This document provides an overview of biodiversity in the Philippines. It begins by defining key terms like endemism. It then discusses the high plant diversity in the Philippines, noting there are an estimated 12,000 plant species, with many ferns, orchids, and mosses being endemic. The document highlights some examples of endemic species within these groups. It also addresses the country's status as one of 17 megadiverse countries and notes the large numbers of endemic animal species like birds, mammals, and reptiles found in the Philippines. Threats to the country's biodiversity like habitat loss are also examined.

1. LECTURE ON
BIODIVERSITY
DEFINITION!
LEVELS!
IMPORTANCE!
THREATS & !
STATUS
www.picswallpaper.com
MODULE 4

2. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?

3. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?

4. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
A B

5. LET’S HAVE AN EYE CHECK…
Which one looks better?
A B

6. NOW LET’S CHECK OUT THE OUTSIDE WORLD
Which one looks better?

7. BIODIVERSITY
errolgatumbato.wordpress.comwww.thelandofpromise.com
www.vintagephilippines.com

8. WHAT IS BIODIVERSITY?
❖ Variety and Diversity
of life forms (number
of kinds) in an area!
!
❖ Biodiversity increases the stability of an ecosystem
and contributes to the health of the biosphere
australianmuseum.net.au

9. BIODIVERSITY on EXTINCTION ISSUES
❖Biodiversity is the FOCUS
of conservation!
!
❖Extinction !
❖a process that happens
when an entire species
permanently disappears
from the biosphere due to
the death of the species’
last member
www.phibetaiota.net

10. HIGH BIODIVERSITY = HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
❖ Measurement of how healthy
ecosystems are!
!
❖ HEALTHY ECOSYSTEM
support HIGH biological
diversity!
!
❖ STRESSED ECOSYSTEM
may not have the
CAPACITY to support high
biological diversity
www.motherearthnews.com

11. BIODIVERSITY LEVELS
❖ ECOLOGICAL/ECOSYSTEM!
❖ different habitats, niches,
species interactions!
❖ SPECIES!
❖ different kinds of organisms,
relationships among species!
!
❖ GENETIC!
❖ different genes & combinations
of genes within populations

12. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
❖ collection of all the plants and animals within a
particular area, each differing in species composition,
physical structure and function!
!
❖ the variety of ecosystems that are present in the
biosphere!
❖ made up of interacting populations and the abiotic
factors that support them!
❖ example: BIOMES
www.sciencerecorder.com

13. BIOMES
www.csus.edu

14. SPECIES DIVERSITY
❖ measure of the number of species which
occur within a particular taxonomic level in
a given geographic area!
!
❖ the number of different species and the
relative abundance of each species in a
biological community
blogs.thehindu.com

15. SPECIES DIVERSITY in ANGIOSPERMS
www.blog.gurukpo.com

16. GENETIC DIVERSITY
❖ The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that
are present in a population comprises its genetic
diversity!
❖ Degree of variation in all the genes for all individuals
within a species!
❖ As basis for evolution: Genetic diversity within an
interbreeding population increases the chances of
survival during changing environmental conditions or
during the outbreak of disease!
❖ Example: BANANAS and RICE varieties
www.ethicurean.com

17. GENETIC DIVERSITY in BANANAS
errebeekeeper.wordpress.com

18. GENETIC DIVERSITY in RICE

19. GENETIC DIVERSITY in CORN
slola.blogspot.com

20. OTHER DIVERSITY IN GENES
biojoan.comwww.gardenculture.net
www.ecosystemservicesseq.com.au

21. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and
indirect economic,
aesthetic, and scientific
reasons for preserving
biodiversity

22. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and
indirect economic,
aesthetic, and scientific
reasons for preserving
biodiversity

23. WHY IS BIODIVERSITY IMPORTANT?
There are direct and
indirect economic,
aesthetic, and scientific
reasons for preserving
biodiversity

24. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinction

25. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Extinctionwww.globalchange.umich.edu

26. EXTINCTION
Introduced Speciesavrotor.blogspot.com www.petproductnews.com
GOLDEN SNAIL JANITOR FISH

27. EXTINCTION
Habitat Loss

28. EXTINCTION
Habitat Fragmentation

29. EXTINCTION
Over Exploitation
Too much harvest for food, medicine and other human sustenance
science.howstuffworks.com

30. EXTINCTION
Invasive Species
davesgarden.com
www.davidsanger.com

31. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Climate Change
www.newsecuritybeat.org
www.mediaglobal.org

32. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Pollution
climatechange.thinkaboutit.eu

33. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Mining and Bioaccumulation
LARRY PRICE - www.flickr.com

34. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
Overpopulation

35. BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOTS

36. THE PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY STATUS

37. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ RAREST WILDLIFE: has more than 52,177 described
species, half of which are endemic!
❖ more than 1,130 terrestrial wildlife species recorded
for the Philippines (49 percent or half are endemic);
157 are threatened (128 are threatened endemic)
life-sea.blogspot.com

38. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ FLORAL DIVERSITY: between
10,000 and 14,000 species of
vascular and non-vascular
plants, more than half of which
are endemic
landofpromise.fairfood.org wildlifeconservation.ph hortlog.blogspot.com

39. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ AMPHIBIAN & REPTILE DIVERSITY: estimated
total of 359 species of amphibians (101 species, 246 are
endemic, highest % endemism for all vertebrates) and
reptiles (258 species)
gdeichmann.photoshelter.comPhoto by: Arvin Diesmos.

40. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ BIRD DIVERSITY: 576 species of birds (195 are
endemic), 45 species are either extinct in the wild,
critical, or endangered
newsinfo.inquirer.net

41. PHILIPPINES: one of the 17 MEGADIVERSE countries
❖ MAMMALIAN DIVERSITY:
174 mammalian species (111
are endemic)
www.explorer-philippines.com
animals.pawnation.com

42. NEW DISCOVERIES
❖ Several new species have been discovered in small
islands such as Sibuyan (five new species) and
Camiguin (two new species), catapulting these islands
to a new status as centers of mammal endemism!
!
❖ Sibuyan Island (463 km2
), which hosts four species of
endemic non-flying mammals (plus one bat), a total
exceeding that of any country in Europe

43. Activity for THURSDAY

44. what to do…
❖ If you will be an endemic (or endangered) philippine species
who will you be?!
❖ You may want to consult the workbook or other references!
❖ Make a portfolio (letter size) board paper:!
❖ photo!
❖ about you (from where are you)!
❖ shout out (how to save you from extinction)!
❖ BE RESOURCEFUL, BE UNIQUE!
❖ To be PRESENTED NEXT MEETING!

45. NEXT MEETING:
BIODIVERSITY
MEASUREMENTS
ALPHA & BETA DIVERSITY!
RICHNESS & EVENNESS

46. MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
❖ Ecologists define community diversity on the basis of 2
components:!
❖ SPECIES RICHNESS!
❖ the number of species in the community!
❖ SPECIES EVENNESS!
❖ the relative number of species in the community

47. SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?

48. SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS RICH?

49. SPECIES RICHNESS VS SPECIES EVENNESS
WHICH COMMUNITY IS EVEN?

50. MEASUREMENT OF COMMUNITY DIVERSITY
❖ Measures of diversity are INDICATORS of the well-
being of ecological systems and greatly contribute in
environmental monitoring efforts and conservation
strategies!
❖ Diversity Index!
❖ reflects the relationship between species richness and
evenness in measuring diversity!
❖ e.g. SHANNON-WEINER INDEX

51. ACTIVITY FOR TODAY
❖ FORM 5 GROUPS & CHOOSE A CAR PARK AS YOUR
ECOSYSTEM!
❖ OBTAIN THE VARIOUS DIVERSITY DATA USING THE
FOLLOWING!
❖ Genus (Car brand)!
❖ species (car characteristic)!
❖ CHOOSE A REPRESENTATIVE AND REPORT NEXT
MEETING!
❖ Follow the data format on page 50-51 and answer the
guide questions (submit one per group of your reported
data and answers to Q)

52. ACTIVITY FOR TODAY

53. activity for today

54. LECTURE ON
THE PHILIPPINE
BIODIVERSITY STATUS
Non-Living Resources!
Biological Resources!
Population and Human
Resources!
Issues on the PHL
Environmental Situation
www.picswallpaper.com
MODULE 3 and 5

55. BIOMES - Interaction between living & non-living
resources

58. THE NON-LIVING
RESOURCES
• AIR!
• WATER!
• LAND
www.fs.fed.us

59. AIR
• Air is the layer of gases surrounding the Earth's sphere!
• Clean air is composed of: !
• 78 percent nitrogen!
• 21 percent oxygen!
• 0.9 percent argon!
• 0.03 percent carbon dioxide!
• trace greenhouse gasess and tratospheric ozone!
• Air also contains water vapour, droplets, dust and other
particles and contaminants
cleantechnica.com

60. AIR as a Renewable resource
• Air is a renewable resource replenished by
natural processes!
• Example: Oxygen = produced by plants!
• Air can also be cleansed by natural
processes, such as rain!
• But air quality is changed by human and
natural processes (the latter including
volcanoes, forest fires)
cleantechnica.com

