DIGITAL LIBRARY OF GLT SARASWATI BAL MANDIR, NEHRU NAGAR. SUDHANSU JHA

1. PROJECT ON

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3. i. Acute disease- Diseases such that influenza are
described as acute for their short period of
time.
ii. Chronic diseases- Others diseases are more
long term with the symptoms lasting for
months or years. e.g., tuberculosis.
iii. Infectious Disease-These diseases are
communicable diseases caused by biological
agents or pathogens.e.g.,viruses,fungi.
iv. Non-infectious Disease-These include organic
or metabolic diseases, deficiency diseases
degenerative diseases ,metabolic disorders.
e. g., cancer

4. MICROBES DISEASES
VIRUS RABIES,AIDS,POLIO.
BACTERIA CHOLERA,TYPHOID,
TUBERCLOSIS.
PROTOZOA MALARIA.
FUNGI RINGWORM,
ATHELETE’S FOOT.

5. MEANS OF SPREAD:-
i. Air borne diseases:-common cold,
pneumonia. are some air borne diseases.
such disease causing microbes spread
through the air.
ii. Water borne diseases:-cholera. These
diseases can also spread through water.
iii. Through vectors:-many animals which
live with us may carry diseases these are
called vectors.

6. POINT OF ENTRY AND PLACE OF
INFECTION:-
Different species of microbes appear to have involve to move
to different part of body in part this selection is related
to their point of entry. for ex.., if microbes enter via
nose they are likely to go to lungs. this happens in case
of tuberculosis(T.B.)
SIGNS AND SYMTOMPS OF DISEASES:
THE SIGNS AND SYMTOMPS OF DISEASES OFTEN
DEPENDS UPON THE TISSUE THAT PATHAGON
TARGETS. FOR.e.x., IF THE LUNGS GET TARGETED,
THE SYMTOMPS WILL INCLUDE COUGH AND
BREATHLESSNESS .

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8. There are two ways to treat an infectious disease. One is to
reduce the effects of disease and the other is to kill the cause
of disease. We can provide treatment that will reduce
symptoms. The symptoms are due to inflammation. For
example we can take medicines that bring down fever, reduce
pain or bring down fever.
However, such a treatment by itself is inadequate. since it will
not make the pathogens go away, so the disease will not be
cured. For that we have to kill the microbe itself.

9. Pathogenic microbes can be killed by two
common methods. One way is to use
medicines that kills microbes. In fact we
have to choose medicines that works only on
parasite. If that drug affects host
metabolism, then our very purpose of
treatment will be defeated.

10. Antibiotics are chemicals produced by microbes(mainly bacteria & fungi) which are
low concentrations have the ability to inhibit or destroy pathogens. The first
antibiotic was penicillin,which was developed in 1940’s in response to the need to
treat soldiers in the Kind world war. There are now about50to100commercially
available antibiotics.
1. Broad spectrum antibiotics kill a wide range of bacteria
2. Narrow spectrum antibiotics are effective against only a few types of bacteria
To kill specific bacteria you must narrow spectrum antibiotics.
All antibiotics must have selective toxicity
a) Penicillin inhibits the enzymes that are involved in the formation of the
bacterial cell wall. bacteria with weak cell walls die due to leakage of the cell
contents.
b) Streptomycin binds to bacterial ribosomes ,so preventing protein synthesis
including synthesis of food.
c) Tetracycline also work by interfering with bacterial ribosomes.
Pol;ymixines damage bacterial cell membranes even in resting cells.
Antibiotics tend to be used against bacterial infections more often than the fungal
infections, this is because fungal cells works in similar manner as human cells.

11.  GENERAL WAYS OF PRE VENTION OF INFECTIOUS
DISEASES-For air borne disease, we can prevent exposure by providing
living condition that are not overcrowded.
 For water borne diseases, We can prevent exposure by providing safe drinking
water.
 For vector borne diseases, we can provide clean environment.
 Effect of diseases:-
1) Once someone has a disease, it`s body functions are damaged and may
never recovered completely.
2) treatment of a disease takes time. This means if someone suffering from a
disease, he is likely to be bed ridden for sometime, even if we give him
proper treatment.
3) The person suffering from an infectious disease can serve as the source
from where the infection may spread to other people.

