electrons on surface
SP electrons and protons oscillate collectively and are mutually Q-M entangled
Diameters of many-body active sites randomly range from several nm up to ~ 100 microns
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ‘Layer‘ of positive charge + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Thin-film of surface plasmon electrons - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Substrate: in example, is hydride-forming metal, e.g. Palladium (Pd); however, could just as easily be an Oxide (in that case, SP
electrons would be only be present at nanoparticle-oxide interface, not across entire substrate surface as shown above)
SP electron
subsystem
Substrate subsystem Note: diagram components are not to scale
Microscopic details of Widom-Larsen theory LENR-active site
Proton
subsystem
Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down in this region
+ + + + + + + + + Many surface protons (hydrogen) + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - Many surface plasmon (SP) electrons - - -- - -- -
- - - -
SP electron and proton subsystems each comprise Q-M entangled, many-body
collectively oscillating collections of oppositely charged particles; behave like
two ‘mirror’ condensates that interact with each other via electromagnetic field
SP electron and proton
subsystems form a
many-body W-L active
site; it can also reside
on nanoparticles
attached to surfaces
-
+

Patches of p+ protons form spontaneously on surfaces
Physical size of LENR active sites ranges from 2 nm to 100+ microns
With metal hydrides bulk lattice loading H/metal must be > 0.80 for sites to form
STM image of H on Pd(111) adapted from
Fig. 1 in Mitsui et al. (2003)
Pd
H
H
H
H
H
Lattice comment: image shows small many-body
patches of protons on Pd surface. Visual inspection
of STM image in adapted version of Fig. 1 reveals
that under Mitsui et al.’s experimental conditions,
PdHx ratios at many surface sites would appear to
be comfortably above the minimal critical value of
H/Pd > 0.80 known to be necessary for LENR
triggering; PdHx H/Pd ratios seen at some sites can
apparently range as high as x = 5.0 (see Figure 1)
Therefore, similarly high PdHx ratios would seem to
be plausible in the case of high % surface coverage
of hydrogen atoms (protons) on fully loaded
Pd(111) surfaces at room temperature of 273 K and
beyond. Thus, high PdHx ratios could reasonably
be expected to occur within nm to micron-sized,
many-body, entangled hydrogenous active sites
conjectured in the Widom-Larsen theory of LENRs
“Hydrogen absorption and diffusion
on Pd (111)” T. Mitsui et al.
Surface Science 540 pp. 5 - 11 (2003)
http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2
29342506_Hydrogen_adsorption_and_dif
fusion_on_Pd(111)
Example illustrates formation of hydrogenous patches on metallic hydride surface

Summary of key steps that must occur in LENR transmutation process
Widom-Larsen theory posits LENRs as multi-step process
Six-step green radiation-free process occurs in 200 - 400 nanoseconds or less
1. Collectively oscillating, quantum mechanically entangled, many-body patches
of hydrogen (either protons or deuterons) form spontaneously on surfaces
2. Born-Oppenheimer approximation spontaneously breaks down, allowing E-M
coupling between local surface plasmon electrons and patch protons; enables
application of input energy to create nuclear-strength local electric fields >>
1011 V/m - increases effective masses of surface plasmons located in patches
3. As many-body entangled protons couple loosely to nearby surface plasmon
electrons, it induces mirror plasmon condensate to form a la Daskalakis et al.
4. Heavy-mass surface plasmon electrons formed in many-body patches can
react directly with electromagnetically interacting protons; process creates
neutrons and benign neutrinos via a collective electroweak e + p reaction
5. Neutrons collectively created in patch have ultra-low kinetic energies; almost
all absorbed by nearby atoms - few neutrons escape into environment; locally
produced or ambient gammas converted directly into infrared photons by
unreacted heavy electrons (US# 7,893,414 B2) - no deadly gamma emissions
6. Neutrons captured, elements transmuted g ‘crater’ formation at active sites

While written as two-body e- + p+ reaction LENR catalysis is many-body
Condensed matter many-body collective effects involve quantum entanglement
Above is what really occurs on metallic hydride cathodes
What really happens is many-body
LENRs