61. AIR as a FREE resource
• We treat the air as a free resource, as part of
the Global Commons!
• We don’t pay to use it for breathing !
• We don’t pay to use it as a conduit for waste
disposal.!
• But there are costs associated with air
pollution, in terms of human health, ecosystem
health, climate change and the economy
cleantechnica.com

62. CLIMATE CHANGE
cleantechnica.com

63. OZONE DEPLETION
• TO MAKE OZONE….
cleantechnica.com

64. OZONE DEPLETION
• TO DESTROY OZONE…
cleantechnica.com

65. AIR POLLUTION
cleantechnica.com
• Air pollutants are any visible or invisible substances in
the atmosphere that pose a threat to human health or
the environment!
• Most anthropogenic pollutants are associated with
combustion of fossil fuels!
• PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS: carbon monoxide (CO),
nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2),
particulates (TSP), hydrocarbon organic compounds
(HCs, VOCs)!
• Anthropogenic pollutants can be widely dispersed by
atmospheric motions, depending on their residence
time

66. AIR POLLUTION & WEATHER
CONDITIONS
cleantechnica.com

67. WATER
• While 67% of Earth’s surface is covered by water, only
less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater!
• Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps
and glaciers. Only less than 0.7% is available for
human use!
• On a global basis, fresh water is a increasingly scarce
resource!
• It is partially caused by increasing population coupled
by change of consumption pattern and climate
changes
imgur.com

68. USES OF WATER
imgur.com

69. USES OF WATER
imgur.com

70. USES OF WATER IN FOOD
PRODUCTION
imgur.com

71. CLASSIFICATION: FRESHWATER
• CLASS AA: PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY; REQUIRES
APPROVED DISINFECTION ONLY
• CLASS A: COMPLETE TREATMENT REQUIRED
(COAGULATION, SEDIMENTATION, FILTRATION,
DISINFECTION)
• CLASS B: PRIMARY CONTACT RECREATION (BATHING,
SWIMMING)
• CLASS C: PROPAGATION OF FISH; BOATING;
MANUFACTURING WATER AFTER TREATMENT
• CLASS D: IRRIGATION
imgur.com

72. CLASSIFICATION: MARINE
WATER
• CLASS SA: PROPAGATION, SURVIVAL AND HARVEST
OF SHELL FISH (COMMERCIAL PURPOSES)
• CLASS SB: RECREATIONAL WATER (BATHING,
SWIMMING, SKINDIVING); FISHERIES (BANGUS)
• CLASS SC: RECREATIONAL WATER (BOATING ETC.);
SUSTENANCE FISHING; MANGROVE AS WILDLIFE
SANCTUARIES
• CLASS SD: INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY (COOLING)
imgur.com

73. THREATS TO FRESH WATER
RESOURCES
imgur.com
• Climate change causes change
in frequencies of droughts and
floods!
• Depletion of aquifers caused by
over-consumption as a result of
population growth!
• Pollution and contamination by
sewage, agricultural and
industrial runoff

74. THREATS TO FRESH WATER
RESOURCES
imgur.com

75. THREATS TO FRESH WATER
RESOURCES
imgur.com

76. THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
imgur.com

77. LAND RESOURCES
• 3 uses that change the land are agriculture,
development, and mining!
• Less than 1/3 of Earth can be farmed!
• New farmland must be created for the
growing populations!
• Poor soil management can result in 3
problems: !
• erosion, nutrient depletion, and
desertification
www.wallpaper2020.com

78. EROSION
• Process by which water, wind, or ice moves particles
of rocks or soil
www.wallpaper2020.com
gsoil.wordpress.com

79. EROSION
www.wallpaper2020.com

80. NUTRIENT DEPLETION
• When farmers plant the same crops in a field year after
year!
• As a result, the plants use more nutrients than the
decomposers can replace!
• The soil becomes less fertile
www.wallpaper2020.comthinktrees.co.uk

81. DESERTIFICATION
• Desertlike conditions: farm lands or areas that are into
previously were fertile advanced into becoming
deserts
www.wallpaper2020.comearthhabitat.wordpress.com

82. LAND CONVERSION
www.wallpaper2020.com
www.maharashtragk.com

83. LAND CONVERSION
www.wallpaper2020.comwww.fao.org

84. ENDEMISM: THE LIVING
RESOURCES
• Native/Indigenous species: species are those
established in a given region, having
originated there, or been long settled without
human intervention!
• Endemic organisms are found nowhere else!
• Introduced/exotic/alien: is a species living
outside its native distributional range, which
has arrived there by human activity, either
deliberate or accidental
Paphiopedilum fowliei