12. An immune response is the way in which the body responds to invasion by specific
pathogen or antigen. This response involves the production of lymphocytes and
antidotes designed to defend the body against the pathogen.
Antigens are substances that can produce an immune response. Antigens trigger the
productions of antibodies. each type of antibody is specific to particular antigen and
reacts with it to make it harmless.
1. Cell mediated immunity there are different types of white cell involved in immunity.
Cell mediated immunity involves t-lymphocytes and macro phages.
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that recognizes and reacts with antigens.
1 cytotoxic t-cells or killer cells,2 helper t-cells,3 memory t-cellsand4 suppressor t-cells
I. Antibody mediated immunity. This involves the production of b-lymphocytes which
are activated by antigens attached to macrophage membrane lymphocytes are of three
types.
Plasma b- cells. they secret antibodies into the blood circulation
Memory b cells. They do not produce antibodies, but become programmed to remembered
a specific antigen and res pond very rapidly.
I. Dividing b cells. They produce more b lymphocyte cells.

13. B-lymphocytes
recognize antigens
on surface of
bacteria as foreign
and produce
antibodies against
them
Antibodies and
antigens from
immune
complexes ton
surface of
bacteria, making
the bacteria
clump together
Pseudopodia of
neutrophill flow
round bacteria,
beginning the
process of
engulfment
(phagocytosis).
neutrophill
engulf and
destroy bacteria
which have been
attacked by
antibodies.
Engulfment
process is
complete and the
encircled bacteria
are destroyed in
vacuole

17.  Cold stage i.e. felling very cold and
shivering;
 Hot stage ,i.e.., high fever, faster
respiration and heart beat
 Sweating stage, i.e. due to profuse
sweating temperature goes down to
normal.
 The patient fells weak and becomes
anemic.

19.  A drug named Quinine, which is
extracted from the bark of cinchona
tree, is used to treat a person suffering
from malaria. This drug kills most of
the stages of malarial parasite. There
are certain other drugs which should be
taken on the advice of doctor. Scientist
are trying hard to develop anti malarial
vaccine.

20.  Influenza is commonly called flu .it is
an international disease caused by
myxovirus influenza there exists three
types of influenza viruses A, B and C.
A and B types of influenza viruses are
important because these are
responsible for epidemics through the
world. the inhaled virus attacks the
epithelial cells in the mucus membrane
of nose, throat and upper respiratory
system.

21. We should try to keep away
from flu patients.
There is no effective control for
influenza. However, no vaccines
are used for the control of
infection and arrival drugs are
used for cure.

22.  Jaundice or hepatitis is a disease of liver.
Since liver is a very important organ in body
,so, its inflammation due to jaundice affects
digestion adversely. Jaundice is caused by
viral infection .The types of hepatitis
are:hepatiotis-A,B,C,D,E,ForG.Execpt of b
which is a DNA virus all are RNA virus.
Hepatitis is spread most by food and water
contaminated with hepatitis virus.


23.  HEPATITIS-A-It is an acute infectious disease of liver
which effects mainly children and young adult.
transmission of this virus takes place orally
SYMPTOMS-High fever,fatigue,general weakness,and
joint pains.
1. Annorexia,vommiting.
2. Irritating rashes on body.
Prevention-Use chlorinated, boiled and ionized water.
Proper cleaning of hands.
CONTROLK-Application of interferon injection
Consumption of sugar and fat should be limited.