Electroweak reaction in Widom-Larsen theory is simple
Protons or deuterons react directly with electrons to make neutrons
W-L explains how e + p reactions occur at substantial rates in condensed matter
EnergyE-field + e-
sp g e-*sp + p+ g n0 + νe
Collective many-body quantum effects:
many electrons each transfer little bits
of energy to a much smaller number of
electrons also bathed in the very same
extremely high local electric field
Quantum electrodynamics (QED): smaller number of
electrons that absorb energy directly from local electric
field will increase their effective masses (m = E/c2)
above key thresholds β0 where they can react directly
with a proton (or deuteron) neutron and neutrino
νe neutrinos: ghostly unreactive particles that fly-off into space; n0 neutrons capture on nearby atoms
Neutrons + atomic nuclei heavier elements + decay products
LENR ULE neutrons induce radiation-free nuclear transmutations and generate infrared heat
Draw energy from electric fields > 2.5 x1011 V/m Heavy-mass e-* electrons react directly with protons
Input energy (pumping) Collective many-body electroweak catalysis

Neutron production in LENR-active sites requires energy
Many different types of input energy sources can be used for pumping
Energy driving e + p reactions comes from E-fields not particle kinetic energies
Input energy is required to drive electroweak W-L nuclear catalysis - to create non-
equilibrium conditions that enable nuclear-strength local E-fields that will produce
populations of heavy-mass e-* electrons, only small portion of which will then react
directly with protons/deuterons to make neutrons & neutrinos in LENR-active sites:
 Electrical currents - i.e., electron current serves as an excellent input energy source
 Ion currents - across interface on which surface plasmon electrons reside (i.e., an ion
‘beam’ that can be comprised of protons, deuterons, tritons, and/or other types of
charged ions); one method used to input energy is an ion flux caused by imposing D2
pressure gradient across thin-film metal-oxide heterostructure (Iwamura et al. 2002)
 Incoherent and coherent electromagnetic (E-M) photon fluxes - can be incoherent
E-M radiation found in resonant electromagnetic cavities (i.e., microcavities); with
proper coupling, surface plasmon polariton electrons can also be directly pumped
with coherent laser beams emitting photons at appropriate resonant wavelengths
 Organized magnetic fields with cylindrical geometries (magnetic version of W-L
theory) – operates mainly at very high electron currents; includes organized, non-
ideal so-called dusty plasmas; scales all-the-way-up to magnetic flux tubes on stars

LENR electroweak catalysis boosts e + p reaction rate
Collective effects & Q-M entanglement make it a many-body reaction
Energy to drive reaction comes from electric fields not particle kinetic energies
Increased effective electron mass solves the mass deficit problem with e + p reaction rates
 In coherently oscillating. Q-M entangled patches of surface protons, deuterons, or
tritons the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down; this causes local
electromagnetic coupling between surface plasmon (SP) electrons and protons,
deuterons, or tritons associated/entangled with an LENR many-body active site and
enables transient, nuclear-strength, collective local electric fields > 2.5 x 1011 V/m
to be created therein. Site conceptually akin to gigantic ‘naked’ pancake-shaped,
micron+ diameter atomic nucleus (sans strong force) resting on a substrate surface
 LENR active site SP electrons locally bathed in nuclear-strength electric fields
undergo a phenomenon called “mass renormalization” whereby their masses
effectively increase. This effect, upon which the W-L theory of LENR electroweak
catalysis relies, was first discovered and published by famous Russian physicists in
1970s (Landau & Lifshitz, “The Classical Theory of Fields”, Sects. 17 and 47, Prob.
2, Pergamon Press, Oxford 1975 and Berestetskii, Lifshitz, & Pitaevskii, “Quantum
Electrodynamics”, Sect. 40, Eq. 40.15, Butterworth Heinmann, Oxford, 1997).
Effect is uncontroversial and well-accepted among high-energy particle physicists
 Since such electrons are not increasing mass via kinetic energy associated with
high-velocity translational motion, no bremsstrahlung radiation will be produced