85. LIVING RESOURCES: PLANTS
• Megadiverse!
• High species richness!
• High endemicity!
• The Philippines is the 23rd most plant species rich
country in the world and the 7th in the Asian Region!
• 12, 000 species of plants in the Philippines, 8,
000 of which are seed plants (Madulid 1985)!
• Other estimates : about 9000 species (Ashton
1997)
Paphiopedilum fowliei

86. WHY SO MANY
PLANTS IN THE
PHILIPPINES?
• Geological history!
• Archipelagic nature!
• Climatic conditions!
• Topographic features
Paphiopedilum fowliei

87. 1,246 SPECIES OF ENDEMIC MOSSES,
LIVERWORTS AND HORNWORTS !
(6.1% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Dicranum sp Marchantia sp!
Sphagnum sp Bazzania sp

88. 1,031 SPECIES OF FERNS & FERN ALLIES
(28% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Cyathea philippinensis Hymenophillum reinwardtii Dipteris lobbiana!
Chingia ferox Dicksonia mollis Dryopteris purpurascens

89. 8,000 SPECIES OF SEED PLANTS
(40% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Hoya melliflua Rhododendron javanicum var schadenbergi!
Drosera spathulata Monophyllaea longipes!

90. 1,068 SPECIES OF NATIVE ORCHIDS
(75% ENDEMISM)
From LL Co
Spathoglottis palawanensis Dendrobium sp.!
Mycaranthes leonardoi Renanthera philippinensis

91. PHILIPPINE
RAFFLESIAS
From LL Co
• There seem to be a
trend where the
diameter seemed to
decrease with
increasing latitude!

92. LIVING RESOURCES: ANIMALS
• ENDANGERED versus ENDEMIC!
• Endemic!
• An organism exclusively native to a place or
biota!
!
• Endangered!
• A species present in such small numbers
that it is at risk of extinction
PHILIPPINE TARSIER

93. ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE BIRDS!
(116/185 species)
Philippine Eagle Red-vented Cockatoo Palawan Peacock Pheasant !
Sulu Hornbill Mindoro Imperial Pigeon Negros Bleeding Heart Pigeon

94. ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS
takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com
Red-spotted deer Calamian Deer Philippine Tamaraw!
Philippine Tarsier Palawan Bear Cat Philippine Mouse Deer (Pilandok)

95. ENDANGERED PHILIPPINE MAMMALS
takdangaralin.tumblr.comnoypicollections.blogspot.comwww2.hull.ac.ukwww.pcsd.phtuylosanimales.blogspot.com
Philippine Dugong Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat!
Philippine Flyring Lemur (Kagwang) Visayan Warty Pig

96. THE WORLD’S SMALLEST AND
BIGGEST BATS
www.pcsd.ph
Philippine Bamboo Bat!
!
Golden-capped Fruit Bat
www.trulscronberg.com

97. www.pcsd.ph
Mindoro Freshwater Crocodile!
Philippine Flat-headed Frog!
Gray Monitor Lizard (Bayawak)
LARGE CROCODILES, LIZARDS AND
SMALL FROGS

98. PHILIPPINE TURTLES
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Loggerhead (Caretta caretta)
Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea)
Hawksbill sea turtle
Philippine pond turtle
Heosemys leytensis Philippine Green turtle
Leatherback sea turtle

99. LARGEST AND SMALLEST FISH
IN THE HOUSE…
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Whale Shark (Butanding)!
Dwarf Goby!

100. FAB-LOOKING CREATURES OF
THE SEA
www.pcsd.phwww.trulscronberg.com
Philippine Seahorse!
Tridacna gigas (Giant clam)!
Pisidum!
Connus gloriamaris

101. CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
• Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (DENR-
PAWB and Conservation International!
• www.chm.ph!
• For some reference:!
• http://www.conservation.org/global/philippines/Pages/
default.aspx!
• http://www.philippinecockatoo.org/programs%20and
%20strategies.htm!
• http://fpe.ph/biodiversity-conservation-strategies.html/
view/2002-the-philippine-biodiversity-conservation-
priorities
PHILIPPINE TARSIER

102. LIVING RESOURCES: HUMANS
Parungao lectures

103. Parungao lecturessnbchf.com

104. Parungao lectures

105. Parungao lectures

106. Parungao lectures

107. Parungao lectures

108. Parungao lectures

109. Parungao lectures

110. Parungao lectures

111. ACTIVITY: MODULE
ON PAGE 41-45
Parungao lectures

112. END OF EXAM COVERAGE
gtdforcios.com