24.  It is also known as serum hepatitis. This is more
dangerous and widespread viral hepatitis. It occurs
due to infection of HBV it is an blood DNA virus the
infection of HBV is transmitted by inefect5ted blood,
inculcation from mother to their babies and by sexual
route. Main symptom of HBV include progressive liver
disease, chronic active infection of HBV and
hepticellular carcinoma. Infection of HBV can be
prevented by avoiding risky practices such as free or
promiscuous sex, inject able drug abuse. B vaccine
should be taken to prevent disease

25.  The bite of a rabid dog(mad dog) and some
other rabid mammals such as monkeys ,
cats or rabbits may cause rabies, which is
fatal. Rabies is a virus disease caused by a
rabies virus which is present in the saliva of
the infected animals. The viruses are
injected into human blood by the bite of
the rabid animal. Diseases is not expressed
after infection even up to 1 to 3 months.

26. Rabies is characterized by
severe headache, high fever,
painful contraction of muscles
of throat and chest does
excessive salivation, has a
choking feeling and finds
difficulty in taking in even as
liquid food.

27.  Cleaning the bound with carbolic soap and
clear water immediately after the dog bite is
important. any antiseptic medicine should
be applied to wound caused by dog bite. A
doctor should be immediately contacted.
 Compulsory immunization of stray dog
and cats should be done
 Rabies can be treated with Pasteur's
treatment, on which a course of 14 vaccines
was given. currently five anti rabies vaccines
are prescribed.

28.  Aids stand for acquired immuno
deficiency syndrome. The disease of
aids is caused by retrovirus .Aids virus
attack wbc’s weakens the human body
immunity since aids virus reduces the
immunity of the human body therefore
patients become prone to many other
infections, Death occurs because the
patients body can not resist the attack
of secondary infections.

29.  THE AIDS DISEASE UYSUALLY SPREAD
THROUGH UNPROTECTED SEX WITH
INFECTED PERSON.
 IT ALSO SPREAD THROUGH TRANSFUSSIOPN
OF BLOOD CONTAMINATED WITH AIDS
VIRUS.
 IT ALSO SPREAD THROUGH USE OF INFECTED
NEEDLES FOR INJECTION.
 AN AIDS INFECTED MOTHER CAN TRANSMIT
THE VIRUS TO HER CHILDDURING
PREGNANCY OR DURING BIRTH.

30.  SWOLLEN LYMPH NODES;REGULAAR
FEVER;SWEATING AT NIGHT AND WEIGHT LOSS.AIDS
VIRUS CAUSE SEVER DAMAGES TO BRAIN AND CAUSE
MEMORY LOSS.
 SO FAR NO MEDICINE OR VACCINE IS AVAILABLE TO
CURE AIDS DISEASE.
 PEOPLE SHOULD BE EDUCATED ABOUT AIDS
TRANSMISSION.
 SEXUAL CONTRACT WITH UNKNOWN PEOPLE
SHOULD BE AVOIDED.
 THE COMMON RAZOR AT BARBER SHOP SHOULD
NOT USE.

31.  Poliomyelitis or polio is a disease of the nervous
system caused by one of the smallest known virus,
polio virus. The virus enters the body through
food and water and reaches the intestine and from
there it enters the CNS via blood stream and
lymphatic system. In CNS the virus functions
motor nerve cells of spinal cord .therefore the
muscle of infected person become unable to carry
out the normal functions. Polio is a kind of
paralysis and it effects more to the legs. Face oral
route of infection of disease include transmission
of infection via food/water.

32.  The early symptoms of polio are sore throat
and headache, if the infection persists , the
patients suffer from fever, vomiting,
muscular pain , stiffness and ultimately
occurring of paralysis. Sooner or later polio
results in atrophy of skeletal muscle and
deformity of affected limb.
 Complete rest and physiotherapy is helpful
in the beginning of attack. exercising of leg
is done to reduce paralytic attack.

33.  Pulse polio immunization forms the largest single
day public health project. Pulse means a dose of a
substance specially when applied over a short
period of time. I t was conducted for the first time
in December 1995, in an attempt to eradicate polio
from our country this program uses OPV as per
the national immunization schedule a dose of 3
drops is given orally to the child. T he vaccine
consists of a milder form of polio viral particles.
After oral administration, virus particles begin to
live in intestine and multiply and prevent infection
of intestine. It also leads to production of
protective molecules in the intestine and blood.