W-L explains temporal details of electroweak catalysis
Neutron production/capture occur on time-scales 10-22 to 10-12 seconds
 Ultracold neutron production can begin in an LENR many-body active sites sometime after
local electric field strength exceeds ~ 2.5 x 1011 V/m (i.e., e-* mass renormalization ratio β now
greater than the minimum threshold ratio β0) and an adequate number of mass-renormalized
e-* electrons have been created (enabled by local breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer
approximation in ~temporal conjunction with nonequilibrium energy inputs to active sites)
 Electroweak e-* + p+ or e-* + d+ reactions will occur during many-body, collectively oscillating
protons’ brief moments of quantum coherence (evanescent Q-M entanglement within patch);
duration of such proton coherence times are on the order of attoseconds (~10-18 sec); these
times have been measured by Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann (2005) and are cited on Slide #44 in
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llctechnical-overviewpahs-and-lenrsnov-25-2009
 Once e-* mass renormalization set-up process has completed and heavy e-* electrons and p+
protons are ready to react (i.e., β now > β0), electroweak reactions that follow will then only
require ~10-19 to 10-22 sec to finish. Thus, while proton Q-M coherence times may be quite
short, collective electroweak reactions that produce neutrons operate on even faster nuclear
time-scales, thereby allowing collective neutron production to proceed at substantial rates
 Since collectively produced neutrons are ultra-ultra-low energy and local neutron capture
processes occur on time-scales of picoseconds (10-12 sec), not nearly enough time for them
to thermalize (that requires 0.1 - 0.2 μsec per S. Lamoreaux), so the vast majority of neutrons
are captured locally on nearby atoms; systems do not emit any MeV-energy neutron radiation
Fast chemical reactions take nanoseconds (10-9 s); 1 nanosec = 109 attoseconds

In condensed matter LENRs the system of collective, highly correlated particle interactions is a an
active site comprising a many-body surface patch of Np collectively oscillating protons that are all
electromagnetically coupled to many nearby collectively oscillating SP electrons Ne via local
breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation. After SP electron mass renormalization and
neutron production via an electroweak e + p reaction occur, the final state of such localized
systems contains (Np − 1) protons, (Ne – 1) SP electrons and according to the W-L theory, one
freshly produced neutron. Such a system’s final state might be naively pictured as containing an
isolated free neutron at roughly thermal energies with a DeBroglie wavelength λ of ~2 Angstroms
(2 x 10-8 cm) --- typical for thermalized free neutrons in condensed matter. Here that is not the case:
in a many-body collective system’s final state, a particular proton, say number k, has just been
converted into a neutron. The resulting many-body state together with all the unconverted protons
may be denoted by the neutron localized . However, neutrons produced by a Q-M many-body
collective process are not created in a simple state. Wave functions of such a neutron in a many-
body patch of Np identical protons is in fact a superposition of many Np localized states best
described by a delocalized band state:
Thus the DeBroglie wavelength λ of LENR neutrons produced by a condensed matter collective
system must be comparable to the spatial dimensions of the many-body active sites in which they
were produced. Wavelengths of such neutrons can be on the order of λ ≈ 3 x 10-3 cm or more; ultra
low momentum of collectively created neutrons then follows directly from the DeBroglie relation:
LENR neutrons are produced at ultralow kinetic energies
Deeply connected to Q-M entanglement of protons in LENR active sites
k

CH
H
H H
H
H
CC
C C
C
Aromatic molecule: 6 Carbon atoms in ring with Hydrogen
Benzene
ring
H = proton

Larsen extended Widom-Larsen theory to aromatic rings
Benzene ring is 2 nm molecular analogue of LENR active site on metal
Protons (Hydrogen) on ring and related π electrons are all Q-M entangled
“Technical Overview - PAHs and LENRs”
L. Larsen, Lattice Energy LLC
November 25, 2009 (see slides #42 - 45)
Synopsis: back in 2009, Larsen
predicted that under proper
conditions, electromagnetic
energy can be transferred into
hydrogenated aromatic rings
such that ultra low momentum
neutrons are created from ring
hydrogens (protons) via LENR
catalysis of an electroweak
eπ + p g n + νe reaction; neutrons
then tend to capture on nearby
ring Carbon atoms, inducing a
nuclear transmutation process
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/latti
ce-energy-llctechnical-overviewpahs-and-
lenrsnov-25-2009
Red indicates π many-electron clouds on
both sides of Carbon aromatic ring
p+
p+
p+ p+
p+
e -
π e-
π
e-
π e -
π
Only tiny fraction of total number of π
electrons are shown in this graphic
Larsen’s conjecture that electrons on aromatic
rings can behave like the functional equivalents
of surface plasmons on metals was eventually
confirmed by A. Manjavacas et al. (2013)

