2. Russia Withdraws
In 1917 Russia went
through a revolution.
Vladimir Lenin, the
new leader wanted to
get Russia out of the
war.
In March 1918 Lenin
signed the treaty of
Brest – Litovsk
which ended the war
for Russia, but also
took a lot of their land.
3. The Final Push
After the Treaty of Brest –
Litovsk the Germans were
finally able to focus on the
western front.
By May 1918 German troops
were within 40 miles of Paris
and it seemed like they had a
chance of victory, however
they were considerably
weakened.
With the help of fresh
American troops the Allies
were able to hold the
Germans back.
July 1918 at the second battle
of the Marne with 2 million
more American troops the
Allies were able to push
Germany back.
4. Surrender
Germany’s allies quit
and German soldiers
refused to fight, and on
November 9, 1918
Kaiser Wilhelm II was
forced to step down.
A representative of the
new Germany met with
the Allies in Paris and
signed an armistice, an
agreement to end the
fighting at 11:00
November 11, 1918.
5. Treaty of Versailles
After the war was over the peace still needed
to be worked out.
Beginning January 18, 1919 a conference took
place at the palace of Versailles. The
conference lasted for a year, and there were
often disagreements and debates.
Delegates from 32 countries were present, but
ultimately it was the Allies/the big four who
decided what would happen to post war
Europe.
6. Big Four – Wilson and
Clemenceau
Georges
Woodrow Wilson, President of
the United States.
Clemenceau, minister from
France.
7. Big Four – George and Orlando
David Lloyd George, minister Vittorio Orlando, minister from
from Great Britain. Italy.
8. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
1. Open Diplomacy – no secret treaties.
2. Freedom of Navigation – open seas in war and peace.
3. Free trade – customs barriers and taxes/duties should be
removed.
4. Multilateral disarmament – all countries should reduce
their armed forces to the lowest levels possible
(limited military power).
5. Colonies – people in European colonies should have a
say in their future.
6. Russia – should be allowed to have whatever
government they want.
7. Belgium – should be restored to how they were before the
war.
9. Wilson’s Fourteen Points
8. France – should get Alsace – Lorraine back and any other
land taken during the war.
9. Italy – their borders should be readjusted according to
nationality.
10. National self – determination – the nations in Europe
should be given their own countries whenever
possible.
11. Romania, Montenegro & Serbia – should be restored and
Serbia should get sea access.
12. Turkey – people of Turkey should have a say in their
future.
13. Poland – should become independent and have sea
access.
14. League of Nations – a group of nations should come
together to meet and solve conflicts peacefully rather
than by war.
10. Final Treaty
The final treaty
looked very little like
Woodrow Wilson’s
fourteen points.
Germany was not
happy with the
treaty, but they had
no choice but to sign
it.
11. Final Treaty - Terms
League of Nations Territorial Losses
International Peace Germany had to
Organization was return land.
formed. It would Germany had to
include 32 Allied and give up their
neutral nations. colonies.
Germany and Anschluss –
Russia were not Germany was not
included. allowed to form an
The US did not end alliance with Austria
up joining. – Hungary.
12. Final Treaty - Terms
Military Restrictions War Guilt
Limited the size of Sole responsibility for
Germany’s army. the war is placed on
Germany prohibited Germany’s shoulders.
from importing or Germany must pay
making weapons/war Allies $33 billion in
material. reparations over 30
Germany forbidden is years.
build or buy
submarines or have
an airforce.
13. Other Defeated Nations
The other nations in the Central Powers suffered
some consequences too, but not as bad as
Germany:
Hungary lost land and had a limited army.
They were also told they had to pay
reparations, but an amount was never set.
Bulgaria lost land and had a limited army.
They had to pay $90 million in war reparations.
Turkey lost land in Greece and the League of
Nations took Turkey’s colonies.
15. End Results
New nations were created such as:
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Yu
goslavia, and Poland.
The Ottoman Empire was broken up
into smaller countries, many came
under British and French control.
Russia felt alienated from the Allies
and lost land.
16.
17. Legacy of the War
The Treaty of Versailles was known as the “peace built on
quicksand.” The treaty set the world up for a lot of problems later
down the line.
Many countries felt bitter with the outcome. US didn’t accomplish
its goals. Germany was stuck with the war guilt. Japan and Italy
had both entered the war to gain territory and neither had truly been
successful.
Even though the League of Nations had been formed the US wasn’t
a member and they were weak.
World War I was the first total war on a global scale that made use
of new technology.
8.5 million soldiers died, 21 million were wounded and many
civilians died as well.
The war had a devastating economic impact on Europe, and it
shook European society as never before.