34.  T.B. was first discovered by German scientist
Robert coach in 1882. He was awarded Nobel prize
for this discovery in 1905.T.B. is an infectious
disease which is communicated from one person
to another di9rectly or indirectly. Tuberculosis is
also contracted from animal .T.B. is caused by a
bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis .The
bacterium releases a toxin called tuberculin. T.B.
can effects all parts of body such as lungs, lymph
gland, bones, intestine e.t.c. The incubation of
T.B takes a few weeks to few years.

35.  LUNG OR PULMONARY T.B.- the person
suffered from pulmonary T.B.. has continuous
fever, persistent cough and produces blood stained
sputum. There is loss of weight and weakness. The
chest pain and breathlessness are common
features of patients. when the tuberculosis
bacteria get into the lung, they set an local
inflammation and produce an abscess.
 LYMPH GLAND T.B.-symptoms of this T.B.
include swelling and tenderness often in the
legs which may discharge secretion through
the skin.

36.  VIGORUS PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURE IS THE BEST WAY
OF PREVENTION. IMMUNISATION WITRJH B.C.G.
PREVENTS TUBERCULOSIS, B.C.G VACCINES CONTAINS
WEAKEND TUBERCULOSIS BACILLUS AND IT IS INJECTED
INTO THE SKIN OF APERSON TO GIVE IMMUNITY
FOR3TO5 YEARS.
 THE TUBERCULOSISCAN BE CURED BY FOLLOWING
DRUGS:-
1. RIFAMPICIN
2. STREPTOMYCIN
3. PYRAZINAMIDE
4. ETHAMBUTOL
5. THIOACETOZONE
6. INH

37.  Cholera is an acute , infectious, fatal disease and is
more common during over crowded fairs, festival
and after flood. sometimes cholera appears in
epidemic spread over large population. cholera is
caused by the bacterium vibrio cholerae .it is
transmitted by flies, contaminated water and
food. When sanitation is poor it spreads rapidly
the incubation of cholera is from 2hoursd to2or3
days when the bacteria is ingested it multiplies in
small intestine and invades its epithelial cells.
when the bacteria die they release toxins which
irritates thee intestinal lining and leads to
secretion of large amount of water and salts.

38.  WATERY DIARRHOEA WHICH IS GENERALLY PAINFUL.
 LOSS OF SEVERAL LIOTERS OF FLUID.
 LOSS OF MINERAL SALTS & FLUID LEADS TO KIDNEY
FALIURE.
 EYES OF PATIENMTS BECOME SHRUNKEN.
 CONTROL:-ORAL REHYDRATION SOLUTION(ORS)
SHOULD BE DONE IMMEDIATELY
 IMMEDIATE MEDICLE ADVICE SHOULD BE TAKEN.
 ANTIBIOTICS S.UCH AS TETRACYLIN KILLS THE
BACTERIA

39. Persons should be immunized
with special cholera vaccine
In cholera prone areas boiled
water and cooked food should
be taken.
Careful personal hygiene and
good sanitation should be
taken.

40.  Typhoid is the most common infectious or
communicable disease of India. typhoid fever is
common in person aged 1 to 15 years. Every year about
2.5 million people suffer from the typhoid. typhoid is
caused by a rod shaped and motile bacterium called
salmonella typhi which is commonly find in the
intestine of human beings. Human infection is
directly.
 Infection takes place through oral route through
ingestion of food, milk and water contaminated with
facial matter of typhoid patients. the symptoms of
typhoid often appears 10 to 14 days after infection.

41.  HEADACHE AND FEVER WHICH RISES
MAXIMUM IN THE NOON.
 High fever in the second week.
 Fever often with delirium slow pulse, tender
and distended abdomen.
 Proper sanitation
 TAB vaccine.
 There are standard drug (e.g. chloromycetin)
which cure typhoid.

42.  Diarrhoel disease from a group of intestinal
infections, including food poisoning.
 Infection of diarrhoea spread through
contaminated food,water,clothes,bedsheets
and utensils. The causative agents of
diarrhoea are mainly bacteria like
Escherichia coli, clostridium
botulinum,shigella
dysentiriae,campylobacter jejurianbd
salmonella.