2009: predicted surface plasmons on aromatic rings
Larsen theoretically conjectured experimentalists would observe this
Abstract: “We show that chemically synthesized polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs) exhibit molecular plasmon resonances that are
remarkably sensitive to the net charge state of the molecule and the atomic
structure of the edges. These molecules can be regarded as nanometer-
sized forms of graphene, from which they inherit their high electrical
tunability. Specifically, the addition or removal of a single electron switches
on/off these molecular plasmons. Our first-principles time-dependent
density-functional theory (TDDFT) calculations are in good agreement with a
simpler tight-binding approach that can be easily extended to much larger
systems. These fundamental insights enable the development of novel
plasmonic devices based upon chemically available molecules, which, unlike
colloidal or lithographic nanostructures, are free from structural
imperfections. We further show a strong interaction between plasmons in
neighboring molecules, quantified in significant energy shifts and field
enhancement, and enabling molecular-based plasmonic designs. Our
findings suggest new paradigms for electro-optical modulation and
switching, single-electron detection, and sensing using individual molecules.”
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn4006297
“Tunable molecular plasmons in
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons”
A. Manjavacas et al.
ACS Nano 7 pp. 3635 - 3643 (2013)

Collective electroweak catalysis of neutrons on molecular LENR active site
 Delocalized clouds of π electrons situated above and below 6-Carbon aromatic
ring structures are in very close physical proximity to protons (hydrogen atoms),
oscillate collectively, and are mutually Q-M entangled (Manjavacas et al. - 2013)
 Protons that are also attached to an aromatic ring’s Carbon atoms oscillate
collectively and are Q-M entangled with each other (this was first observed and
reported by Chatzidimitriou-Dreismann - 2005)
 Local breakdown of Born-Oppenheimer approximation occurs on aromatic ring
structures; this enables E-M coupling and energy transfers between collectively
oscillating π electrons and nearby protons (H) on aromatic ring; during E-M energy
input, very high fluctuating local electric fields are created in vicinity of the ring
 When an aromatic structure is adsorbed onto the surface of a metallic substrate,
it will spontaneously orient itself as it approaches so that the ~flat ring plane of an
aromatic molecule ends-up ~parallel to the substrate surface. Born-Oppenheimer
approximation also breaks down there, enabling further E-M coupling and energy
transfers between Carbon-ring π electrons and thin-film ‘sea’ of surface plasmon
electrons covering a substrate’s surface (S. Jenkins, Proc. Royal Soc. 465 - 2009)
 Dynamics are analogous to manner in which LENR active sites operate on loaded
metallic hydride surfaces. Molecular aromatic ring structure becomes functional
analogue of a many-body LENR active site in which neutrons can be produced
collectively via electroweak e + p reaction; neutrons will tend to capture on nearby
ring Carbons --- this also applies to multi-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Surface plasmons on metals can transfer energy into ring π electrons
Jenkins: aromatic molecules adsorbed on metal surfaces will lay flat as possible
E-M field lines surrounding
an aromatic ring
http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/conte
nt/royprsa/465/2110/2949.full.pdf
“Aromatic adsorption on metals via first-
principles density functional theory”
S. J. Jenkins
Proceedings of the Royal Society 465
pp. 2949 - 2976 (2009)
Unsaturated Phenanthrene (C14H10)
Three-ring polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH)
“[Benzene] adopts a flat-lying … geometry, binding
to the surface through donation of electrons
through one or both of its degenerate HOMOs and
back-donation into one or both of its two
degenerate LUMOs.”
“The work of Dou et al. (2008) reveals a preference
for a flat-lying adsorption geometry on Cu{100} in
which the fused benzene rings are located above
hollow sites, oriented such that two C−C bonds
from each lie along one of the 011 directions …
amounting to a maximum vertical separation of
0.20Å between the lowest and highest lying C
atoms; the height of the molecule above the
surface is in the region of 2.20Å.”
π electrons carry
circulating ring currents
Schottky barrier forms at metal-
molecule interface; can create
local interfacial E-fields > 1010 V/m