43.  Frequent loose motions and vomiting.
 Dehydration.
 The patient become irritable, eyes
appear sunken, nose is pinched e.t.c.
 Eatable should be covered.
 Fruits and vegetable should be properly
washed.
 Proper personal hygiene.

44.  Complete bed rest should be insured till the
illness is fully controlled.
 For treating anti-microbial drugs and anti-
diarrhoel drugs should be used.
 If there is frequent vomiting, libel amount
of fluid with electrolytes should be given.
 Pulp of unripe banana among with salt
turmeric powder and lime is helpful.
 Husk of isabgol seeds(plantago ovata) with
water or curd provide relief.

45.  Food poisoning by bacteria salmonella is called
salmonelisis. Salmonella is present in the sick farm
animal. so the infection of bacteria through their
contaminated food products such as milk ,milk
products ,eggs and meat. Wh4en bacteria grow and
multiply rapidly in our intestine then food poisoning
takes place which cause pan ,chills, fever, nausea ,
vomiting, diarrhoea in abdomen.
 Toxins released by eschherichiacoli cause mild
diarrhoea dehydration. shigellosis, caused by shigella .
Botulin is a potent neurotoxin and causes paralysis.

46.  Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by
rod shaped non-motile bacterium called bacillus
antharacis this disease commonly occurs in
domestic and wild animals such as cattle, goat,
sheep, horses and pigs. However, it can effects
humans when they are exposed to infected animals
anthrax can spread by eating undercooked meat of
such banoimalshumans can also contract infection
from animal products such as bones, wool, hide
and bristles.B.anthracis produce an extra-cellular
toxin. Fowls are resistant anthrax.

47.  Coetaneous anthrax- About 20% of
untreated cases of coetaneous anthrax
resulted in death.
 Intestinal anthrax- Its symptoms are
nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting pain and
vomiting blood..it results in death of 25%
to60% cases.
 Infection by inhalation- its initial
symptoms may resemble a common cold
leading to severe breathing problems. it
ultimately result in death of patients.

48.  Vaccine of anthrax is found to provide
93% protection. course of four
subcutaneous injection of anthrax
vaccine is recommended. Mild
adverse reaction to the vaccines
anthrax is reported.
 Doctor can prescribe effective
antibiotics. treatment should be
started early to get good result.

49.  Three centuries ago, an English physician Edward Jenner
realized that milkmaids had cowpox earlier did not catch
smallpox even in epidemics . He tried deliberately giving
cowpox to people and found they were now resistant to
smallpox virus this is because the smallpox virus is closely
related to cowpox is vaccinia in Latin from these roots the
word vaccination came into our usage.
 A vaccine is an antigen that is injected or swallowed it
causes the development of active immunity in patients.
The small quantity of antigen introduced into patients
body stimulate the production of antibodies. this type of
immunity is long-term since body is able top made
memory cells in natural pathways.

50. 1. Killed virulent organism- e.g. vaccines for whooping cough
bacteria, in this case, the bacteria is killed by heat or using
chemicals, which denature its enzyme. so the dead pathogen
will not cause disease ,but it will posses antigenic sites on its
surface that will be recognized by lymphocytes.
2. Live non-virulent strains- e.g.rubellain such vaccines the
pathogen is made weak so that it do not cause infections.
3. Modified toxins-e.g. vaccines used against diphtheria and
tetanus. In this type of vaccines, the toxoides made by
bacteria are made harmless.
4. Isolated antigen- e.g. sometimes important antigens are
separated from the microbe, in this case by breaking up the
pathogen’s structure and obtaining glycoprotein.
5. Genetically engineered antigens-hepatitis-b, in this most
modern type of vaccine, restriction endonuclease enzymes are
used top extract from the pathogen the gene that codes for a
particular antigen. such genes are injected in a harmless
plasmid vector using a ligase enzyme. The bacterial cells then
replicate to produce large amounts of antigens.

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