“Our experiments prove … quantum wave nature … of up to 430 atoms”
Weight of largest molecule in study = 6.9 kDa; weight of a small enzyme = 18 kDa
http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v2/n4/pdf/ncomms1263.pdf
“Quantum interference of large organic molecules”
S. Gerlich et al., doi:10.1038/ncomms1263
Nature Communications 2, Article number: 263 (2011)
Abstract: “The wave nature of matter is a key ingredient of quantum
physics and yet it defies our classical intuition. First proposed by Louis
de Broglie a century ago, it has since been confirmed with a variety of
particles from electrons up to molecules. Here we demonstrate new
high-contrast quantum experiments with large and massive tailor-
made organic molecules in a near-field interferometer. Our
experiments prove the quantum wave nature and delocalization of
compounds composed of up to 430 atoms, with a maximal size of up to
60 Å, masses up to m = 6,910 AMU and de Broglie wavelengths down to
λdB = h/mv ≈ 1 pm. We show that even complex systems, with more than
1,000 internal degrees of freedom, can be prepared in quantum states
that are sufficiently well isolated from their environment to avoid
decoherence and to show almost perfect coherence.”

From Gerlich et al. “Quantum interference of large organic molecules”
Entanglement is very persistent in large molecules and at elevated temperatures
 Experimental setup. “The particles are evaporated in a thermal source.”
 “PFNS10 and TPPF152 contain 430 atoms covalently bound in one single
particle. This is ~350% more than that in all previous experiments and it
compares well with the number of atoms in small Bose-Einstein condensates
(BEC), which, of course, operate in a vastly different parameter regime: The
molecular de Broglie wavelength λdB is about six orders of magnitude smaller
than that of ultracold atoms and the internal molecular temperature exceeds
typical BEC values (T < 1 μK) by about nine orders of magnitude. Although
matter wave interference of BECs relies on the de Broglie wavelength of the
individual atoms, our massive molecules always appear as single entities.”
 “In our experiment, the superposition consists of having all 430 atoms
simultaneously ‘in the left arm’ and ‘in the right arm’ of our interferometer,
that is, two possibilities that are macroscopically distinct. The path separation
is about two orders of magnitude larger than the size of the molecules.”
 “In conclusion, our experiments reveal the quantum wave nature of tailor-
made organic molecules in an unprecedented mass and size domain. They
open a new window for quantum experiments with nanoparticles in a
complexity class comparable to that of small proteins …”

From Gerlich et al. “Quantum interference of large organic molecules”
Figure 1 from paper shows “Gallery of molecules used in our interference study”
Scale bar corresponds to 10 Ångstroms

Widom-Larsen theory of ultralow energy neutron reactions
Three key publications that begin in March 2006 are referenced below
Many-body collective effects enable electroweak catalysis in condensed matter
“Ultra low momentum neutron catalyzed nuclear reactions on metallic
hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
European Physical Journal C - Particles and Fields 46 pp. 107 - 112 (2006)
http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/widom-and-larsen-ulm-neutron-
catalyzed-lenrs-on-metallic-hydride-surfacesepjc-march-2006
“A primer for electro-weak induced low energy nuclear reactions”
Y. Srivastava, A. Widom, and L. Larsen
Pramana - Journal of Physics 75 pp. 617 - 637 (2010)
http://www.ias.ac.in/pramana/v75/p617/fulltext.pdf
“Theoretical Standard Model rates of proton to neutron conversions near
metallic hydride surfaces”
A. Widom and L. Larsen
Cornell physics preprint arXiv:nucl-th/0608059v2 12 pages (2007)
http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0608059v2.pdf

Image credit: co-author Domenico Pacifici
From: “Nanoscale plasmonic interferometers for
multispectral, high-throughput biochemical sensing”
J. Feng et al., Nano Letters pp. 602 - 609 (2012)
Unique characteristics of ultralow energy neutron reactions
Laura 13
Lattice Energy LLC
Lewis G. Larsen
President and CEO
Lattice Energy LLC
July 23, 2015
1-312-861-0115
lewisglarsen@gmail.com

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